Central European Business Review 2015, 4(3):35-47 | DOI: 10.18267/j.cebr.131

The Emerging Role of Mindfulness Research in the Workplace and its Challenges

Marek Vich
Ing. Marek Vich, Ph.D. Candidate, Organizational Psychologist and Mentor, Department of Managerial Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Economics, Prague, W. Churchill Sq. 4, 130 67 Prague 3, Czech Republic, marek.vich@malp.cz

This paper focuses on the current state of art in mindfulness research on workplace and identifies some of the necessary steps and risks in the creation of mindful leadership theory. Mindfulness has the potential to effectively address three topical organizational challenges of growing demands on adaptability, prevailing issues of work-related stress and the necessity to raise the moral level in organizations. Current studies seem to suitably respond to the issues of work-related stress; however, the challenges of adaptability and morality so far lack appropriate empirical validation. Lack of empirical support is also noticeable in the case of mindful leadership theory as most studies still focus solely on individual leader development. However, it is important to start to discuss the suitable core variables of mindful leadership now as a clear differentiation from other leadership approaches like authentic leadership will be crucial for successful creation of mindful leadership theory. This paper also presents recommendations for entrepreneurs and managers willing to incorporate mindfulness into their organizational settings.

Keywords: mindfulness; mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs); mindful leadership; self-awareness; moral awareness; authentic leadership; ethical leadership
JEL classification: M14, M53, O35

Received: July 2, 2015; Revised: September 14, 2015; Published: September 30, 2015  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Vich, M. (2015). The Emerging Role of Mindfulness Research in the Workplace and its Challenges. Central European Business Review4(3), 35-47. doi: 10.18267/j.cebr.131
Download citation

