초록

This study investigates how Korean L2 speakers produce word-final alveolars placed in the word-boundary palatalization environment in English. The purpose of our research is to see whether they show production variation according to lexical factors such as word frequency and wordhood and phonological factors such as word-final alveolar types, number of syllables of the target words, number of word-final codas, etc. Four possible pronunciation variants were identified for word-final alveolars (canonical, palatalization, deletion, and wrong pronunciation). First, the results showed that like previous studies on L1 production, phonological variation was found for Korean L2 speakers. Specifically, canonical variants were predominant, and then the realization of palatalization was also common, whereas mispronounced variants such as deletion and wrong pronunciation were quite rare. Second, word frequency affected the likelihood of palatalization similar to native speakers of English. Palatalization was found more in high-frequency words than in low-frequency words. Third, wordhood affected the likelihood of palatalization. Fourth, production patterns as well as the likelihood of palatalization were affected by word-final alveolar types. Finally, backness of the vowels preceding word-final alveolars affected the occurrences of palatalized variants. That is, word-final alveolars underwent palatalization immediately following front vowels more frequently than back vowels. These findings suggest that production variability is observed even for L2 speakers as well as for L1 speakers. Furthermore, they provide additional support for the claim that frequency may be encoded in word representation of L2 speakers’ mental lexicon. Finally, they revealed that many phonological factors contribute to variability of production of categorical phonological rules by L2 speakers, indicating that listeners might consider lexical and phonological factors to recover speakers’ intended words.

키워드

word frequency, phonological environments, likelihood of palatalization, phonological variation, L2 speakers’ production

참고문헌(36)open

  1. [학술지] BELL, ALAN / 2003 / Effects of disfluencies, predictability, and utterance position on word form variation in English conversation / Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113 : 1001 ~ 1024

  2. [인터넷자료] BOERSMA, PAUL / Praat: Doing phonetics by compuer

  3. [단행본] BOOIJ, GEERT / 1995 / The Phonology of Dutch / Clarendon Press

  4. [단행본] BUSH, NATHAN / 2001 / Frequency effects and word-boundary palatalization in English, In Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure / Benjamins Publishing Company : 255 ~ 280

  5. [단행본] BYBEE, JOAN / 2001 / Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure / John Benjamins

  6. [단행본] CHOMSKY, NOAM / 1968 / The Sound Pattern of English / Harper and Row

  7. [인터넷자료] COETZEE, ANDRIES / Phonological variation and lexical frequency

  8. [단행본] COOPER, WILLIAM / 1980 / Syntax and Speech / Harvard University Press

  9. [학위논문] DALBY, JONATHAN M. / 1986 / Phonetic structure of fast speech in American English

  10. [학술지] DILLEY, LAURA C. / 2007 / A study of regressive place assimilation in spontaneous speech and its implications for spoken word recognition / Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122 (4) : 2340 ~ 2353

  11. [단행본] ERNESTUS, MIRJAM / 2000 / Voice Assimilation and Segment Reduction in Casual Dutch : A Corpus-Based Study of the Phonology-Phonetics Interface. LOT : Utrecht / LOT

  12. [학술지] ERNESTUS, MIRJAM / 2006 / Lexical frequency and voice assimilation / Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120 (2) : 1040 ~ 1051

  13. [학술지] GASKELL, M. GARETH / 1998 / Mechanisms of phonological inference in speech perception / Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 22 : 144 ~ 158

  14. [학술지] GOLDRICK, MATTHEW / 2007 / Lexical and post-lexical phonological representations in spoken production / Cognition 102 : 219 ~ 260

  15. [단행본] GUY, GREGORY R. / 1980 / Variation in the group and the individual: The case of final stop deletion, In Locating Language in Time and Space / Academic Press

  16. [학술지] Michael Hammond / 2004 / Frequency, cyclicity, and optimality / 음성음운형태론연구 10 (3) : 349 ~ 364

  17. [학술지] 홍성훈 / 2009 / Variation and frequency in word-medial /t/-flapping in American English / 음성음운형태론연구 15 (2) : 375 ~ 396

  18. [단행본] HUALDE, JOSE IGNACIO / 1991 / Basque Phonology / Routledge

  19. [학술지] IMAI, SATOMI / 2005 / Lexical frequency and neighborhood density effects on the recognition of native and Spanish-accented words by native English and Spanish listeners / Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117 (2) : 896 ~ 907

  20. [학술지] JESCHENIAK, JÖRG D. / 1994 / Word frequency effects in spoken production: Retrieval of syntactic information and phonological form / Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20 : 824 ~ 843

  21. [학술대회] JOHNSON, KEITH / 2004 / Massive reduction in conversational American English / Proceedings of the 1st Session of the 10th International Symposium (In Spontaneous Speech: Data and Analysis : 29 ~ 54

  22. [단행본] JURAFSKY, DANIEL / 2001 / Probabilitistic relations between words: Evidence from reduction in lexical production, In Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure / Benjamins Publishing Company : 229 ~ 254

  23. [학술지] KUIPERS, CECILE / 1998 / The influence of rhythmic context on schwa epenthesis and schwa deletion in Dutch / Language and Speech 41 : 87 ~ 108

  24. [단행본] LADEFOGED, PETER / 2006 / A Course in Phonetics (Fifth Edition) / Thomson Wadsworth

  25. [단행본] LEECH, GEOFFREY / 2001 / Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English / Pearson Education

  26. [학술지] LUCE, PAUL A. / 1998 / Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model / Ear and Hearing 19 : 1 ~ 36

  27. [학술지] MITTERER, HOLGER / 2006 / Listeners recover /t/s that speakers reduce. Evidence from /t/-lenition in Dutch / Journal of Phonetics 34 : 73 ~ 103

  28. [학술지] MORRISETTE, MICHELE L. / 2002 / Lexical organization and phonological change in treatment / Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45 : 143 ~ 159

  29. [학술지] MIOZZO, MICHELE / 2003 / When more is less: A counterintuitive effect of distractor frequency in the picture-word interference paradigm / Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 132 : 228 ~ 252

  30. [학술지] PATTERSON, DAVID / 2001 / A corpus analysis of variant frequency in American English flap production / Phonetica 58 : 254 ~ 275

  31. [학술지] PITT, MARK / 2009 / How are pronunciation variants of spoken words recognized? A test of generalization to newly learned words / Journal of Memory and Language 61 (1) : 19 ~ 36

  32. [학술지] PLUYMAEKERS, MARK / 2005 / Lexical frequency and acoustic reduction in spoken Dutch / Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 18 : 2561 ~ 2569

  33. [학술지] RAYMOND, WILLIAM / 2006 / Word-medial /t,d/ deletion in spontaneous speech: Modeling the effects of extra-linguistic, lexical, and phonological factors / Language Variation and Change 18 (1) : 55 ~ 97

  34. [학술지] SHATZMAN, KEREN B. / 2004 / The word frequency effect in picture naming: Contrasting two hypothesis using homonym pictures / Brain and Language 90 : 160 ~ 169

  35. [학술지] VITEVITCH, MICHAEL S. / 2002 / The influence of phonological similarity neighborhoods on speech production / Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 28 : 735 ~ 747

  36. [학술지] 윤관희 / 2010 / The effects of neighborhood density and word frequency on the production of English-learning Korean speakers / 음성음운형태론연구 16 (2) : 217 ~ 243