ASSESSMENT OF SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT USING ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INDICATORS IN SAWU SEA MARINE NATIONAL PARK

Ecosystem approaches to fisheries management are considered as an effective alternative at managing sustainable small-scale fisheries and supporting conservation program in Sawu Sea Marine National Park (Sawu Sea MNP); therefore, impelementation of EAFM in Sawu Sea MNP requires a strategic way. This present work aimed to evaluate current status of smallscale fisheries management using EAFM indicators. The evaluation results are then used for establishing the development strategies of sustainable small-scale fisheries using ecosystem approach in Sawu Sea MNP. The study was conducted in Rote Ndao, which is a sub region of Tirosa-Batek, Sawu Sea MNP. Data collection and analysis was performed according to EAFM assessment covering 30 indicators grouped into 6 domains. Based on evaluation of EAFM indicators, the composite value of small-scale fisheries management in Sawu Sea MNP ranged from 30.0 to 63.6 with the average value of 52.4. The value indicated that the state of small-scale fisheries management in Sawu Sea MNP was observed at medium level. Based on assessment of each domain, the economical domain was at bad level, while other domains (fish resource, habitat and ecosystem, fishing technology, social and institutional) were found at medium level. These our findings suggested that small-scale fisheries management in Sawu Sea MNP has not been managed optimally based on sustainable principles in EAFM indicators. Further improvement is addressed to economical domain in order to develop the small-scale fisheries management in Sawu Sea MNP.

aspects (Cristie et al 2007).considers knowledge and uncertainties marine resources, habitats, (Pomeroy et al 2010).EAFM aimes which both is included in EAFM resource, habitat, fishing technology) (Adrianto et al 2012; KKP RI protected area is regarded as fisheries problems, i.e. conserving fish catch and other societal objectives Managing fisheries based order to achieve small-scale comprehensively.EAFM implementation approach to obtain effectiveness Sawu Sea MNP are necessary.indicators that can describe the as reference to create sustainable This article aimed to assess which they were then used as small-scale fisheries management This study was performed Nusa Tenggara.The study site highest fishing activity as indicated compared to other sub regions highest fishing activity including Batutua, Daiama and Nuse (Figure Specifically, EAFM is defined as fisheries uncertainties about components of ecosystem human, and strives to balance various aimes to balance economical-social and ecological EAFM indicators divided into two major aspects: technology) and social (institution, social, and economic RI 2013; NWG EAFM 2014).In the EAFM perspective, as the most suitable instrument to overcome conserving exploited fish stock and biodiversity as objectives (Batista et al 2011).based on ecosystem approach is considered as fisheries management goals and strengthen implementation in this site requires adaptive effectiveness and successfulness; thus, strategies to implement necessary.The strategy is established using specific the performance of fishery management, which sustainable fisheries management using ecosytem approach assess the state of Sawu Sea MNP using EAFM as basis to determine further strategies to achieve management using ecosystem approach.

