An Analysis of specialized sports-related Anglicisms: Their use in the European spanish press nowadays

: The aim of this study is to provide updated evidence of the use of non-adapted, adapted and false sports-related anglicisms in the European Spanish press. Specifically, this piece of research attempts to unveil technical/semi-technical English borrowings and to explore the pragmatic functions of these English lexical units in the current digital Spanish newswire. The method consisted of examining eight different media by using the constantly updating database of anglicisms ‘Observatorio Lázaro’ throughout a period of 9 months. A sample of 130 English lexical items was collected and subjected to an in-depth qualitative and descriptive analysis. Each borrowing was looked up in DAD ‒the most recent dictionary of sports-related English lexical items in Spanish‒ and was illustrated by a real example of its use in context excerpted from present-day Spanish newspapers. Terminology associated to a broad spectrum of specific sports –such as golf, basketball, rugby, cycling, etc.– was delved into. Results show that, while some terms have no connection to the rest of borrowings, many of them can be grouped according to certain parameters. Considering pragmatic functions, the use of some anglicisms proved not to be random but to respond to news reporters’ and journalists’ purposes. The study concludes that the pervasive influence exerted by English on Spanish concerning technical/semi-technical sports anglicisms remains in full force and effect nowadays, as this impact affects the vocabulary of a wide variety of sports games and exercises.


