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Rusya Dış Politikası’nın Etkin Silahı: Donmuş Çatışma Bölgeleri

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 26, 185 - 219, 30.10.2017

Göktürk Tüysüzoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.356957
Cited By: 7

Öz

Çok kutupluluk ekseninde bir uluslararası sistem oluşumunu arzulayan Rusya, böyle bir yapı içerisinde “küresel” bir güç olarak yer almak ve sistemin gidişatına yön veren temel aktörlerden biri olmayı istemektedir. Moskova, bunun gerçekleşebilmesi için, özelde eski Sovyet coğrafyası; genelde ise Avrasya’daki siyasal gelişmelere yön vermesi ve bu bölgede etkinliğini arttırması gerektiğinin farkındadır. Ne var ki, uzun süre SSCB’nin bir parçası olmuş ya da Doğu Bloğu içerisinde yer almış ve yeni bağımsız olmuş bölge ülkelerini bu kez Rusya adı altında kendi siyasal ve sistemsel çıkarlarına entegre etmek oldukça güçtür. Zira Rusya ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasal nedenlerle bölge halklarını/devletlerini rahatlıkla kendisine çekebilecek bir görünüme haiz değildir. Bu nedenle, Rusya’nın realist bir eksende hareket ederek, güvenlik ve enerji bağımlılığı odaklı hususları bölge ülkeleri nezdinde kullanmaya çalıştığını görüyoruz. Ne var ki, Rusya’nın özellikle son dönemde dış politikasına eklemlediği önemli bir husus daha bulunmaktadır. Moskova, yakın çevresinde yer alan ülkelerde etnik/dinsel kimlik bağlamında ortaya çıkan ve oluşumunda SSCB döneminde çizilen sınırların önemli rol oynadığı donmuş çatışma bölgelerini, bu ülkelerin dış politika yönelimlerini kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda manipüle edebilmek için kullanmaktadır. Hatta bu stratejinin, Kafkasya, Ukrayna ve Moldova özelinde “kendisi adına” olumlu sonuçlar doğurduğu da ortadadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeni Avrasyacılık çok kutupluluk Etnik çatışma Kırım Abhazya

