Acta Informatica Pragensia 2021, 10(2), 172-191 | DOI: 10.18267/j.aip.1541860

Trialability and Purposefulness: Their Role Towards Google Classroom Acceptance Following Educational Policy

Solomon Oluyinka ORCID...1,2, Maria Cusipag ORCID...1,3
1 Baliuag University, Gil Carlos Street, Baliwag, Bulacan 3006, Republic of the Philippines
2 City College of Angeles, Arayat Boulevard, Angeles, Pampanga, Republic of the Philippines
3 De La Salle Araneta University, Victoneta Avenue, Potrero, Malabon City 1475, Republic of the Philippines

With the COVID-19 pandemic experiences of Filipino students, the face-to-face mode of instruction in the classroom has been phased out in exchange for online learning platforms such as Google Classroom (GCR) among some K-12 learners. As advised by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), most colleges and universities had to try available learning management systems; hence, this research study aimed to investigate the role of trialability and purposefulness towards GCR acceptance among tertiary institutions following the CHED educational policy. The researchers came up with eight hypotheses, which suggested that purposefulness may influence educational policy and acceptance of GCR. Trialability of GCR may influence educational policy and technical access. One thousand sixty-six (1066) respondents from six public higher institutions of learning were given online questionnaire; however, only 913 users were considered for the structural equation modelling and indirect effect of the suggested factors in this study. Using SmartPLS 3.0, the findings revealed that except for the hypothesis on institutional willingness (p< 0.054), all the hypotheses were highly supported at the level of significance p < 0.00 to p< 0.005. Thus, this study proves that GCR is an appropriate platform for colleges and universities. Trialability and purposefulness are two great factors that contributed to the acceptance and adoption of GCR in higher institutions of learning. Future researchers are therefore encouraged to replicate this study and validate the findings since the use of GCR is relatively new among Filipino teachers and learners.

Keywords: Google classroom; Purposefulness; Educational policy; Trialability; Alternative learning platforms.

Received: April 15, 2021; Revised: July 14, 2021; Accepted: July 15, 2021; Prepublished online: July 15, 2021; Published: September 10, 2021  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Oluyinka, S., & Cusipag, M. (2021). Trialability and Purposefulness: Their Role Towards Google Classroom Acceptance Following Educational Policy. Acta Informatica Pragensia, 10(2), 172-191. doi: 10.18267/j.aip.154
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Abazi-Bexheti, L., Kadriu, A., Apostolova-Trpkovska, M., Jajaga, E., & Abazi-Alili, H. (2018). LMS solution: Evidence of Google Classroom usage in higher education. Business Systems Research: International Journal of the Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, 9(1), 31-43. Go to original source...
    2. Abd Manan, N. Z., & Hanafi, H. F. (2019). Google Classroom: Student's acceptance using UTAUT Model. Journal of Applied Arts, 1(1), 64-72. https://journal.scientiaca.org/index.php/Jappa/article/view/40
    3. Abdullah, F., & Ward, R. (2016). Developing a General Extended Technology Acceptance Model for E-Learning (GETAMEL) by analysing commonly used external factors. Computers in human behavior, 56, 238-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.036 Go to original source...
    4. Agboola, O. P., & Oluyinka, S. (2019). Perceptions of ethnic residents' satisfaction: a quest towards the sustainable development of public space in Nigeria. International Journal of Happiness and Development, 5(1), 66-82. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHD.2019.098050 Go to original source...
    5. Aguinis, H., Edwards, J. R., & Bradley, K. J. (2017). Improving our understanding of moderation and mediation in strategic management research. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 665-685 https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428115627498 Go to original source...
    6. Musibau, A.A., Oluyinka, S., & Long, C.S. (2011). The relationship between strategic planning and the effectiveness of marketing operations. International Journal of innovation management and Technology, 2(5), 390-396.
    7. Ajagbe, M. A., Long, C. S., & Solomon, O. (2014). The impact of sales promotion and product branding on company performance : A case study of AIICO insurance Nigerian PLC. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 164-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.662 Go to original source...