Introduction
A vast volume of literature has dealt with the growing tendency to use English lexical items to refer to a number of domains in Spanish (Balteiro;Campos, 2012;Bolaños-Medina;López Zurita, 2005;Luján-García, 2010;Luján-García;Pulcini, 2018;Bolaños-Medina;Luján-García, 2010;Orts Llopis;Almela Sánchez-Lafuente, 2012; among many others).The field of sports is not exceptional due to various reasons.Sports, like most other areas, is constantly exposed to the invasive influence of Anglo-American culture, and consequently English.In addition, it is a fact that many of current sports have originally emerged in the UK or the US (Vázquez Amador et al., 2015).As Rodríguez González and Castañón Rodríguez (2021) assert in their Diccionario de anglicismos del Deporte (henceforth, DAD), the language of sports has its own features.On the one hand, it contains a technical set of terms that refer to some specialties and are far from the common use of the language.For example, a golf player or a windsurfer may use a kind of specialized, technical jargon when they refer to the sports they practice.But, on the other hand, some sports such as football or boxing have become so popular that the terminology used in them could be considered "semi-technical".These authors also highlight the current constant emergence of new sports and the urgency and univocity imposed by the cultural globalization.Additionally, the speed of our communications make English the lingua franca necessary to respond to these communicative necessities.Indeed, authors dealing with different varieties of the Spanish language have identified sports as the field where anglicisms appear more frequently : Sánchez Fajardo's (2016) study on Cuban Spanish and Núñez Nogueroles's (2017) analysis of the European variety point in this direction.
Several pieces of research have provided deep account of the pervasive presence of English in the Spanish language of sports, adopting a broad perspective or focusing on specific subfields (football, boxing, surfing, etc.).From a general point of view, Torrebadella-Flix and Nomdedeu-Rull (2013) as well as Rodríguez González (2012) brought attention to the fact that this influence began in the 19 th century.Scholars such as Nomdedeu Rull (2019) highlight the first football English loanwords in Spanish since the end of the 19 th and beginning of the 20 th century.With the focus on a more recent period, Vázquez Amador et al. (2015) have reported on the use of anglicisms in the Spanish press in the 1950s by comparing the edition of three different newspapers from Mexico, Argentina and Spain, respectively.In another piece of research, these scholars (Vázquez Amador; Lario de Oñate, 2015) provided evidence of the remarkable use of English lexical items in one sports newspaper, Mundo Deportivo, making a contrastive analysis between terms used in two different periods : 1906-1910 and 2010.These scholars concluded that the number of anglicisms not only has increased considerably throughout the last century, but it has also widened its spectrum of use.Moreover, as Oliva Marañón (2012) pointed out, a step further must be underlined: on some occasions, Spanish derivatives have been created from English loanwords (an illustrative example presented by this scholar is the case of goal > golear, goleada, goleador, golazo, hombre-gol).Balteiro (2011) extracted a total of 428 sports-related anglicisms from the Nuevo Diccionario de anglicismos (NDA).She studied which ones were collected by other linguistic databases such as Corpus de Referencia del Español actual (CREA) and Diccionario de la Lengua Española (DLE), and also the different processes of adaptation undergone by many of these terms.
With respect to the jargon of boxing, Ayuso Collantes (2018) examined two different Spanish sports newspapers and found out that it was in the third part of the 20 th century when a considerable number of English words were introduced in the Spanish language.
Considering lexical creativity, Guerrero Salazar (2018) delved into the usage of stylistic neologisms in the headlines of sports news.This author analyzed coinages created by means of foreign compounding elements, two of which being Eng.-gate ('scandal') and Germ.-landia ('fantastic place', 'fantastic world') -which entered Spanish through English.The figurative language plays an important role in the use of English lexical units, and Rodríguez González (2016) put the focus upon the metaphorical uses of anglicisms belonging to the area of sports -specifically to the football lexis-in other spheres such as politics, economics or the commercial domain.
For his part, Campos-Pardillos (2015) explored the use of false anglicisms in the field object of this study -sports-in Spanish and concluded that the attractiveness of these false anglicisms lies in the fact that they look English, with its implications of currently being a language of fashion and prestige.In this respect, it is noteworthy that some of these pseudo-anglicisms have been coined in French and it is from this language that they have entered Spanish (Gillain Muñoz, 2014).
Beyond the lexical level, the foreign influence has affected syntax too.In his study on sports news in Spanish at the beginning of the 21 st century, Gillain Muñoz (2014) made reference to the effort that has been made to improve the quality of the written production in this specialized field, mentioning the role played by lexicographical works such as the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (2005) in the search for alternatives to syntactic constructions characterized by their foreign flavor.
Other recipient languages have also become the object of study in several pieces of research.Bernard-Béziade and Attali (2009) analyzed the usage of anglicisms in the domain of football in French and they underlined that "the contribution of numerous English lexical units to the lexicon of other languages in touch with United Kingdom participates in the diffusion of sport and its level of penetration in geographical spaces" (p.2219).In relation to surfing, Granvik (2019) carried out an exploratory analysis on the influence of the English vocabulary on surf talk in two Romance languages -Portuguese and Spanish-, finding out that there are more similarities than differences when it comes to this specialized lexicon in the tongues under study.
Considering the main factors that play a role in explaining the propensity of a language to being influenced by English, Bergh andOhlander (2012, 2017) suggested, in their pieces of research on the acquisition of football lexis by different European tongues, that language attitudes as well as sociocultural and historical circumstances seem to carry more weight than purely linguistic reasons such as linguistic similarity or relatedness.
All these studies point out the importance that the use of anglicisms in the realm of sports has gained in Spanish throughout the last century, and especially throughout the last decades.Thus, it turns out to be necessary for this research area to monitor the influence exerted by English on the terminology employed in Spanish in this sphere.This study not only aims at providing updated data on this extensively examined field, but it also intends to offer an alternative view of sports anglicisms.It questions and discusses the degree of specialization of this terminology, addressing other aspects such as the categorization of these English terms, and provides a brief analysis of some of the pragmatic functions fulfilled by some of the compiled English lexical items.