Kaynakça

  • KAZIMIROV, Vladimir, Peace to Karabakh: Russia’s Mediation in the Settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Moscow: VES MIR Publishers, 2014.
  • SAMMUT, Dennis and Nikola Cvetkovski, Confidence Building Matters: The Georgia-South Ossetia Conflict, London: VERTIC Papers, 1996.
  • ABİLOV, Shamkhal and Ismayil Isayev, “The Consequences of the Nagorno-Karabakh War for Azerbaijan and the Undeniable Reality of Khojaly Massacre”, Polish Political Science Yearbook, Vol. 45, 2016, pp. 291-303.
  • ASLANLI, Araz, “20.Yüzyılın Başlarında ve Sonlarında Güney Kafkasya’da Ermeni Sorunu: Karabağ Sorunu Örneği”, Yeni Türkiye, No. 60, 2014, pp. 1-24.
  • AYDIN, Filiz Tutku, “Crimean Tatars and Russia’s Annexation of Crimea”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2014, pp. 81-92.
  • BAŞKAN, Argun, “Kafkasya’da Bütünleşme ve Dağılma Döngüleri İçinde Gürcüler, Zanlar (Megreller ve Lazlar) ve Svanlar”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, No. 30, 2011, pp. 15-41.
  • BEYER, John and Stefan Wolff, “Linkage and Leverage Effects on Moldova’s Transnistria Problem”, East European Politics, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2016, pp. 335-354.
  • BIRD, Michael, “A Union Between Moldova and Romania: On the Cards?”, EU Observer, 5 Mart 2015, https://euobserver.com/beyond-brussels/127824 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
  • BOWKER, Mike, “Russia and Chechnya: the Issue of Secession”, Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2004, pp. 461-478.
  • CHITADZE, Nika, “Samtskhe-Javakheti As a Potential Flash Point in Georgia: Ethnic-Confessional Composition and Integration Challenges”, Caucasus International, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2015, pp. 101-115.
  • COJOCARU, Natalia, “Nationalism and Identity in Transnistria”, Innovation, Vol. 19, No. 3-4, 2006, pp. 261-272.
  • DOLIDZE, Anna V., “Can Kosovo Be a Precedent for South Ossetia and Abkhazia: Recognising Differences in Dynamics of Recognition”, Cornell International Affairs Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2009.
  • ELLISON, Brian J., “Russian Grand Strategy in the South Ossetia War”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2011, pp. 343-366.
  • GEİSS, Robin, “Russia’s Annexation of Crimea: The Mills of International Law Grind Slowly But They Do Grind”, International Law Studies, Vol. 91, No. 425, 2015, pp. 426-449.
  • GURBANOV, Ilgar, “Is Armenia a Strategic Satellite of Russia?”, New Eastern Europe, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2013, pp. 82-88.
  • HEINTZ, Monica, “Republic of Moldova versus Romania: The Cold War of National Identities”, Journal of Political Science and International Relations, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2005, pp. 71-81.
  • HUGHES, James, “Managing Secession Potential in the Russian Federation”, Regional & Federal Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2001, pp. 36-68.
  • HUGHES, James, “Managing Secession Potential in the Russian Federation”, Regional & Federal Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2001, pp. 36-68.
  • KATCHANOVSKI, Ivan, “The Separatist War in Donbass: A Violent Break-up of Ukraine?”, European Politics and Society, 2016, pp. 1-17.
  • KHAZANOV, Anatoly M., “A State without a Nation? Russia after Empire”, The Nation State in Question, T.V.Paul, G.John Ikenberry and John A.Hall (ed.), New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003.
  • KOLOSSOV, Vladimir and John O’Loughlin, “Violence in the Caucasus: Economic Insecurities and Migration in the De Facto States of Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 52, No. 5, 2011, pp. 1-30.
  • KUDELIA, Serhiy, “The House That Yanukovych Built”, The Journal of Democracy, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2014, pp. 19-34.
  • KUZIO, Taras, “Soviet and Russian anti-(Ukrainian) Nationalism and Re-Stalinization”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 30, 2015, pp. 1-13.
  • KUZIO, Taras, “Ukraine’s Relations With the West Since the Orange Revolution”, European Security, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2012, pp. 395-413.
  • MOROZOVA, Natalia, “Geopolitics, Eurasianism and Russian Foreign Policy Under Putin”, Geopolitics, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2009, pp. 667-686.
  • ORTTUNG, Robert and Christopher Walker, “Putin’s Frozen Conflicts”, Foreign Policy, 13 Şubat 2015, http://foreignpolicy.com/ 2015/02/13/putins-frozen-conflicts (Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2017).
  • OVERLAND, Indra, “The Closure of the Russian Military Base at Akhalkalaki: Challenges for the Local Energy Elite, the Informal Economy and Stability”, The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies, No. 10, 2009.
  • PETERKA-BENTON, Daniela, “Arms Trafficking in Transnistria: A European Security Threat?”, Journal of Applied Security Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2012, pp. 71-92.
  • PUTINA, Natalia, “Real and Imagined Borders in the Multiethnic States-The Republic of Moldova Case”, Eurolimes; Oradea, Vol. 17, 2014, pp. 107-122.
  • SERGUNIN, Alexander and Leonid Karabeshkin, “Understanding Russia’s Soft Power Strategy”, Politics, Vol. 35, No. 3-4, 2015, pp. 347-363.
  • SHEKHOVTSOV, Anton, “Aleksandr Dugin’s Neo-Eurasianism: The New Right a la Russé”, Religion Compass, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2009, pp. 697-716.
  • SHLAPENTOKH, Dmitry, “Islam and Orthodox Russia: From Eurasianism to Islamism”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 41, Mart 2008, pp. 27-46.
  • STARR, S.Frederick and Svante E. Cornell, “Tactics and Instruments in Putin’s Grand Strategy”, Putin’s Grand Strategy: The Eurasian Union and Its Discontents, S. Frederick Starr and Svante E. Cornell (ed.), Washington: Silk Road Studies, 2014, pp. 59-81.
