Indonesia’s Diplomacy as a Non-Permanent Member of The UN Security Council in Combating to Terrorism Crime 2019-2020

The United Nations (UN) was formed to maintain world peace and security. The UN gives a mandate to its main body, called the Security Council (SC), to maintain peace and security stability, take necessary actions, and act as a mediator in all issues and conflicts that occur based on the provisions written in the UN Charter. As a member of the UN Security Council, Indonesia is fully committed to maintaining world peace regarding the UN mission. In carrying out its role, Indonesia refers to the free and active foreign policy, the 1945 Constitution, and the UN Charter. This research used qualitative methods to analyze the dynamics of Indonesia's membership in the Security Council in dealing with global issues. The results proved that Indonesia’s policies have tried to fight terrorism crimes through the UN Security Council membership. The mechanisms for conflict resolution put forward an approach to law enforcement, prevention, and the formation of UN Security Council resolutions related to terrorism crimes.


Intrsoduction
The United Nations (UN) is a form of international organization that has the authority to resolve disputes collectively and peacefully, especially those that could threaten international peace, security, and stability (Mulyana, 2015), as stated in Article 1 paragraph 1 of the United Nations Charter which states that the United Nations will take all effective measures to address threats to security and resolve them through peaceful strategies in accordance with the principles of international legal justice in disputes.
As the UN response, the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy was unanimously adopted by the UN General Assembly on September 8, 2006.The strategy is a distinctive worldwide tool that aims to improve national, regional, and international initiatives in fighting terrorism.The General Assembly revisits the Strategy every two years to ensure it remains up to date with the counter-terrorism priorities of Member States, making it a dynamic and relevant document.
In carrying out its duties, the UN emphasizes principles, including resolving international disputes peacefully, not involving threats or violence, taking full responsibility for the determination of action, setting up weapon use, and making cooperation a principle of protecting peace and security.Based on the mandate given by the UN, the Security Council is the main UN agency tasked with maintaining world peace and security.In general, the UN Security Council takes action on two types of disputes, namely (1) Disputes as a threat to peace and security and (2) Problems that can threaten security and peace or acts of aggression (Starke, 1989).
Chapter VII of the UN Charter states that the UN Security Council has the legality to take all actions when security and peace are threatened, from severing relations to sending armed forces.The UN Charter is oriented and principled to maintain peace and security, establish bilateral and multilateral relations, and achieve interests through cooperation in all fields (Basuki, 2003).The dispute resolution process will look at each actor.
After serving in 1973-1974, 1995-1996, and 2007-2008, on June 8, 2018, Indonesia was re-elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council (Wangke, 2019).Representing the Asia Pacific region, Indonesia won 144 out of 190 member countries that chose to participate and voted after winning the Maldives.Indonesia's Strategic Role as a Non-Permanent Member of The UN Security Council (Hidriyah, 2018).Indonesia's membership in the Security Council refers to the provisions of Article 1 Paragraph 2 of Regulation Number 37 of the Republic of Indonesia of 1999 concerning Foreign Relations.Foreign policy is the policies, attitudes, and actions of the Indonesian government in the context of cooperation between countries and international organizations dealing with issues in the interests of national (UU RI Nomor 37 Bab 1 Pasal 1 (2) Tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri, 1999).
Meanwhile, Chapter 4 of the 1945 Constitution affirms Indonesia's participation in implementing world order based on prosperity, peace, and justice, in line with Indonesia's membership in the UN Security Council, which raises several major diplomatic issues for Indonesia in the international arena (RI K. L., Peran Indonesia Sebagai Anggota Tidak Tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB 2019-2020, 2017).Indicators for Indonesia's re-election as a member of the UN Security Council look at Indonesia's track record in UN Security Council membership for the 2007-2008 period, as a mediator and Indonesia's approval of various issues in the UN Security Council negotiations (RI K. L., Peran Indonesia Sebagai Anggota Tidak Tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB 2019-2020, 2017).
The high commitment of Indonesia's 4,000 peacekeepers in maintaining peace and providing assistance to conflict-affected countries and Indonesia's peacebuilding efforts through its membership in the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) since 2007 has become a means for Indonesia to be re-elected as a nonpermanent member of the Security Council (RI K. L., Aide Memoire Indonesia's Candidate for Non-Permanent Member of The UN Security Council 2019Council -2020Council , 2020)).
In the realm of diplomacy, the state acts as an actor that conveys, mobilizes, and takes the necessary actions through negotiations and various activities to achieve national interests (Djelantik, 2008).The main element of diplomacy is negotiation, which always prioritizes the interests of the state in line with a country's foreign policy and cannot be separated from state delegations (Roy, 1991).Indonesia carries out public diplomacy in its foreign policy affairs.According to Jay Wang, public diplomacy implements three main objectives, namely: (1) Conveying state orientation, (2) Creating means of communication, values, and actions, (3) As a bridge builder of understanding and trust between the state and society (Wang, 2006).
The United Nations officially declared 18 types of transnational crimes in 1995, and terrorism was one of them.Terrorism is a very serious agenda for discussion and can endanger world security.Combating terrorism requires both bilateral and multilateral cooperation (Windiani, 2017).
Countering terrorism crimes is a diplomatic priority raised by Indonesia for the 2019-2020 term of the UN Security Council.Quoting Article 6 of Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning Terrorism of the Republic of Indonesia, it is defined as a crime consisting of several elements, namely deliberately using violence and causing terror threats that can claim mass casualties and result in material loss and damage both countries internally and externally and the international arena (Ambarita, 2018).
As part of the UN Security Council and the international community, Indonesia is fully committed to contributing to all forms of prevention in efforts to eradicate terrorism, both nationally and internationally, by participating in ratifying 8 out of 16 international instruments related to terrorism crimes.In addition, Indonesia actively participates as a member of international organizations engaged in counterterrorism missions (RI K. L., Diplomasi Indonesia, 2015).