Methodology
The collection of English lexical units gathered for this study was extracted by using the linguistic search tool of anglicisms called "Observatorio Lázaro" (Álvarez Mellado, 2020a(Álvarez Mellado, , 2020c)), which daily examines eight different Spanish written media: seven newspapers -El Mundo, El Confidencial, ABC, El País, elDiario.es,20 minutos and La Vanguardia-as well as the news agency EFE.This search tool -freely available at https://observatoriolazaro.es/-contains a database with the anglicisms found in these media.The reason to choose this automatic extractor is that it provides quite updated data, which was the goal of our piece of research.The lexical material for this study was excerpted during the month of March of 2021, and it focused on data from the last semester of 2020 and the first trimester of 2021.Out of the great number of anglicisms collected alphabetically in the section "Lexicon" of this website, those terms belonging to the sphere of sports and characterized by their technical/ semitechnical nature were manually singled out.This process of selection was complex and difficult, since the researchers had to check the specific contexts in which each term was used, whether it was merely employed in sports -in one particular sport or in several ones-or whether the word was also used in other contexts different from the sports one.
Once the sample was built, each lexical unit was looked up in DAD, the most recent dictionary of sports-related anglicisms in Spanish -which has the advantage of being an updated compilation, since it was published in 2021.Furthermore, the terms have been presented in context to illustrate their usage.The definitions of the examined words have been taken from various well-known dictionaries: Collins Dictionary (CD), Cambridge Online Dictionary (COD), MacMillan Dictionary (MD) and Oxford English Dictionary (OED).
The analysis concentrates mostly on non-adapted anglicisms, with just some cases of two other types of borrowing: adapted and false anglicisms.A total number of 130 anglicisms has been examined, and a classification of these direct lexical borrowings (Pulcini et al., 2012) into non-adapted, adapted, and false anglicisms has been carried out, as shown in the next section.Pulcini et al. (2012) divide lexical borrowings into direct and indirect and, within the direct ones, they distinguish among loanwords (which can be either non-adapted or adapted), false lexical borrowings and hybrid lexical borrowings.The reason to choose this instead of any other taxonomy is due to the fact that it covers the types of anglicisms analyzed in the present study and that it is the more adapted to the current nature of anglicisms in Spanish.
Since this paper aims at examining mainly non-adapted anglicisms, the tool 'Observatorio Lázaro', which searches and compiles merely those lexical units whose orthographic and morphological forms correspond to that of an English word (Álvarez Mellado, 2020b), is an appropriate resource for this study.Furthermore, non-adapted anglicisms constitute the most numerous type of English loans in the area of sports in Spanish; as Balteiro's results prove, the Spanish sports jargon mainly welcomes those foreign elements from English, which tend to remain unaltered; in fact, out of 381 true Anglicisms in the sample, 249 (65.35% of the Anglicisms, that is, 58.17% of the total number of items) were left in their original English form (Balteiro, 2011, p. 33).Thus, by using as source the tool 'Observatorio Lázaro', which collects constantly updated data, we will be able to analyze the presentday state of non-adapted English borrowings, monitoring this way the evolution of this type of sports anglicisms in Spanish.

Findings
This section deals with different aspects.Firstly, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the sample collected considering different categories of anglicisms is carried out.For this aim, Pulcini et al. 's typology (2012, p. 6), specifically the part on direct lexical borrowings, -since this one covers the types pertinent to our study-has been followed.
Secondly, the whole sample of the anglicisms compiled are defined and documented with real examples excerpted from 'Observatorio Lázaro'.Despite being generalist rather than newspapers specialized in sports, the eight media from which this search tool extracts anglicisms employ such highly technical terms that are addressed to readers with an advanced knowledge in the specific sports covered in the texts.
Table 1 offers a breakdown of the frequency and types of anglicisms in the sample collected.In this section, firstly, we will discuss those few cases of adapted and false anglicisms.Then, some cases of non-adapted English borrowings will also be explained, and due to space constraints, the rest of the examined non-adapted English terms are placed in the Appendix, Table 2.In all of the examples extracted, the anglicisms have been kept as they are in the original source.It means that many of these terms are in italics, simple or double inverted commas, but some of them do not contain any marker.Source: own elaboration.

Adapted anglicisms
Adapted anglicisms are words or multi-word units borrowed from the English language with orthographic, phonological and/or morphological integration into the structures of the recipient language (RL).Semantically, RL meaning is close to the source language (SL) meaning (Pulcini et al., 2012, p. 7).The following three cases of this type of anglicisms have been found in this study: Coastering (from Eng.coasteering) is "the sport of following a coastline by swimming, climbing, diving, and walking while wearing a wetsuit, a life jacket, and a helmet" (CD).It is not present in DAD. (1) El «coastering» es una práctica deportiva que aprovecha al máximo la orografía de las costas (ABC, 14/07/2020).
Speed ski (present in DAD with this form) is another shortened version, in this case of the English term downhill speed ski.Therefore, in Spanish, there is an adaptation of the original term, which can be defined as "a competitive skiing event in which racers (…) compete to achieve the fastest speed on a steep, straight, and meticulously prepared track" (https://www.britannica.com/sports/speed-skiing).

