Extended Editorial

* Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, P.O. Box 325, SE-63105 Eskilstuna, Sweden, thomas.lager@mdh. se **Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, P.O. Box 325, SE-63105 Eskilstuna, Sweden, koteshwar. chirumalla@mdh.se The third International Workshop on Innovation and Production Management in the Process Industries (IPM2019) was convened at Mälardalen University in Sweden in October 2019. The overall theme is related to bridging academy– industry interfaces, innovation–production management interfaces, and the interactions among different industrial sectors of the process industries. The workshop aimed to explore the possibility of developing a platform for a research agenda for the cluster of process industries as well as develop special issues (SI) in the journal Technovation and the Journal of Business Chemistry. This article, as an extended editorial viewpoint, serves three purposes:


Process industries as one part of all manufacturing industries
The family of industries generally called "the process industries" spans multiple industrial sectors, constitutes a substantial part of the entire manufacturing industry, and is generally considered to include petrochemicals and chemicals, food and beverages, mining and metals, mineral and materials, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, steel, and utilities. In this context, the following definition is used (Lager, 2017a, p. 203): The process industries are a part of all manufacturing industries, using raw materials (ingredients) to manufacture non-assembled products in an indirect transformational production process often dependent on time. The material flow in production plants is often of a divergent v-type, and the unit processes are connected in a more or less continuous flow pattern.
One of the principal differences between companies in the process industries and those in other manufacturing industries is that the products supplied to and often delivered from the process industries are materials or ingredients rather than components or assembled products (Flapper et al., 2002, Frishammar et al., 2012. Furthermore, whilst product innovation in assembly-based industries begins in the design office, the development of non-assembled products in the process industries generally starts with experimental work in the laboratory or pilot plant (Frishammar et al., 2014). This inherent condition for product and process innovation among sectors within the process industries thus requires unique experimental facilities and development approaches different from those that are common in other manufacturing industries. Moreover, the importance of an integrative perspective on raw materials, process technology, and products in innovation is another significant contextual condition of the process industries (Lager, 2017), a fact that most likely favors a more amalgamated process 1 Introduction

Innovation and production management research in the process industries-A road less travelled
In a special issue of the journal R&D Management on the topical area of management of research and development (R&D) and innovation in the process industries (Lager et al., 2013, p. 194), the lack of innovation management research in a process-industrial context was described as follows: "It could be that the industry environment in the process industries is not as 'glamorous' compared to other industries like IT, design, and service. Additionally, the production process of process firms could appear complicated and hard to understand for scholars lacking an appropriate technical background".
In a special issue on operations management research in the process industries, Van Donk and Fransoo (2006, p. 211) remarked that: "Much of the work proposing models lacks specific knowledge of the process industry domain, enforcing that many of the characteristics are either assumed too general or not addressed specifically". This lack of process-industrial operations management research was also confirmed in a recent literature review (Samuelsson et al., 2016).
An early study found that about 30% of the top 2,000 worldwide investors in R&D belonged to the processindustrial cluster (Lager, 2010). However, despite the importance of this cluster of industries within the disciplines of innovation management and production management, as well as for industrial production and innovation in general and for the world economy at large, the family of process industries is surprisingly under-researched.
This article is organized as follows: Section 2 sets the stage for the third international workshop and provides summaries of three round-table discussions. Section 3 introduces the five articles in this special issue and provides a preliminary synthesis. Section 4 presents the results from the workshop inquiry as well as the top 10 listed topical areas for future research in the process industries. Finally, Section 5 gives concluding remarks and details a way forward. The following sections present the topical areas and summaries from three selected round tables.