METHODS OF RESEARCH
performed in sub region Rote Ndao, Sawu Sea MNP site is selected for a major reason, that the location indicated by the highest number of fishers regions.Sampling location (villages) was determined including: Oenggai, Nggodimeda, Metina, Oelua, Nemberala, Figure 1).Data were collected according to EAFM indicators of KKP RI (2013) using survey (interview, sampling, catch measurement) and observation method.The observation was held on small-scale fisheries activities while interviewing.In addition, incidental participative observation was also performed through observing fishing activities.
The state of small-scale fisheries in Sawu Sea MNP was analyzed using EAFM method (Adrianto et al 2012; KKP RI 2013; NWG EAFM 2014).In this study, 30 indicators divided into 6 domains (fish resources, habitat and ecosystem, fishing technology, economy, social, and institutional) were assessed.Each indicator may have different weight and criteria (KKP RI 2013; NWG EAFM) and is evaluated using flag model.The flag model technique is used using multi-criteria analysis (MCA) where a set of criteria was established as base for the performance analysis of the fishery management area through development of composite index (Adrianto et al 2012).The stages are described as follows:  Selecting criteria for each indicator of EAFM aspects (habitat, fish resource, fishing technology, social, economy, and institutional) as described in Table 1;  Assessing the performance of each indicator tested;  Scoring each indicator performance (Likert score based ordinal 1, 2, 3);  Determining the weight of each indicator;  Determining composite index for each aspect using following function:  Determining composite index for entire EAFM performace using following function: Table 1 -Domain, indicator and criteria for assessment of small-scale fisheries using EAFM analysis Domain Indicator Criteria Fish resource 1. Raw CPUE 1 = decrease sharply (average decrease > 25% per year); 2 = decrease slightly (average decrease < 25% per year); 3 = stable or increase 2. Fish size trend 1 = average caught fish size is getting smaller; 2 = average caught fish size is stable; 3 = average caught fish size is getting bigger.3. Proportion of juvenile fish 1 = an awful lot of (> 60%); 2 = a lot (30 -60%); 3 = few (<30%).4. Composition of caught species 1 = proportion of target species is lower (< 15% of total volume); 2 = proportion of target and non-target species is equal (16-30% of total); 3 = proportion of target species is higher (> 31 % of total volume).5. "Range Collapse" 1 = more difficult, depending on target species 2 = relatively constant, depending on target species 3 = easier, depending on target species 1 = fishing ground is too far, depending on target species; 2 = fishing ground is far, depending on target species; 3 = fishing ground is fixed, depending on target species.6. Species of ETP (Endangered, Threatened and Protected) After assessing the state of small-scale fisheries in Sawu Sea MNP, the result was used as base for Kobe like Plot analysis to establish the required strategies for improvement of fisheries management.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Domain of fish resource.The result indicates that total composite value of fish resource in small-scale fisheries of Sawu Sea MNP is 4351 with corrected composite value of 53.3 and average score of 1.83, which is classified as medium level (yellow).Assessment on each indicator shows that composition of caught species is at good category, while other indicators, i.e. raw CPUE, proportion of juvenile, and range collapse are in medium level.However, two remain indicators (fish size trend, species of ETP) are in bad category (Table 2).This indicates that the size of caught fish in this area tends to be smaller, and if this continues to happen, the fish stock in future will be reduced.Hence, a better management needs to conduct in order to increase the fish size.Additionally, the caught ETP species (Endangered Species, Threatened Species, and Protected) which is not released to its habitat indicates low awareness of fishers to the importance of ETP species protection for ecosystem and fish resource.The commonly captured ETP species includes green turtles, shark, and dolphin.The improvement in this domain is focused on the fish size trend and species of ETP.Domain of habitat and ecosystem.The assessment of EAFM indicators for domain of habitat and ecosystem in small-scale fisheries of Sawu Sea MNP shows that total composite value for this domain reaches 4351 with corrected composite value of 62.2 and average score of 2.0.The domain is classified as medium level (yellow).For indicator analysis, we found that quality of waters was at good condition, while ecosystem status of coral reefs, unique habitat, and climate change was at medium level.Unfortunately, ecosystem status of mangrove was recorded as bad level (Table 3).This result indicates that the main target for future improvement in this domain is addressed to mangrove ecosystem through rehabilitation program contributing to increase density of mangrove vegetation as well as enhancement of local awareness and supervision.The existence of mangrove ecosystem provides a fundamental role in providing habitats for various juvenils, crabs, shrimps, and mollusks.Note: * 1) quality of waters, 2) status of seagrass ecosystem, 3) status of mangrove ecosystem, 4) status of coral reef ecosystem, 5) unique habitat, 6) climate change.
Domain of Fishing Technology.The results of EAFM assessment shows that total composite value for this domain is 4641 with corrected composite value of 53.3 and average score of 1.67.This domain is categorized as medium (yellow).For domain of fishing technology, no one of indicators is recored at good level, but all indicators are at medium and bad level (Table 4).The both indicators (fishing capacity and effort, crew certification) are at bad level; thus, they become the further target for improvement.There is clearly a need to overcome the weaknesses in this domain in order to escalate the ratio of fishing capacity and effort to be 1 or > 1.Furthermore, the certification of fishing crew is also important to increase in order to enhance human resource capacity through training program and competency certification.Other efforts are required to alleviate the use of destructive fishing method, modification of fishing gears and unselective of fishing technology.5).This is clear that further improvement for social domain will be addressed mainly to stakeholder participation in fisheries management.The participation of stakeholder is highly influential in achieving better fisheries management.Note: * 1) participation of stakeholder, 2) fisheries conflict, 3) local knowledge utilization.