False anglicisms
False anglicisms are those words or multi-word units in the RL made up of English lexical elements but unknown or used with a conspicuously different meaning in English (Pulcini et al. 2012, p. 7).In this piece of research, the number of anglicisms belonging to this type amounts to seven.
Paddle surf (not present in DAD) is paddleboarding or SUP (Stand Up Paddleboarding) in English.It is a sport in which you travel across water or ride on waves using a board, which you can sit or stand on, and sometimes paddle (COD). (4) A sus casi 60 años, el exdirigente estadounidense ha demostrado que se encuentra en plena forma y ha sido visto practicando 'paddle surf' en las aguas del Pacífico (20 minutos, 12/01/2021).
Car-cross (not present in DAD) is not used in English.It is a type of vehicle with one seat and a tubular chassis of small size, and with a protective cage to avoid overturning and with a bike engine of 600 c.c. (https://www.maralbacircuit.com/que-es-un-carcross-kartcross/).
Fast bike (not present in DAD) is not employed in English; the most similar term in this language is superbike.
Start lap (not present in DAD) is a slow lap that racers make in motor racing before the race starts for warming up.However, the genuine form in English is warm up lap.Sparring (present in DAD) is the derivative term from the verb to spar -"to practise fighting with someone" -in the subfield of boxing and wrestling (MD).This term is not used in football in English.However, in Spanish we can see this word in different contexts, even in politics.Supercrack (not present in DAD) is not used in English to emphasize the word crack when referring to a distinguished sports person.
The interesting combination trampolines jumping (not present in DAD) deserves detailed attention.It refers to training exercises that are performed in a trampoline.Although, at first sight, it could seem a hybrid anglicism -a multi-word unit which freely combines a RL element with an English element (Pulcini et al., 2012, p. 7)-, a closer look at it reveals that it constitutes a more complex case.Note that the Eng.word trampoline (Sp.cama elástica) and the Sp.term trampolín (Eng.diving board) are false friends.Since the meaning alluded in the term under study is the English one ("a large piece of strong cloth held by springs in a frame", CD), trampolines jumping turns out to be a combination of a semantic anglicism (which has adopted the meaning of an English paronym) and a non-adapted anglicism.Probably, it has been coined in Spanish as an abbreviation of the full English form fitness trampoline jumping (https://www.we-go-wild.com/en/fitness-trampoline-exercises/).DAD includes the forms trampoline fitness and trampolining, but not the one examined here.