    8. Alajmi, Q., Arshah, R. A., Kamaludin, A., & Al-Sharafi, M. A. (2018). Current state of cloud-based e-learning adoption: Results from Gulf Cooperation Council's Higher Education Institutions. In 2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), (pp. 569-575). IEEE https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMCON.2018.8614772 Go to original source...
    9. Albashtawi, A., & Al Bataineh, K. (2020). The effectiveness of Google Classroom among EFL students in Jordan: An innovative teaching and learning online platform. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(11), 78-88. Go to original source...
    10. Al-Maroof, R. A. S., & Al-Emran, M. (2018). Students' acceptance of Google Classroom: An exploratory study using PLS-SEM approach. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 13(6), 112-123. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/183928/ Go to original source...
    11. Ayodele, S. O., Oga, O. E., Bundot, Y. G., & Ogbari, M. E. (2016). Role of power supply towards e-learning acceptance: VBSEM-AMOS. In 2016 6th International Conference on Information Communication and Management (ICICM) (pp. 151-155). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOMAN.2016.7784233 Go to original source...
    12. Ayodele, S., Endozo, A., & Ogbari, M. E. (2018). A study on factors hindering online learning acceptance in developing countries. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers (pp. 254-258). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290511.3290533 Go to original source...
    13. Bayarmaa, N., & Lee, A. (2018). Study on the application of Google Classroom for problem-based learning. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial, 10, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2018.19.7.81 Go to original source...
    14. Calma, R. R. & Oluyinka, S. A. (2020). Awareness and implementation of corporate social responsibility among lumber business in Central Luzon, Philippines. Harvest, 16(1). http://ejournals.ph/form/cite.php?id=15717
    15. Charnes, N., & Boot, W. R. (2016). Technology, gaming, and social networking. In Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 389-407). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411469-2.00020-0 Go to original source...
    16. Dana, N. F., & Yendol-Hoppey, D. (2019). The reflective educator's guide to classroom research: Learning to teach and teaching to learn through practitioner inquiry. Corwin.
    17. Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982 Go to original source...
    18. Dayrit, J. S., & Lacap, J. P. (2020). The Influence of Work life balance on Employee engagement among workers in Pampanga. Philippines: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(4), 3095-3112. https://doi.org/10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201420 Go to original source...
    19. De Campos Filho, A. S., de Souza Fantini, W., Ciriaco, M. A., dos Santos, J., Moreira, F., & Gomes, A. S. (2019). Health student using Google Classroom: Satisfaction analysis. In International Workshop on Learning Technology for Education in Cloud (pp. 58-66). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20798-4_6 Go to original source...
    20. De Vera III, J. P. E. (2020). Guidelines for the prevention, control, and mitigation of the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in Higher Education Institutions (Heis), Ched Covid Advisory No. 6. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/CHED-COVID-19-Advisory-No.-6.pdf
    21. Duan, Y., He, Q., Feng, W., Li, D., & Fu, Z. (2010). A study on e-learning take-up intention from an innovation adoption perspective : A case in China. Computers & Education, 55(1), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.01.009 Go to original source...
    22. Endozo, A. N., & Solomon, O. A. (2019). Teachers'perceptions in enhancing the performance of low-skilled students. Theoretical & Applied Science (2), 244-251. https://doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2019.02.70.21 Go to original source...
    23. Endozo, A. N., Oluyinka, S., & Daenos, R. G. (2019). Teachers' experiences towards usage of Learning Management System: CANVAS. In ICETC 2019: Proceedings of the 2019 11th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers (pp. 91-95). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3369255.3369257 Go to original source...
    24. Ewing, L. A., & Cooper, H. B. (2021). Technology-enabled remote learning during COVID-19 : Perspectives of Australian teachers, students and parents. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 30(1), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1868562 Go to original source...
    25. Ezekiel, E.I., & Oluyinka, S. (2020). Acceptance of Human Resource Information Technology in Nigeria. International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science, 83(3), 246-256. Go to original source...