Bridging the Industry-Academy interface
The state of affairs was rather provocatively described by Rynes et al. (2001, p. 346) as "academic research [falling] behind, rather than [jumping] ahead of organizational practice". A number of studies support the view that the problem with the "growing gulf between managers and research" ought to be addressed (Ghobadian, 2010).
Academic scholars should thus seek industrial input regarding the industrial need for improved management tools and methodologies and to promote the reverse flow of ideas in the form of improved mechanisms for the transfer of research results from academia to industry (Barrett and Osborn, 2018). Because of the important idiosyncrasies of the contextual and inherent conditions for innovation in the process industries, particularly in the unique experimental environment, one can presume that close contact and strong collaboration between academics and industry professionals is of interest to those seeking to stimulate and bridge the gap between industry and academia (Lager, 2017a). In Figure 1 summary notes are presented from the round-table discussion on bridging the industry -academy interface. Brown et al. (2005, p. 15) stated that "there is a need to view operations management as part of a fluid, interactive, mutually beneficial series of relationships between raw materials and the end customer". Although the early integrative development of product and production technology is desirable in other manufacturing industries (Bruch and Bellgran, 2014), the integrative perspective on raw materials, process technology, and products needs to be given much stronger consideration in processindustrial product and process innovation (Hullova et al., 2019, Hullova et al., 2016. A company's ability to respond to change is often limited in the short term, and Hill (1994, p. 128) articulated this state of affairs distinctively for all manufacturing industries:

Cross-disciplinary innovation and production management-In search of facilitating mechanisms for a conjoint approach
In all instances, the mismatch results from the fact that while manufacturing investments are inherently large and fixed (once a company has purchased them, it will have to live with them for better or for worse for many years), markets are inherently dynamic […] The inherently changing  However, despite the overwhelming scientific evidence that product innovation and production innovation must go hand in hand, especially in a process-industrial context, this fact is unfortunately often still disregarded in both academia and industrial practice.
Indeed, scholars from the disciplines of innovation management and production (operations) management rarely interact during international conferences, seldom publish in the same journals, and infrequently share ideas in "coffee table" conversations. Likewise, and notwithstanding a desire to bridge the manufacturing-R&D interface (Lager and Rennard, 2014), similar barriers are often found in many manufacturing companies. Thus, one objective for this round-table discussion was to address this unfortunate condition, discuss how to stimulate company crossfunctional attitudes and behavior, and search for a crossdisciplinary research agenda for innovation and production management in the process industries. In Figure 2 summary notes are presented from the round-table discussion on cross disciplinary innovation and production management. Pavitt (1984, p. 343) argued that it is important to study sectoral patterns of technology change because it has implications for our "understanding of the sources and   Often 90% of product innovation is related to "product renovation" when there is really a strong need for good knowledge about the production processes. The other 10% of more radical product innovation (green field) does on the other hand need deep production knowledge.  Few production individuals are able to give feed-back on product design. Barriers  Present organizational design in the process industries should be challenged. Well integrated product and process innovation is an important opportunity.

Cross-sectoral learning in innovation and production management in the process industries-In search of common denominators and sectoral idiosyncrasies
 There is a need for a more end-to-end thinking and collaboration between the production function and product innovation.
 Bridging mechanisms are people with a T-shaped profile, methodologies like QFD, and Digital production and simulation models.
Possibilities  This workshop topical area is of vital importance to be addressed in the future. It is unfortunately seldom discussed and highlighted in company forums.
 The general academy structure and organization does not generally facilitate cross-disciplinary research and scientific journals are usually not truly crossdisciplinary

No Good examples but Important conclusions
Although different sectors of the process industries share a large number of characteristics related to their production systems, those characteristics significantly differ from the production system characteristics in other manufacturing industries (Lager, 2017a). Consequently, sectoral experiences from process-industrial innovation and production management can be shared within the process-industrial cluster but are of less interest for other manufacturing industries. The "family" of process industries is thus similar within itself, but dissimilar to other manufacturing industries.
In Figure 3 summary notes are presented from the roundtable discussion on cross-sectoral learning in innovation and production management in the process industries.