Therotical framwork and Research Method
John W. Creswell and Vicki LP Clark defined qualitative research has a number of scopes, including the technique of data collection, data analysis, data representation, data interpretation, validation, and types of qualitative methods (Bakry, 2019).According to this research, the authors used the qualitative research method to approach descriptive research, which involves understanding, explanation, data collection, and analysis, with the end step concluding the research results in academic writing.
The theory used by the authors was conflict resolution.The theory explains the role of the state in taking action to resolve internal conflicts by prioritizing the four pillars of the state, such as system, politics, economy, and socio-culture (Brown, 1996).Johan Galtung recommends procedures for transferring and the main role of the state through the cooperation of non-state actors (Galtung, 1996).Miall believes that there are at least three international institutions involved in handling and drafting conflict resolutions, such as the United Nations, Regional International Organizations, and Non-Governmental Organizations (Miall, 1999).
The author uses the theory of conflict resolution as a paradigm for the role and efforts of non-state actors in overcoming internal and external conflicts in a country.Conflict resolution will look at how international organizations create breakthroughs as a problem-solving mechanism.In addition, conflict resolution theory will look at the dynamics of the work of the parties involved with various levels and types of power to influence the outcome of the conflict.In relation to this research, conflict resolution will analyze how the strategies and negotiations of the parties aimed at resolving conflicts by determining a collaborative approach as part of an effective mechanism (DuPraw, 1991).