    26. Fenton, W. (2017). Google classroom not in the college classroom. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/article/2017/06/21/google-classroom-not-college-classroom
    27. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 Go to original source...
    28. Francom, G. M., Schwan, A., & Nuatomue, J. N. (2021). Comparing Google classroom and D2L Brightspace using the technology acceptance model. TechTrends, 65(1), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00533-0 Go to original source...
    29. Froese, F. J., Peltokorpi, V., Varma, A., & Hitotsuyanagi-Hansel, A. (2018). Merit-based rewards, job satisfaction and voluntary turnover : Moderating effects of employee demographic characteristics. British Journal of Management, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467- 8551.12283 Go to original source...
    30. Gardner, R. G., Harris, T. B., Li, N., Kirkman, B. L., & Mathieu, J. E. (2017). Understanding "It Depends" in organizational research: A theory-based taxonomy, review, and future research agenda concerning interactive and quadratic relationships. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 610-638. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428117708856 Go to original source...
    31. Graniæ, A., & Maranguniæ, N. (2019). Technology acceptance model in educational context: A systematic literature review. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2572-2593. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12864 Go to original source...
    32. Gutierrez, A., Boukrami, E., & Lumsden, R. (2015). Technological, organisational and environmental factors influencing managers' decision to adopt cloud computing in the UK. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(6), 788-807. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-01-2015-0001 Go to original source...
    33. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage. Go to original source...
    34. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203 Go to original source...
    35. Henseler, J., Fassott, G., Dijkstra, T., & Wilson, B. 2012. Analyzing quadratic effects of formative constructs by means of variance-based structural equation modelling. European Journal of Information Systems, 21(1): 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2011.36 Go to original source...
    36. Hussein, Z. (2017). Leading to intention: The role of attitude in relation to technology acceptance model in e-learning. Procedia Computer Science, 105, 159-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.01.196 Go to original source...
    37. Ivanovic, Z., & Milenkovski, A. (2019). Importance of New Approaches in Education for Higher Education Institutions. UTMS Journal of Economics, 10(1), 67-76. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ris/utmsje/0261.html
    38. Kaewsaiha, P. (2019). Usability of the Learning Management System and Choices of Alternative. In The International Conference on Education, Psychology, and Social Sciences (ICEPS), (pp. 252-259). Tokyo University of Science.
    39. Karkar, A. J., Fatlawi, H. K., & Al-Jobouri, A. A. (2020). Highlighting e‑learning adoption challenges using data analysis techniques: University of Kufa as a case study. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 18(2), 136-149. Go to original source...
    40. Kumar, J.A., Bervell, B. Osman, S. (2020). Google Classroom: Insights from Malaysian higher education students' and instructors' experiences. Education and Information Technologies, 25(5), 4175-4195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10163-x Go to original source...
    41. Lai, J. W. M., & Bower, M. (2019). How is the use of technology in education evaluated? A systematic review. Computers & Education, 133, 27-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.01.010 Go to original source...
    42. Lazar, I. M., Panisoara, G., & Panisoara, I. O. (2020). Digital technology adoption scale in the blended learning context in higher education: Development, validation and testing of a specific tool. PloS One, 15(7), e0235957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235957 Go to original source...
    43. Lee, D. (2019). The convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). Journal of affective disorders, 259, 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.036 Go to original source...
    44. Leuteritz, J. P., Navarro, J., & Berger, R. (2019). Validation of the group tasks uncertainty model (MITAG) in a German sample. PloS One, 14(11), e0224485. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224485 Go to original source...
    45. Macedo, I. M. (2017). Predicting the acceptance and use of information and communication technology by older adults: An empirical examination of the revised UTAUT2. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 935-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.013 Go to original source...
    46. Memon, M. A., Cheah, J. H., Ramayah, T., Ting, H., Chuah, F., & Cham, T. H. (2019). Moderation analysis: issues and guidelines. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 3(1), 1-11. Go to original source...
    47. Memon, M. A., Ting, H., Ramayah, T., Chuah, F., & Cheah, J. H. (2017). A review of the methodological misconceptions and guidelines related to the application of structural equation modeling: A Malaysian scenario. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 1(1), i-xiii. Go to original source...