References

  1. Andrews, M. C., Kacmar, K. M., & Kacmar, C. (2014). The mediational effect of regulatory focus on the relationships between mindfulness and job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Career Development International, 19(5), 494-507. Go to original source...
  2. American Psychological Association. (2015). Stress in America: Paying with our health. Retrieved May 29, 2015 from http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2014/stress-report.pdf.
  3. Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 2005(16), 315-338. Go to original source...
  4. Bowen, S. et al. (2009). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A pilot efficacy trial. Substance Abuse, 30(4), 295-305. Go to original source...
  5. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848. Go to original source...
  6. Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117-134. Go to original source...
  7. Butterfield, K. D., Treviño, L. K., & Weaver, G. R. (2000). Moral awareness in business organizations: Influences of issue-related and social context factors. Human Relations, 53(7), 981- 1018. Go to original source...
  8. Carlson, L. E., & Garland, S. N. (2005). Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction (mbsr) on sleep, mood, stress and fatigue symptoms in cancer outpatients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(4), 278-285. Go to original source...
  9. Carlson, L. E. et al. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress and levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (dheas) and melatonin in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(4), 448-474. Go to original source...
  10. Carmody, J. (2014). Eastern and Western Approaches to Mindfulness: Similarities, Differences, and Clinical Implications. The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness, 48-57. Go to original source...
  11. Chiesa, A., Serretti, A., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2013). Mindfulness: Top-down or bottom-up emotion regulation strategy? Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 82-96. Go to original source...
  12. Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2010). Essential Social Psychology: 2nd Edition. New York: Sage.
  13. Dane, E. (2010). Reconsidering the trade-off between expertise and exibility: a cognitive entrenchment perspective. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 579-603. Go to original source...
  14. Dane, E., & Brummel, B. J. (2014). Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention. Human Relations, 67(1), 105-128. Go to original source...
  15. Dinh, J. E. et al. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 36-62. Go to original source...
  16. Eisenbeiss, S. A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2015). On ethical leadership impact: The role of follower mindfulness and moral emotions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), 182-195. Go to original source...
  17. Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37(1), 32-64. Go to original source...
  18. Fehr, R., Yam, K. C. S., & Dang, C. (2015). Moralized leadership: The construction and consequences of ethical leader perceptions. Academy of Management Review, 40(2), 182-209. Go to original source...
  19. Gibbs, J. C. (2014). Moral Development and Reality: Beyond Theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt: Third Edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Go to original source...
  20. Goleman, D. (2013). Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence. New York: Harper.
  21. Govern, J. M., & Marsch, L. A. (2001). Development and validation of the situational self-awareness scale. Consciousness and Cognition, 10(3), 366-378. Go to original source...
  22. Graham, J. et al. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 366-385. Go to original source...
  23. Grandy, G., & Holton, J. (2013). Leadership development needs assessment in healthcare: a collaborative approach. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 34(5), 427-445. Go to original source...
  24. Grossman, P. (2011). Defining mindfulness by how poorly I think I pay attention during everyday awareness and other intractable problems for psychology's (re)invention of mindfulness: Comment on Brown et al. (2011). Psychological Assessment, 23(4), 1034-1040. Go to original source...
  25. Haidt, J. (2012). Richterous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Pantheon Books.
  26. Hannah, S. T. et al. (2013). The psychological and neurological bases of leader self-complexity and effects on adaptive decision-making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(3), 393-411. Go to original source...
  27. Health and Executive. (2014) Stress-related and psychological disorders in Great Britain. Retrieved May 28, 2015 from http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress/.
  28. Heifetz, R., Grashow, A., & Linsky, M. (2009). Leadership in a (permanent) crisis. Harvard Business Review, 2009(July-august), 1-9.
  29. Hülsheger, U. R. et al. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 310-325. Go to original source...
  30. Hunter, J., & Chaskalson, M. (2013). Making the Mindful Leader. The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Leadership, Change, and Organizational Development, 195-219. Go to original source...
  31. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4(1), 33-47. Go to original source...
  32. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 10(2), 144 - 156. Go to original source...
  33. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013). Full Catastrophe Living (Revised Edition), Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. Bantam, New York.
  34. Kahneman, D. (2003). Maps of bounded rationality: Psychology of behavioral economics. Americal Economic Review, 93(5), 449-1475. Go to original source...
  35. Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330(6006), 932-932. Go to original source...
  36. Kleef, G. A. et al. (2010). On angry leaders and agreeable followers: How leader's emotions and follower's personalities shape motivation and team performance. Psychological Science, 21(12), 1827-1834. Go to original source...
  37. Kuyken, W. et al. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(6), 966-978. Go to original source...
  38. Langer, E., Blank, A., & Chanowitz, B. (1978). The mindlessness of ostensibly thoughtful action: The role of"placebic"information in interpersonal interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(6), 635-642. Go to original source...
  39. Langer, E. J. (2014). Mindfulness in the age of complexity. Harvard Business Review, 92(3), 68-78.
  40. Langer, E. J., & Rodin, J. (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(2), 191-198. Go to original source...
  41. Lengacher, C. A. et al. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction (mbsr) for survivors of breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 18(2), 1261-1272. Go to original source...
  42. Leroy, H. et al. (2013). Mindfulness, authentic functioning, and work engagement: A growth modeling approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 238-247. Go to original source...
  43. Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. (2003). Authentic Leadership: A Positive Developmental Approach. In Cameron, K., & Dutton, J. (Eds.) Positive Organizational Scholarship. San Francisco: Barrett-Koehler.
  44. Mason, M. F. et al. (2007). Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought. Science, 315(5810), 393-395. Go to original source...
  45. McDaniel, M. A. et al. (2007). Situational judgment tests, response instructions, and validity: a meta-analysis. Personnel psychology, 60(1), 63-91. Go to original source...
  46. Mooneyham, B. W., & Schooler, J. W. (2013). The costs and benefits of mind-wandering: a review. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 11-18. Go to original source...
  47. Peters, J. R. et al. (2015). Anger rumination as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and aggression: The utility of a multidimensional mindfulness model. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 71(9)m 871-884 Go to original source...
  48. Ployhart, R. E., & Bliese, P. D. (2006). Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research, chapter Individual Adaptability (I-ADAPT) Theory: Conceptualizing the Antecedents, Consequences, and Measurement of Individual Differences in Adaptability. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Go to original source...
  49. Purser, R. E., & Milillo, J. (2015). Mindfulness revisited: A Buddhist-based conceptualization. Journal of Management Inquiry, 24(1), 3-24. Go to original source...
  50. Reb, J., Narayanan, J., & Chaturvedi, S. (2014). Leading mindfully: Two studies on the influence of supervisor trait mindfulness on employee well-being and performance. Mindfulness, 2014(5), 36-45. Go to original source...
  51. Rest, J. et al. (1997). Alchemy and beyond: Indexing the defining issues test. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 498-507. Go to original source...
  52. Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory. Praeger, New York.
  53. Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Moral awareness and ethical predispositions: Investigating the role of individual differences in the recognition of moral issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 233-243. Go to original source...
  54. Reynolds, S. J. (2008). Moral attentiveness: who pays attention to the moral aspects of life? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1027-1041. Go to original source...
  55. Roche, M., Haar, J. M., & Luthans, F. (2014). The role of mindfulness and psychological capital on the well-being of leaders. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(4), 476-489. Go to original source...
  56. Ruedy, N. E., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2010). In the moment: The effect of mindfulness on ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 2010(95), 73-87. Go to original source...
  57. Schminke, M., Ambrose, M. L., & Neubaum, D. O. (2005). The effect of leader moral development on ethical climate and employee attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 87(2), 135-151. Go to original source...
  58. Shamir, B. & Eilamb, G. (2005). "what's your story?"a life-stories approach to authentic leadership development. Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 395-417. Go to original source...
  59. Shapiro, S. L. et al. (2003). The efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction in the treatment of sleep disturbance in women with breast cancer an exploratory study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(1), 85-91. Go to original source...
  60. Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Bonner, G. (1998). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(6), 581-599. Go to original source...
  61. Shonin, E. et al. (2014a). Meditation awareness training (mat) for work-related wellbeing and job performance: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12, 806-823. Go to original source...
  62. Shonin, E., Gordon, W. V., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014b). The emerging role of Buddhism in clinical psychology: Toward effective integration. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(2), 123-137. Go to original source...
  63. Tang, Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225. Go to original source...
  64. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, M. J. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behavior Research and Therapy, 33(1), 25-39. Go to original source...
  65. Thera, N. (1962). The Heart of Buddhist Meditation. Ryder and Co., London.
  66. Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (s-art): a framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(296), 1-30. Go to original source...
  67. Walach et al. (2006). Measuring mindfulness-the freiburg mindfulness inventory (fmi). Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1543-1555. Go to original source...
  68. Walumbwa et al. (2008). Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34(1), 89-126. Go to original source...
  69. Weick, K. E., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2006). Mindfulness and the quality of organizational attention. Organization Science, 17(4), 514-524. Go to original source...
  70. Williams, J. G., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2011). Mindfulness: diverse perspectives on its meaning, origins, and multiple applications at the intersection of science and dharma. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 1-18. Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.