non-adapted anglicisms
These are words or multi-word units borrowed from the English language without or with minor formal and semantic integration, so that they remain recognizably English in the RL (Pulcini et al., 2012, p. 7).It is the most numerous category in this study, with 120 cases.In this section, a selection of the non-adapted technical or semi-technical loanwords within any field of sports has been examined, and as above mentioned, the rest may be consulted in the Appendix.
Many of these terms are also used in more general contexts, as is the case for break, bunker, challenger, down, draft/drafting, drag, draw, drop, fade, foils, grip, leash, pick, pocket, refresher, spur, stretch, wedge, wing, among others.It means that they are not exclusive of this specialized domain.However, this paper will focus on their technical uses in sports.
Some of the anglicisms collected show a connection between sports and animals, and are metaphorically structured.First, agility (present in DAD) refers to a sport which is practised by pets themselves.(11) especialistas veterinarios pueden recomendar realizar deportes específicos como el 'agility' que puede ser beneficioso para desarrollar las habilidades innatas de la mascota (La Vanguardia, 11/11/2020).
Third, mushing (present in DAD) makes reference to driving a dog sled (CD).Although not involving animals in the actual practice of the sport, bird dog (not present in DAD) is used in American English to refer to a stretching exercise in the posture of a four-legged dog.However, in British English it is still only a dog that you take hunting to collect the birds that you have shot.In Spanish press, it already seems to be in use with the American Eng.meaning, as example 14 shows.(14) Otro buen ejercicio es el bird dog (en cuadrupedia, estira un brazo y la pierna contraria hasta que queden paralelos al suelo) (El País, 23/09/2020).
Out of the anglicisms extracted in the chronological period under consideration, four of them are related to break dance, a practice which will be incorporated as an Olympic category from the 2024 Games onwards (europapress.es).The first two terms are b-boy and b-girl.See example 15.DAD records the latter, and also the form b-boying.The third loanword is breakdancer (present in DAD), which is defined as 'a person who does breakdancing' (CD). (16) El breakdancer confesó que llegaron incluso a amenazarle (20 minutos, 12/02/2021).
Lastly, breaking (break-dancing and breakdancing are present in DAD) is an alternative name for the sport, as in example 17. (17) se ven obligados a referirse solo a este deporte como breaking (20 minutos, 12/02/2021).
Fatbike [Eng.fat bike] (not present in DAD) denotes "a bike with oversized tires.(…) They're designed for a variety of terrain -from snow or sand to mud" (planetbikesguru.com).GOaT -'greatest of all time'-(not present in DAD) is mainly employed in US sport (CD) and is usually associated with the image of the animal that happens to share the signifier with this abbreviation form.It is the only acronym recorded in this study.On the contrary, crunch is recorded in DAD.As for core, it is a term belonging to the field of anatomy ('the muscles around your pelvis, hips, and abdomen that you use in most body movements', COD), but when employed in a sports context it is connected to the exercises that can strengthen this muscular area (the form core training is enclosed in DAD).(26) También los crunch, que se realizan tumbada boca arriba con las piernas flexionadas y las manos detrás de la cabeza (El Confidencial, 08/03/2021).
Leash (not present in DAD) is a leg rope or surfboard leash."It is a urethane cord attached to the deck of a surfboard, down near the tail.It prevents the surfboard from being swept away by waves and stops runaway surfboards from hitting other surfers and swimmers" (https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfboard_leash).( 28) rompiese el leash (la correa que une la tabla de surf al tobillo) de su tabla (20 minutos, 24/02/2021).
Lucky loser (not present in DAD) is defined, according to the OED, as (a) (chiefly tennis) a competitor who loses in the qualifying round of a competition, but is given a place in the main draw after the withdrawal of another player through injury, illness, etc.; (b) a competitor, team, etc., who is not placed highly enough to qualify automatically for the later stages of a competition, but who gains entry by being one of the best-placed losers, or by playing a further knockout round.(29) se enfrentará a la 'lucky loser' Margarita Gasparyan en la primera ronda (La Vanguardia, 06/02/2021).
Pipe (not present in DAD) is used in snow sports and refers to a place where freestyle skiers and snowboarders go to pull off tricks and practice aerial moves, as example 30 shows. (30) Sin embargo, en un pipe que le vio ganar un oro en los X Games del año pasado, la emoción se mantuvo hasta el final (El Mundo, 14/03/2021).
Putt (present in DAD) is used in golf to refer to a stroke made on a putting green to cause the ball to roll into or near the hole.Putter is a stick with a short handle and metal end that is specially designed for putting (COD), as in example 31.(31) se trata de una técnica que lleva usando desde hace mucho y la que ahora ha vuelto a aferrarse (además de un productivo cambio de putter) para resurgir después de un tiempo de malos resultados y malas sensaciones sobre todo con el juego corto (El País, 05/10/2020).
Ruck (present in DAD) refers to a group of players in rugby who are all together around the ball when it is on the ground (COD).See example 32. (32) Sin tiempo para digerir el nuevo contexto, Fagerson era expulsado por entrar descontrolado al ruck -la zona de conquista del balón -y golpear a un rival cerca de la cabeza (El País, 13/02/2021).
Skipper (present in DAD) refers to the captain of a ship or boat, a sports team, or an aircraft (COD).
Smash (present in DAD) is employed in tennis and volleyball to refer to a powerful downward hit that sends the ball forcefully over the net.Tackling (present in DAD) is frequently used in football and hockey to refer to the action of catching and knocking down someone who is running.A tackle is a person who frequently carries out this action in a game.(35) El tackle izquierdo Kolton Miller, el guardia izquierdo Denzelle Good, el centro Rodney Hudson y el guardia derecho Gabe Jackson salieron de la lista de coronavirus (EFE, 25/10/2020).
Tanking (not present in DAD) is a strategy used by NBA that consists of NBA teams that purposely lose in the short term to obtain higher picks in the NBA draft that (they hope) will help them win in the long term, as in example 36.(36) Cuando perder en la NBA es la mejor opción los peores equipos hacen 'tanking', dejarse llevar para elegir luego a los mejores universitarios (ABC, 24/03/2021).
Tee (present in DAD) is frequently used in golf to refer to a short plastic stick with a cup-shaped top on which a golf ball is put to be hit, or the area where this is used to start the play for each hole.See example 37.