    48. Mohr, C. (2021). Google apps for education now has more than 50 million users. https://www.teachthought.com/education/google-apps-for-education-now-has-more-than-50-million-users/
    49. Mousa, A. H., Mousa, S. H., Mousa, S. H., & Obaid, H. A. (2020). Advance acceptance status model for E-learning based on university academics and students. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 671, No. 1, p. 012031). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012031 Go to original source...
    50. Ngafeeson, M. N., & Sun, J. (2015). The effects of technology innovativeness and system exposure on student acceptance of e-textbooks. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 14, 55-71. https://doi.org/10.28945/2101 Go to original source...
    51. O'Bannon, B. W., & Thomas, K. M. (2015). Mobile phones in the classroom: Preservice teachers answer the call. Computers & Education, 85, 110-122. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/201811/ Go to original source...
    52. Oluyinka, S. A. (2016). The role of trust as a mediator in the relationship between technology factors and intention to accept internet banking in Nigeria. Doctoral dissertation. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159127878.pdf
    53. Oluyinka, S. A., Endozo, A. N., & Calma, R. R. (2018, October). A study on the acceptance of internet banking. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers (pp. 374-378). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290511.3290531 Go to original source...
    54. Oluyinka, S., Daenos, R., Cusipag N.M., & Lasisi, A. (2021). Google Classroom's Quadratic Purposefulness and Moderation During Covid-19 Spread. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(11), 3008-3019. https://turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/6339
    55. Oluyinka, S., Shamsuddin, A., & Wahab, E. (2015). Regions of Trust to Technological Know-how Structured for Banking Customers. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(4), 679-691.
    56. Oluyinka, S., Shamsuddin, A., Wahab, E., Ajagbe, M. A., & Enegbuma, W. I. (2013). A study of electronic commerce adoption factors in Nigeria. International Journal of Information Systems and Change Management, 6(4), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISCM.2013.060974 Go to original source...
    57. Pan, X. (2020). Technology Acceptance, Technological Self-Efficacy, and Attitude Toward Technology-Based Self-Directed Learning: Learning Motivation as a Mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564294 Go to original source...
    58. Pandl, K. D., Teigeler, H., Lins, S., Thiebes, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2021). Drivers and inhibitors for organizations' intention to adopt artificial intelligence as a service. In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1769-1778). https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.215 Go to original source...
    59. Pangilinan, R. R. (2020). Study on Copyright Awareness among College Students. International Journal of Knowledge Engineering, 35-39. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijke.2020.6.1.129 Go to original source...
    60. Perdana, I., Saragi, R. E. S., & Aribowo, E. K. (2020). Persepsi Siswa terhadap Pemanfaatan Media Kahoot dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Kwangsan, 8(2), 332460. https://doi.org/10.31800/jtp.kw.v8n2.p290--306 Go to original source...
    61. Rahmad, R., Wirda, M. A., Berutu, N., Lumbantoruan, W., & Sintong, M. (2019). Google Classroom implementation in Indonesian higher education. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,1175(1), 012153. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1175/1/012153 Go to original source...
    62. Rai, S. K., Ramamritham, K., & Jana, A. (2020). Identifying factors affecting the acceptance of government to government system in developing nations-empirical evidence from Nepal. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 14(2), 283-303. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-05-2019-0035 Go to original source...
    63. Ramírez-Correa, P. E., Arenas-Gaitán, J., & Rondán-Cataluña, F. J. (2015). Gender and acceptance of e-learning: a multi-group analysis based on a structural equation model among college students in Chile and Spain. PloS One, 10(10), e0140460. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140460 Go to original source...
    64. Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Mitchell, R., & Gudergan, S. P. (2018). Partial least squares structural equation modeling in HRM research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(12), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1416655 Go to original source...
    65. Robinson, C. (2017). Technology tools for a paperless classroom. Science Scope, 41(3), 18-21. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26387216 Go to original source...