Domain of Economy.
The assessment on EAFM indicators for economy domain in small-scale fisheries of Sawu Sea MNP results in total composite value of 2612 with corrected composite value of 30.0 and average score of 1.33.Based on aggregate value, the domain is classified as bad level (red).Furthermore, no one of indicators tested is at good level.The indicator of asset ownership is found at medium level, while remaining indicators (saving ratio, household fishery income) are at bad level (Table 6).The further improvement is focused mostly on the escalation of income (equal to take home pay regional) and financial management of fishers that enable to increase their saving ratio.Domain of Institutional.The assessment of EAFM indicators for institutional domain results in total composite value of 5534 with corrected composite value of 63.6 and average score of 2.23 (≈ 2.00).The domain is categorized as medium level (yellow).The rule availability and fisheries management plan are indicators that possess bad level, while other indicators are at medium level (Table 7).The future improvement is majorily allocated for fishery management plan and other indicators which are at medium category.The fishery management plant must be present as operational standard for responsible fishery operation.In Sawu Sea MNP, document for management plan of the area has been composed, which also provides a general description of capture fisheries in Sawu Sea MNP, but the document that specifically regulates capture fisheries in the area has not been made.Note: * 1) pursuance to sustainable fisheries principles, 2) availability of rules in fishery management, 3) decision rule mechanism, 4) fisheries management plan, 5) Fisheries management policy and institutional synergetic level, 6) stakeholder capacity.
Agregate Composite Value of EAFM.The result shows that total composite value for EAFM domains ranges from 2612 to 5534 with aggregate value of 4580.The maximum composite value of EAFM domains is 8700, assuming that all indicators have maxiumum score (3.00).The domain composite value is converted to build flag model, resulting in converted composite value of 30.0-63.6 with aggregate composite value of 52.4.The indicator score from each domain ranges from 1.33 to 2.23 with average score of 1.87 for all EAFM domains.Based on aggregate composite value and average indicator value for all EAFM domains (Table 8), we found that small-scale fisheries management in Sawu Sea MNP was categorized at medium level.The results indicate that economy domain shows a weak contribution in the small-scale fisheries management in Sawu Sea MNP.The major reason is that most indicators in economy domain are under reference point.To achieve better small-scale fisheries management in this study site, further improvement is focused primarily on the economy domain.Habitat and ecosystem as well as instutitional domain are at good level in comparison with others, which means that both has already met the expectation but still requires further improvement, as also observed for fishery resource, fishing technology, and social.
Strategies for improving fisheries management.EAFM implementation considers other aspects including policy planning, strategic planning, and operational management planning (Gracia and Cochrane 2005).In case of policy planning, base and ultimate objectives of EAFM implementation should be stated through integration of social-economy objectives with regarding environmental aspect consists of strategic and tactical Fishery management aimes ensure the conservation of fishery management is to create welfare considering the availability of major dimensions: ecology (fishing, social, economy, and management is a well-established social-economy dimension.management plant that includes Figure 2 constitutes a Kobe Sea MNP, which covers three (5-10 years) and long term (10 small-scale fisheries management restoration strategy.Meanwhile, are planned for mid term while fishery management is targeted turn achieving the highest level maintaining the existing condition.good condition (green).Performance of small-scale resulting that the management ecosystem dimension, is categorized a need to gradually improve small into 3 steps: short term (0-5 years), short term plan is impelemented management strategy and sustaining improvement strategy is prepared condition.
aspect and fishery resource.The decision in EAFM tactical decision (Gavaris 2009).
aimes to obtain optimum and sustainable utilization, fishery resource.The main objective of sustainable welfare for fishers and associated fishery resource.The sustainable fisheries management (fishery resource and habitat domain) and and institutional).The key point to accomplish sustainable established governance since it enables to balance To achieve this, the government must includes short, medium and long term action plans Kobe Plot for improvement plan of small-scale three stages of improvement plans: short term (0 (10-15 years).This represents the strategies for management in Sawu Sea MNP.The short term Meanwhile, conservation management strategy and while conserving the existing condition.In mid targeted to achieve medium level (yellow) from bad level (green).In long term, the sustaining strategy condition.In this phase, the fisheries management plan of small-scale fisheries management using ecosystem CONCLUSION scale fisheries management in Sawu Sea MNP management is at medium level.Economy domain, categorized at bad level, while others are at medium small-scale fisheries management in Sawu years), mid term (5-10 years), and long term impelemented through restoration strategy, while sustaining strategy are prepared for mid term prepared through sustaining strategy while conserving EAFM implementation utilization, as well as to sustainable fisheries fishery enterprises while management includes two and social-economy sustainable fisheries balance both ecology and must create fishery plans.
scale fisheries in Sawu (0-5 years), mid term for achieving better term strategy include sustaining strategy mid term, the state of bad level (red), and in strategy is set while management is targeted at ecosystem approach MNP was evaluated, which is a part of medium level.There is Sea MNP, dividing (10-15 years).The while conservation term.The long term conserving the existing

Figure 1 -
Figure 1 -Map of the chosen fishing

Table 3 -
Assessment of habitat and ecosystem domain

Table 4 -
Assessment of fishing technology domain Domain of Social.The results of EAFM assessment for social domain show that the total composite value is 4496 with corrected composite value of 51.7 and average score of 2.00, which is classified as medium level (yellow).The indicator of fisheries conflict is observed at good level, but remaining indicators (local knowledge utilization, stakeholder participation) are at bad level (Table

Table 5 -
Assessment of social domain

Table 7 -
Assessment of institutional domain

Table 8 -
The aggregate composite value of EAFM assessment in small-scale fisheries in Sawu Sea MNP