Functions of anglicisms
Up to now, some studies have focused on the pragmatic functions fulfilled by anglicisms when employed in some contexts in Spanish.González Cruz and Rodríguez Medina (2011) examined, specifically, the youth sociolect in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain).After having explored anglicisms and pseudoanglicisms employed in Spanish TV and radio humorous programmes, Rodríguez Medina (2004) concluded that these English lexical units were used with expressive and comic purposes.In order to contribute to this particular area of study, and following Rodríguez González's (1996) categorization of anglicisms according to their pragmatic functions, this section illustrates these uses in the news with some of the examples from the collection of English lexical items under consideration:

Ideational function
Also called "referential" by Jacobson and Hymes (in Rodríguez González, 1996), it is based on Halliday's model, and anglicisms that belong to this type are "borrowings that fill in a gap of the language, since there are no alternative expressions when they first appear" (Rodríguez González, 1996, p.110).Due to their degree of speciality, they are used in English in the RL.Some examples (see Appendix) are terms such as break in tennis, bunker and putter in golf, flanker, ruck and touchdown in rugby, pitcher in baseball, tight end in American football, curling in ice, pit lane in motor racing, and tackling in hockey and football.In all these cases, these sports come from English-speaking countries, where additionally they are quite popular, and no equivalent terms have emerged in Spanish.Similar is the case of biker, since it is used to refer to a person who rides a bicycle or a motorbike, whereas in Spanish two words are employed (ciclista for a bicycle rider and motociclista/motero/motorista for a motorbike rider).The following example 38 illustrates in context the ideational function of the term break, which in tennis is defined as to win a game as the receiving player or team, thereby breaking serve.In Spanish, there is not a specific term that expresses this concept with accuracy in this domain.Therefore, in this case, the loanword fills in a language gap in Spanish.(38) […] que aprovechó un break en el primer parcial para llevarse el set y empezar con buen tino en el segundo (ABC, 11/03/2021).
Some other anglicisms such as trekking and hiking (in Sp. senderismo) provide slight nuances in meaning such as the difficulty and the paths for which it is developed.Particularly, hiking is defined by CD as the sporting or leisure activity of going for long, often strenuous, walks in the country.The Spanish term does not contain this difference, as example 39 shows.

Interpersonal or expressive function
The interpersonal or expressive function is generally fulfilled by terms that contain connotations such as irony, contempt, snobbery or prestige.These positive or negative associations are related to the sociolect, to many contextually related factors, and also to the specific characteristics of the topic being talked about or the nature of the concept being referred to.Thus, many of these words have Spanish equivalents, but journalists and news reporters still choose the English term to express these connotations, usually positive and associated with prestige, professionalism, and even snobbery.Some examples excerpted from the sample are draw (in Sp. empate), pick (in Sp. elegir/elección), runner (in Sp. corredor/a), soccer (in Sp. fútbol), stretch (in Sp. estirar), surfer (in Sp. surfero/a, surfista), training camp (in Sp. campo de entrenamiento), trainer (in Sp. entrenador), and workout (in Sp. entrenamiento).Some English expressions collected in this sample that also fulfil this function are full planche (in Sp. plancha completa) and handstand (in Sp. pino).
We will provide a contextualized example with the term pick, which is defined by Collins Dictionary as 'a person, thing, etc, that is chosen first or preferred'.In Spanish the domain of sport also uses seleccionado, but the journalist still prefers to choose the English loanword pick.Probably, the anglicized lexical item is opted for because it provides a sense of prestige and professionalism, as example 40 demonstrates.

Textual function
Journalists and news reporters may also want to present a more simplified version of a term following the principle of the economy of the language.There are English words which are simple as opposed to their long and more complex Spanish versions.This is the case for borrowings such as snorkeling (in Sp. nadar usando gafas, tubo y aletas), kettlebell (in Sp. pesas rusas) or pace car (in Sp. coche de seguridad).
The following example 41 reports the usage of snorkeling, which is defined as the activity of swimming while using a snorkel (COD), as a good illustration of economy of language. (41) […] se fomenten formas de bajo impacto como el snorkeling, el buceo, una excursión en kayak o un paseo por la costa (El Mundo, 12/03/2021).
In this section, we have covered a wide variety of uses of anglicisms with different purposes which range from sounding cool, prestigious or professional, filling a word gap, or following the principle of economy of language.Due to space limitations, this paper includes just a few commented examples of the pragmatic functions of some of the compiled anglicisms.