Innovation and technology management in the process industries -In search of common denominators and sectoral idiosyncrasies
Out of the 14 academic and industrial presentations at the workshop, six were selected for potential publication in a special issue of the Journal of Business Chemistry. Two additional articles were submitted in late spring. After the workshop, all potential articles got early feedback from the guest editors and, after resubmission, five articles were ultimately selected and sent out for the double-blind review process.
The following introduction of the individual articles is to be regarded as a collection of "extended abstracts", however, composed by the Guest Editors, and in use of the original text from each article; an aspiration to capture and advertise the most important messages within each article to academics and industry professionals. Because of that, they contain an unusual large number of citations and parts from the authors' original articles; well formulated sentences and arguments which the Guest Editors did not wanted to reduce or even impair.

Contents of this special issue
The first article, entitled "Digital Transformation in the   The majority of companies-an estimated 70 percent (2019)-belong in the aspiring for insights category, meaning they realize that change is coming, but still lack readiness and ability, which must be developed. Such companies may need to assess their technological base and analyze their data management, their organizational data strategy, and the value of their data (Larsson and Wallin, 2020). They need to think about their roadmap for digitalization. They are called aspirants. The rise of the next category has been identified as the pilots, to which an estimated 20 percent of businesses belong. They are engaged in and have dared to take the first steps down the path toward a systematic digitalization approach. The accelerators include a small group of pioneers, estimated to be less than 10 percent of companies, who have found their own best practice solutions and are ready to scale up and transform their businesses using digital technology. It is advocated that: "The accelerator group now needs to shift the responsibility for transformation to their line organizations, along with appropriate expert support, as well as improve their ability to manage job transformation, data as a strategic asset, and the security and ethical issues related to data usage", (Larsson and Wallin, 2020).
The second article by Richard Tuin (2020) Although the scope of start-up activities and resources depends on project size and business organization, this article argues that one of the core issues for success at start-up is the commencement of the front-end phase.
Thus, of vital importance is the early involvement of a commissioning and start-up representative; in addition, in the conceptual phase of a project, there must be plans for transforming the project flawlessly into an on-specification operating plant (Tuin, 2020). Ultimately, the authors conclude that cross-sectoral cooperation and knowledge sharing within the process industries are rare, possibly because of an attitude that whatever a particular company is processing is unique rather than viewing the commonalities of technical and business processes for improvement, innovation, and learning opportunities. To get an in-depth understanding of accelerator types and their design in the context of the process industries, semistructured interviews were conducted with ten accelerator managers using the topical areas of strategic focus, selection process, alumni relations, program package, and success measurement.
The results from this study show that starting an accelerator requires clear strategic goals and focuses, deciding whether to take a horizontal (i.e., including a variety of industries) or vertical (i.e., focusing on a specific industry) approach.
Moreover, accelerators must establish a strong network to scout and identify suitable start-ups, and they must provide tangible benefits for start-ups (Bergmann and Rothausen, 2020). It is further recommended that accelerators provide tailored trainings according to the start-up's development stage, needs, and industry background. In the context of process industries, technical expertise and industry experience are very important. Bergmann and Rothausen (2020) further conclude that success stories from alumni start-ups can leverage the accelerator's reputation, improving its visibility, network, and access to high-profile mentors and investors. Furthermore, that accelerators must continuously assess their offers and services with carefully chosen success metrics (such as KPIs). In the context of the process industries, start-ups that offer digital solutions may be particularly interesting for participation in an accelerator, as they require fewer financial resources and are less assetintensive (Bergmann and Rothausen, 2020).

The fifth article, "Start-ups as an Indicator of Early Market
Convergence" by Magdalena Kohut, Jens Leker, Stefanie Bröring, and Nathalie Sick (2020), also discusses start-ups, but from a rather different angle. As the call for this special issue indicated a "search of common denominators and sectoral idiosyncrasies," this topical area is of particular interest. During industry convergence, defined as "the blurring of boundaries between formerly distinct industries," dominant industry logic is subject to significant changes, and In a new framework, a stepwise convergence process is presented as science convergence, technology convergence, early market convergence, and market convergence, together with the related indicators scientific publications, patents, start-up companies, and reported product launches. The study asked the following research questions: Is start-up formation present when two or more sectors converge, and can start-up formation act as an indicator of early market convergence? In this study, the data sources were scientific publications, patents, and press releases. The empirical results positively answered both research questions, and the authors concluded that (Kohut et al., 2020): "the startup indicator offered insights into the critical transition from technology convergence to market convergence, where product launches may not yet be observable, thereby allowing the identification of early transfer opportunities along the convergence process". The authors explain that practitioners in the field of industry forecasting can benefit from having the formation of start-ups as an additional data source for the analysis of industry lifecycles. Moreover, further managerial implications arise from the strategic importance of converging industries for innovation, enabling firms to identify these processes early and prepare for changes in demand, technology, and competition (Kohut et al., 2020). As a result, they further concluded that firms can better analyze the competitive environment as well as depict newly forming, cross-industry relationships.