    66. Rogers, E. M. (2004). A Prospective and Retrospective Look at the Diffusion Model. Journal of health communication, 9(S1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730490271449 Go to original source...
    67. Roman, R. G., Spencer, C. P., Trobada, F. P., Gaton, C. K. G., Solomon, A. O., Cuenco, H. O., & Daenos, R. C. (2020). A study on the utilization of e-resources among college students. International Journal of Knowledge Engineering, 6(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijke.2020.6.1.127 Go to original source...
    68. Saloviita T. (2015). Measuring pre-service teachers' attitudes towards inclusive education: Psychometric properties of the TAIS scale. Teaching and Teacher Education. 52, 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.09.003 Go to original source...
    69. Sarstedt, M., & Cheah, J. H. (2019). Partial least squares structural equation modeling using SmartPLS: A software review. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 7(3), 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-019-00058-3 Go to original source...
    70. Sibuea, T. F. (2018). Students'perceptions On The Use Of Google Classroom To Support Blended Learning For The Pengantar Linguistik Umum Course. Lingua: Jurnal Ilmiah, 14(2), 49-63. https://doi.org/10.35962/lingua.v14i2.45 Go to original source...
    71. Singh, A., Mangalaraj, G., & Taneja, A. (2010). Bolstering teaching through online tools. Journal of Information Systems Education, 21(3), 299-311.
    72. Siswanto, T., Shofiati, R., & Hartini, H. (2018). Acceptance and utilization of technology (UTAUT) as a method of technology acceptance model of mitigation disaster website. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol.106, No.1, 012011). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012011 Go to original source...
    73. Solomon, O., Alina, S., Eta, W., & Ajagbe, M. A. (2014). Internet banking adoption in Nigeria: A literature review. In Computer, Intelligent Computing and Education Technology (pp.168-175). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315760810 Go to original source...
    74. Sukmawati, S., & Nensia, N. (2019). The role of Google Classroom in ELT. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 1(2), 142-145. https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v1i2.1526 Go to original source...
    75. Tom, A. M., Virgiyanti, W., & Rozaini, W. (2019). Understanding the determinants of infrastructure as a service-based e-learning adoption using an integrated TOE-DOI Model: A Nigerian perspective. In 2019 6th International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRIIS48246.2019.9073418 Go to original source...
    76. Toquero, C. M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for higher education amid the COVID-19 pandemic: The Philippine context. Pedagogical Research, 5(4), em0063. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7947 Go to original source...
    77. Türel, Y. K. (2011). An interactive whiteboard student survey: Development, validity and reliability. Computers & Education, 57(4), 2441-2450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.07.005 Go to original source...
    78. UNESCO. (2020a). 290 million students out of school due to COVID-19: UNESCO releases first global numbers and mobilizes response. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/news/290-million-students-out-school-due-covid-19-unesco-releases-first-global-numbers-and-mobilizes
    79. UNESCO. (2020b). COVID-19 Educational disruption and response. https://en.unesco.org/news/covid-19-educational-disruption-and-response
    80. Vaughan, N. D. (2010). Blended learning. In An introduction to distance education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era. Taylor & Francis.
    81. Waheed, M., Kaur, K., Ain, N., & Sanni, S. A. (2015). Emotional attachment and multidimensional self-efficacy : Extension of innovation diffusion theory in the context of eBook reader. Behaviour & Information Technology, 34(12), 1147-1159. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2015.1004648 Go to original source...
    82. Washington, G. Y. (2019). The learning management system matters in face-to-face higher education courses. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 48(2), 255-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239519874037 Go to original source...
    83. Webster, C. A., Caputi, P., Perreault, M., Doan, R., Doutis, P., & Weaver, R. G. (2013). Elementary classroom teachers' adoption of physical activity promotion in the context of a statewide policy: An innovation diffusion and socio-ecologic perspective. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 32(4), 419-440. Go to original source...
    84. Yalung, H. A., Tuliao, D. L., Gabriel, P. R. M., Oluyinka, S. A., & Gil, M. (2020). Use of social media platforms in promoting the academic library services of City College of Angeles among students. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2020.10.6.1411 Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content