Result and Explanation
Indonesia's competitiveness can be seen from various supporters of being elected as a member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2019-2020 term, reflected in Indonesia's progress and role in building international peace and security through various issues, such as the Palestinian and Israeli conflicts, the armed conflict in Moro, Philippines, with special autonomy, which helps resolve problems in Mindanao, Philippines.These factors ultimately led to the trust and support of the international community for Indonesia.
The trust and support of the international community given to Indonesia in maintaining international peace and security can be seen in Indonesia being re-elected to the Security Council after serving in 1973-1974, 1995-1996, and 2007-2008.The Security Council reflects a country's active commitment to maintaining international peace and security and fulfilling the mission of the UN Charter, and Indonesia will again assume this role in 2019-2020.
Indonesia also acted as a facilitator during 2007-2008 as a non-permanent member, namely as a consensus builder and facilitator on various issues raised by the UN Security Council, and in 2019-2020.Indonesia's re-election as a member of the UN Security Council is also reflected in several conditions that make Indonesia a competitive and responsible country.
Indonesia was involved in the negotiations and became one of the co-sponsors of the UN Security Council Resolutions 2462 (2019) and 2482 (2019).Indonesia initiated a Press Statement to condemn all forms of terrorist crimes that occurred, including in Afghanistan (January 3, 2019), Iran (February 14, 2019), Jammu-Kashmir (February 21, 2019), New Zealand (March 15, 2019), Sri Lanka (April 22, 2019), Egypt (August 6, 2019), as well as several places in Afghanistan during 2019 and 2020.
Indonesia has consistently dedicated itself to fighting terrorism, including efforts within the framework of the United Nations.Regarding this matter, Indonesia actively works together with the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF), the Terrorism Prevention Branch-United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (TPB-UNODC), and the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate (UNCTED).Furthermore, Indonesia is making efforts to implement the 4 (four) pillars of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (UNGCTS).
The issue of counter-terrorism has become a global issue in many countries, including Western and Southeast Asian countries.The position of the Indonesian government in fighting terrorism is very firm.This action reflects Indonesia's strong support for putting counter-terrorism on the diplomatic agenda at the 2019-2020 UN Security Council.Due to the transnational nature of terrorist networks, Indonesia needs the support of countries, organizations, and the international community to combat and stop terrorist networks in other countries.
This support has been voiced by several ministries and institutions dealing with terrorism, namely the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT), the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Communication and Informatics, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, and the Coordinating Ministry for Politics, Law and Security (RI K. L., Kebijakan Isu Khusus Penanggulangan Terorisme, 2022).
While serving as the 2020 UN Security Council Presidency, Indonesia carried the theme of countering terrorism.Indonesia's diplomacy stands tall in fighting for national interest and contributes to international peace and security stability.Indonesia remains consistent in making foreign policy a solution to solving global problems (RI K. L., Pernyataan Pers Tahunan Menteri Luar Negeri RI, 2020).In relation to this research, the international regime can be used as an analysis to answer research questions based on Indonesia's role in the international arena.
In tackling the issue of terrorism, Indonesia participates in several international counterterrorism organizations, such as the Advisory Board of the UN Counter-Terrorism Center (AB UNCTC) in 2015-2018, as a founder and member of the GCTF which is an international forum for counter-terrorism since 2011, and established the Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Cooperation (JCLEC) since 2004 and has trained officers from 70 different countries (Kementerian Luar Negeri RI, 2017).
During the 2019-2020 period, the UN Security Council has succeeded in adopting at least four resolutions on countering acts of terrorism, including Resolution 2462 on threats to international peace and security posed by acts of terrorism: prevention and combating the financing of terrorism on March 28, 2019; Resolution 2501 on threats to international peace and security arising from terrorist acts of December 16, 2019 (PBB, Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB, 2019); Resolution 2557 of December 18 2020 concerning threats to international peace and security posed by acts of terrorism; and Resolution 2560 of December 29 2020 concerning threats to international peace and security posed by acts of terrorism (PBB, Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB, 2020).
In the final session of 2020, the UN Security Council, initiated by Indonesia and the United States, passed Resolution 2560 on improving the working methods of the 1267 Sanctions Committee.The Sanctions Committee is an organ of the UN Security Council authorized to determine and monitor the implementation of actions against terrorist groups, such as ISIL (Da' esh) and those associated with Al-Qaeda.
From 2019 to 2020, as a member of the The UN Security Council, which acts as an international regime, recommends a hard approach through law enforcement efforts and several resolutions as a solution to terrorism.Issues related to the threat of terrorism at the UN Security Council were discussed in the agenda "Threats to International Peace and Security Due to Terrorist Actions." In general, discussion of the agenda is divided into routine and non-routine/ thematic meetings are Regular meetings held every 6 months: Strategic report of the Secretary-General on the threat posed by ISIL (Da'esh) to international peace and security and the various efforts of the United Nations to support member countries in overcoming this threat; Nonroutine/thematic meetings are not determined because they depend on members' suggestions and are carried out in the form of open debates, debates, and briefings: Combating the financing of terrorism, handling the link between terrorism and organized crime, and others.
This analysis answers the role of the UNSC subsidiary bodies related to the issue of countering terrorism, including the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and the Sanctions Committee 1267, 1989, and 2253.The CTC was formed through UNSC resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005) in response to the attacks on September 11, 2001, better known as the 9/11 tragedy.CTC's task is to monitor the implementation of Resolution 1373 (2001), which requests UN member states to take a number of steps in order to strengthen the capacity of institutions and laws to counter terrorism in their respective countries and at the global level.
The UN Security Council also adopted several other resolutions related to counterterrorism, which the CTC reviewed.To assist the CTC's task of coordinating the process of reviewing the implementation of Resolution 1373 (2001) 2019) regarding the linkage between international terrorism and organized crime in July 2019.Indonesia held a debate regarding issues related to the linkage between international terrorism and organized crime.It also discussed the UN Secretary General's report on the same issue as mandate Resolution 2482 (2019) (PPID, 2020).
Indonesia by the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Center (UNCTC) as a member of the Advisory Board from 2015-2018 and also actively participates in the Global Counter-Terrorism Forum (GCTF) and holds regular meetings every year.Together with Australia, Indonesia established the Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Cooperation (JCLEC) and conducted 768 training programs (RI K. L., 2020).The UN Security Council passed resolutions and sent peacekeepers to areas affected by terrorism, for example, in Africa such as Somalia.The situation in Indonesia also supports accepting the resolution described above.
The decision-making in eradicating the problem is determined by understanding the social phenomena that occur.This research raises the issue of tackling terrorism crimes, which is also one of the priority issues for Indonesia's diplomacy at the UN Security Council in 2019-2020.Indonesia has initiated conflict resolution through UN Security Council resolutions on prosecution, rehabilitation, and reintegration.The preparation of the Draft Resolution is a continuation and an integral part of the implementation of the Arria-Formula on Prison in November 2019.Indonesia began to develop the initial draft of the Draft Resolution in April 2020 and received various technical inputs from CTED.
Indonesia conducted consultations and received various inputs from P5. Indonesia issued a zero draft based on input from P5 and began negotiating with all members of the UN Security Council.In parallel, it received input from various relevant UN agencies and civil society organizations.In dealing with this problem, Indonesia has adopted a way of identifying this problem as one of the traditional ways, and the main way taken is the use of weapons and the military, including diplomacy such as alliances and other military steps (Barry Buzan, 1998).
Indonesia's diplomacy in countering terrorism crimes uses hard approaches, such as law enforcement, making resolutions, and making presidential statements while being a non-permanent member of the Security Council.The resulting document is in the form of the official conclusions of the UN Security Council.It constitutes the Round Tables, a series of UN Security Council meetings that discuss specific issues.
In the last three years, from 2015 to 2017, the UN Security Council passed 176 resolutions, ranging from the Central African Republic resolution to the nuclear resolution by North Korea.Among all these decisions, there are 7 main groups related to security issues, including international conflicts in Africa, internal conflicts in the Middle East, internal conflicts in other countries, conflicts between countries, issues of terrorism, and issues of nuclear nonproliferation, and human rights (RI K. L., Peran Indonesia Sebagai Anggota Tidak Tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB, 2017).
Peacekeeping is one of Indonesia's priorities in the UNSC membership.Indonesia's role in UNPKO has become a branding that has big attention in peacekeeping (Peacekeeping, 2017).Table 1 explains the number of Indonesia's contributions to guarding world peace (Affairs, 2017).
The table below describes some of Indonesia's contributions to maintaining world peace:  1974-1975, 1995-1996, and 2007-2008 Selected to become a non-permanent member of the UN Security Indonesia's contribution to maintaining peace and security has made Indonesia a country that has value in the international sphere.Indonesia's role in UNPKO has been proven by Indonesia's achievements at the regional and world levels.The dynamics of Indonesia's membership in the Security Council in the 1974Council in the -1975Council in the , 1995Council in the -1996Council in the , and 2007Council in the -2008 periods became a form of state modality for re-election in the 2019-2020 period.They played an active role by re-taking these steps.
Indonesia has been carrying out several issues related to conflict resolution at regional and international levels.Indonesia became a mediator in several conflicts that occurred in the region and fostered trust among regional countries towards Indonesia in tackling global issues.Besides that, related to the issue of terrorism, Indonesia can prove it by establishing several organizations engaged in counterterrorism both inside the country and abroad.
Terrorist groups in various countries take steps that can affect political, social, and economic stability, causing concern among the people (Robertson, 2007).The UN Security Council condemns terrorist groups such as ISIS, Al-Qaeda, Boko Haram, and the Taliban, as well as other individuals, groups, and organizations involved in terrorist attacks that result in the death of civilians and threaten international security stability (Thapliyal, 2014).
The UN Security Council emphasized that counter-terrorism activities are concrete efforts to maintain peace and security stability in the face of terrorist attacks.In addition, the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (UNGCTS), as stated in General Assembly resolution 60/288, provides strategic guidance for the policy direction of the UN counterterrorism crime mechanism.The work of the UN Security Council is systematic and seeks a collective approach to combating terrorism.