A preliminary synthesis of the articles in the JoBC special issue
The circles in the matrix in Figure 5 indicate the industry sectors covered in each article. Although some sectors are missing and other sectors are only represented in a single study, the impression is that the empirical evidence covers the family of process industries fairly well. Another impression is that most articles, even when a single sector is used to collect empirical data, have clear relevance for other sectors of the process industries and could be applied elsewhere in a cross-sectoral approach. The experiences from digital transformation in the Swedish process industries (Larsson and Wallin, 2020) certainly further validate such a cross-sectoral approach. The emerging sectoral convergences presented by Kohut et al. (2020) also emphasize the importance of crossing sectoral borders in the future.
A noteworthy finding is that three articles take a crossdisciplinary innovation and production management perspective in digital transformation, technology transfer, and flawless start-up of production plants. Part of the content in some articles gives particular insights into a specific industry sector, but may nevertheless contribute to advancing the general understanding of innovation and production management in the process industries.

In search of a coherent research agenda for innovation and production management in the process industries-A workshop inquiry 4.1 The inquiry
The workshop delegates were a mixture of academic scholars, industry professionals, and representatives from related organizational bodies, all with a profound knowledge of different aspects related to innovation and production management in the process industries. Thus, the following presentation of the results from workshop delegates can be regarded as "top-of-the-mind" viewpoints from a number of "informants" (Barrett and Oborn, 2018;Kumar et al., 1993).
Workshop delegates were introduced to the questionnaire on the morning of the second day, and they received ample time to respond to the questionnaire before participating in the subsequent round-table discussions.
The workshop inquiry presented in the Appendix includes 33 questions covering different aspects of innovation and production management in the process industries. The questions are categorized into the following areas: strategy, digital transformation, product and process innovation, manufacturing, and general. The participants were asked to rate the importance of all areas using a Likert scale, where 1 equals "not important" and 5 equals "very important." In total, 23 workshop delegates responded to the questionnaire.

Results from the workshop inquiry
The Appendix presents all areas included in the questionnaire together with the mean and standard deviation figures of the delegates' importance ratings. The ten highest rated topical areas are presented in order as a top-ten list:

Success factors for intrafirm process technology transfer and a petrochemical outlook
Supporting start-ups in the process industries with accelerator programs A detailed list of the top three rated topical areas in each category in ranking order as well as their respective rank in the top ten list is presented in Table 1.

Preliminary analysis and discussion
The results reflect some ongoing major shifts in the processindustrial sectors. Digital transformation, circular economy, value chains, and business models are a few of the shifts covered by the top ten ranked topical areas. The following subsections briefly present the top ten areas with respect to their categories.

Digital Transformation
The highest ranked topical area is from the digital transformation category, which is about managing company digital transformation in the process industries, including industry 4.0 technologies. In fact, of the ten topical areas, three belong to digital transformation, which shows the criticality of this area for the companies in the process industries. More specifically, experts acknowledged the importance of studying the role of digitalization and its technologies in improving customer-supplier relations (ranked seventh in the list), product quality, production flexibility, and process automation (ranked eighth).