Discussion
This piece of research provides updated data of the current uses of English sports-related technical/semi-technical terms in the written language of the European Spanish press.Terminology associated to a broad spectrum of specific sports -such as golf, basketball, rugby, cycling, etc.-has been collected.On some occasions, a given anglicism is employed in two different sports games, as is the case for smash (tennis and volleyball) and tackling (football and hockey).
While some terms have no connection to the rest of borrowings, many of them can be grouped according to certain parameters.Three anglicisms are characterized by linking sports and animals using metaphorical structures (agility, canicross and mushing).There are four terms related to break dance (b-boys, b-girls, breakdancer and breaking), a practice which will be present in the Olympic Games from 2024 onwards.Considering regular training exercises or routines, the following eleven anglicisms have been identified: back lever, basic jump, front lever, full body, full planche, handstand, hip thrust, hollow rocks, jumping jacks, lunges and mountain climbers.
Admittedly, and taking into account that Observatorio Lázaro only picks up those lexical items whose orthographic and morphological form corresponds to that of an English word, the overwhelming majority of the borrowings analyzed in this piece of research are non-adapted English lexical items.However, the adapted terms coastering, down, and speed ski as well as the false anglicisms paddle surf, car-cross, fast bike, start lap, sparring, supercrack and trampolines jumping must also be underlined.
When it comes to the pragmatic functions of these English lexical units, the brief analysis reveals that three different functions -namely, referential or ideational, interpersonal or expressive, and textual-respond to news reporters' and journalists' intentions.The choice of these terms is not the result of a coincidence, but they intend to fulfil a particular function in the piece of news and in the way to attract the attention of the reader.In this paper, it is necessary to highlight that the border between technical and semi-technical terms is frequently quite blurred.
Regarding typographical marks employed by news reporters, different elements point to the foreign nature of the words recorded in this study.The use of simple inverted commas can be underscored as the most frequent resource in the collected examples.Furthermore, Latin quotation marks and italics are occasionally resorted to.Nevertheless, numerous English lexical items appear without any mark, which comes across as an indication of their integration into the Spanish specialized field of sports.
Considering whether the anglicism is accompanied by a Spanish equivalent or a brief explanation of its meaning in the recipient language, it must be claimed that, whereas numerous terms are clarified by means of these translations, many others are not complemented with this linguistic resource.The latter case seems to reveal the familiarity of the readers with this foreign technical/semitechnical terminology; they can, therefore, understand it when employed in the original language -or, at least, that is what the journalists presuppose.

Conclusions
This paper has presented updated data on a specific field of Spanish language: sports.It has offered a deep analysis that does not merely describe facts, but it intends to go further by reporting on the reasons why these English lexical items are used, classifying the terms into the type of anglicism each of them belongs to and providing explanations on a variety of aspects concerning the usage of these foreign words in Spanish language co-texts.A collection of 130 English lexical items has been analyzed and categorized into non-adapted, adapted, and false English borrowings (Pulcini et al., 2012).Every anglicism has been looked up in DAD, the most recent dictionary of sports-related English lexical items in Spanish.
Thus, as research in the sphere of borrowing is always an incomplete task, the present paper can complement DAD up to March 2021.
In this study, an overall quantitative as well as an in-depth qualitative and descriptive analysis has been offered in relation to the use of technical/semitechnical anglicisms in the Spanish specialized field of sports.After a detailed examination of these English lexical units, it has been confirmed that the pervasive influence exerted by this donor language on the recipient tongue under consideration remains in full force and effect nowadays.Results show that this impact affects the vocabulary of a wide variety of sports games and exercises, as can be seen not just in specialized newspapers devoted to this domain but also in the generalist press that has been consulted in this study.
The use of foreign terms is a strategy frequently employed in journalistic language not only to draw the attention of the reader, but also to offer a sense of professionalism on the part of the writer.English is unquestionably associated with values of prestige; therefore, the use of these anglicisms responds to this attempt by the journalist.As Rodríguez Segura (1999) asserted, whenever they are employed, anglicisms always meet a particular need on the part of the speaker, that is, there is always some reason for the use of an anglicism.
Despite its limitations, this piece of research allows linguists and language users in general to become more aware of the growing tendency to employ English loanwords in their everyday use of the language when they refer to sports and sports-related activities.Furthermore, since this study provides evidence of a global language such as Spanish, the findings presented in this paper could possibly be extended to other Spanish varieties in a more international context, namely Latin-American countries.Future research could also shed some more light by means of comparative analyses that could reveal an increasing or decreasing tendency to the employment of anglicisms and anglicized phrases in the area of sports.

Table 1 -
Breakdown of different types of anglicisms

Table 2 (
see Appendix) compiles the rest of technical/semitechnical anglicisms and anglicized phrases with their examples of real use in context.