Conclusion
Through Indonesia's membership in the UN Security Council, Indonesia has formed a national identity with a foreign policy that does not take sides with any world powers and actively contributes to solving world problems through UN resolutions.Indonesia embodies a form of diplomacy that is engaged in achieving world peace, security, and stability through Indonesia's role as a member of the UN Security Council, which raised standards for eliminating terrorism crime as one of the main issues of Indonesian diplomacy.
Indonesia carries out soft diplomacy through the establishment of several Security Council resolutions related to terrorism crimes and implementation through law enforcement.Meanwhile, hard diplomacy through Indonesia's active role and contribution to UNPKO was done by sending peacekeepers to several conflict-affected areas.As a member of the UN Security Council for the 2019-2020 period, Indonesia is an opportunity as well as a challenge to promote diplomacy, cooperation, and international political orientation, especially in the field of peace and security, which is currently in the world's spotlight.
Regarding the issue of eradicating terrorism, Indonesia has taken steps by collaborating and cooperating intensively with other countries, information sharing on Indonesia's success in dealing with the issue of terrorism based on cooperation between Southeast Asian countries and other core countries as well as building a concrete approach in eradicating terrorism crimes, cooperating in freezing the financing of acts of terrorism.Therefore, Indonesia can use its tenure to create a sustainable world peace ecosystem.Indonesia can propose a resolution to internal and external conflicts through dialogue, cooperation, and negotiations between actors.

Table 1 .
Indonesia's Contribution to Global Peace

Taqiyya Rohadatul Aisyi, and Ananda Khaerunnisa Indonesia
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