Product and process innovation
The second highest ranked topical area, product and production innovation work processes in a processindustrial end-to-end perspective-from raw materials to end-user applications, is from the product and process

Strategy
The third topical area from the top ten list is from the category of strategy: production capabilities and product lifecycle management in the perspective of circular economy. This topical area reflects the ongoing initiatives and efforts by the European Union, which announced that a circular economy (CE) is top in its agenda. Indeed, the EU and many European countries announced a CE action plan for a cleaner and more competitive Europe. Of course, there are more issues to be resolved in this context. The experts in our workshop inquiry emphasized that both practitioners and academic scholars need to rethink the existing production capabilities and the product lifecycle management to make a successful transformation toward CE. Moreover, from the category Table 1 Top three rated topical areas in each category (own representation). Effective orchestration, coordination mechanisms, and collaborative models for supplier, customer, and end-user interactions in complex process-industrial supply/value chains 3 -of strategy, two additional topical areas ranked in the top ten list: strategies for fossil-free production technologies (ranked sixth) and innovative new perspectives on business model development adapted to process-industrial concepts (ranked ninth). In addition, also from the strategy category, platform-based production and design of non-assembled products is considered a key topical area (ranked 11th),

Category
where the configuration modelling and integration of company raw materials, production technology, and products are anticipated to be significant.

Manufacturing
The fourth topical area in the top ten list is from the manufacturing category: developing and fostering sustainable innovation cultures in production-oriented industrial operational environments. This topical area acknowledges the fact that sustainable innovation culture plays an important role in process industries, which is similar to other manufacturing industries, where the topic has been significantly addressed both in practice and academia compared to the process industries. This topical area might be even more important for the process industries due to the rigid engineering and production culture.

General
The fifth topical area from the top ten list is from the general category: cross-sectoral process-industrial innovation and technology management learning-in search of and fostering adapted and improved management best practices. All participants agreed that process industries have great opportunities to learn from each other. Although process-industrial sectors are sharing many similarities and characteristics at the general level, each sector is also implementing unique and novel initiatives and efforts to cope with the emerging challenges (e.g., digitalization, circular economy, business models, and ecosystems). Process industries could leverage their competitive advantage by cross-sectorally sharing their lessons learned and best practices. One additional topical area from the general category is ranked in the top ten: new process-industrial project management perspectives and best practices (ranked tenth). Process industries will deal with more novelty or long-term innovation projects in the future due to all emerging transformations happening in the business environment.

A way forward for future research and industry collaboration
The five highest-rated topical areas from the workshop inquiry are presented in Figure 6. These areas capture a select number of areas in innovation and production management that ought to be addressed in future management research and in the development of industry best practice in the context of the "family" of the process industries.  Managing company digital transformation in the processindustries (industry 4.0) Product and production innovation work processes in a process-industrial end-to-end perspective -from raw materials to end-user applications Production capabilities and product life-cycle management in the perspective of circular economy Developing and fostering sustainable innovation cultures in "production oriented" industrial operational environments.
Cross-sectoral process-industrial innovation and technology management learning -in search of and fostering adapted and improved management best practices   (3.9) 11. Process automation and digitalization for improved product quality and production flexibility. (3.2) 13. Capturing value from commodity products, through expanded supplementary product service offerings or application development.
(4.0) 14. Product and production innovation work processes in a process-industrial end-to-end perspective -from raw materials to end-user applications.     (3.0) 23. Open production ("wall-to-wall") company production models by the integration of raw material (packaging) suppliers or equipment suppliers in company production systems.
(3.9) 24. Developing and fostering sustainable innovation cultures in "production oriented" industrial operational environments.
(3.4) 25. Product introduction work processes in the perspective of "management of industrialization".   (3.7) 30. New process-industrial project management perspectives and best practce (e.g. managing long-term innovation projects in times of changing organizational company environments).
(3.5) 31. Intra-and inter-firm collaboration and technology transfer models and best practices.
(3.6) 32. Effective orchestration, coordination mechanisms and collaborative models for supplier, customer and enduser interactions in complex process-industrial supply/value chains.
(3.9) 33. Cross-sectoral process-industrial innovation and technology management learning -in search of and fostering adapted and improved management best practices.