  • SVET, Ala, “Staging the Transnistrian Identity within the Heritage of Soviet Holidays”, History and Anthropology, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2013, pp. 98-116.
  • TURNER, Susan, “Russia, China and a Multipolar World Order: The Danger in the Undefined”, Asian Perspective, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2009, pp. 159-184.
  • UMLAND, Andreas, “Post-Soviet Neo-Eurasianism, the Putin System and the Contemporary European Extreme Right”, Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 465-476.
  • VENDİNA, Olga I., Vitali S. Belozerov and Andrew Gustafson, “The Wars in Chechnya and Their Effects on Neighboring Regions”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 48, No. 2, 2007, pp. 178-201.
  • WILSON, Andrew, “Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, NGOs and the Role of the West”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2006, pp. 21-32.
  • “Abkhazia Recognised by Nauru”, The New York Times, 15 Aralık 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/world/europe/ 16georgia.html (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • “In Crimea, Russia Signals Military Resolve with New and Revamped Bases”, Reuters, 1 Kasım 2016, http://www.reuters.com/investigates/ special-report/russia-crimea (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • “Moldova Government Expels Five Russian Diplomats, President Furious”, Reuters, 29 Mayıs 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-moldova-russia-idUSKBN18P1QP (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
  • “Rusya’dan Ermenistan’la Ortak Orduya Onay Çıktı”, Kırım Haber Ajansı (QHA), 16 Temmuz 2017, http://qha.com.ua/tr/askeri-guvenlik/ rusya-dan-ermenistan-la-ortak-orduya-onay-cikti/157530 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2017).
  • AYDINTAŞBAŞ, Aslı and Kemal Kirişci, “The United States and Turkey: Friends, Enemies or Only Interests”, Brookings Institute Turkey Project Policy Paper, No. 12, Nisan 2017.
  • BOONSTRA, Jos, “Georgia and Russia: A Short War with a Long Aftermath”, FRIDE Comment, Ağustos 2008.
  • GIULIANO, Elise, “The Origins of Separatism: Popular Grievances in Donetsk and Luhansk”, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 396, 2015.
  • GREENE, James, “Russian Responses to NATO and EU: Enlargement and Outreach”, Chatham House Russia and Eurasia Programme Briefing Paper, Haziran 2012.
  • JUHAS, Alan and Raya Jalabi, “Ukraine Crisis: Why Russia Sees Crimea as Its Naval Stronghold”, The Guardian, 7 Mart 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/07/ukraine-russia-crimea-naval-base-tatars-explainer (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • KOSTANYAN, Hrant and Stefan Meister, “Ukraine, Russia and the EU: Breaking the Deadlock in the Minsk Process”, CEPS Working Document, No. 423, Haziran 2016.
  • KRAMER, Andrew E., “Russia Cuts off Gas Deliveries to Ukraine”, The New York Times, 1 Ocak 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/ 01/02/world/europe/02gazprom.html (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • KRAMER, Andrew E., “Russia Cuts off Gas to Ukraine in Cost Dispute”, The New York Times, 2 Ocak 2006, http://www.nytimes. com/2006/01/02/world/europe/russia-cuts-off-gas-to-ukraine-in-cost-dispute.html (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • LARUELLE, Marléné, “The Russian World: Russia’s Soft Power and Geopolitical Imagination”, CGI-Center on Global Interests, Mayıs 2015.
  • MEDISH, Mark, “Ukraine’s Presidential Elections-The End of the Orange Revolution”, Carnegie Endowment Q&A, 8 Şubat 2010, http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/02/08/ukraine-s-presidential-election -end-of-orange-revolution-pub-24818 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • MERRY, E.Wayne, “Dealing with the Ukrainian Crisis: Transatlantic Strategy Dilemmas”, IAI Working Papers, Vol. 15, No. 51, 2015.
  • POPESCU, Nicu and Leonid Litra, “Transnistria: A Bottom-Up Solution”, ECFR Policy Brief, No. 63, 2012.
  • SHARKOV, Damien, “10.000 Ukrainians Killed So Far in Two-Year War”, Newsweek, 31 Mayıs 2016, http://www.newsweek.com/10000-ukrainians- killed-conflict-ukraines-security-council-465084 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
  • SHARKOV, Damien, “Moldova’s Transnistrian Separatists Urge Russia Annexation”, Newsweek, 9 Eylül 2016, http://www.newsweek. com/moldovas-transnistrian-separatists-call-join-russia-496931 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
  • STACK, Liam and Karen Zraick, “Frozen Zones: How Russia Maintains Influence in the Post Cold War Era”, The New York Times, 14 Ekim 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/14/ world/europe/ russia -frozen-zones-syria.html (Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2017).
  • TAYLOR, Adam, “Ukrainian Separatists Claim to Have Created a New Country: Malorossiya, or ‘Little Russia’”, The Washington Post, 19 Temmuz 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/ 2017/07/19/ukrainian-separatists-claim-to-have-created-a-new-country -malorossiya-or-little-russia/?utm_term=.bbb3a6fa273f (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
  • TRENIN, Dmitri V., “The Forgotten War: Chechnya and Russia’s Future”, Carnegie Endowment Policy Brief, No. 28, Kasım 2003.
  • ZASZTOWT, Konrad, “Armenia in the Eurasian Economic Union: Challenges for the EU”, PISM Bulletin, No. 22 (754), 2015. POHL, Brittany A., “Frozen Conflicts, De Facto States and Enduring Interests in the Russian Near Abroad”, MSU Graduate Theses, No. 3039, 2016.
  • VAHL, Marius and Michael Emerson, “Moldova and the Transnistrian Conflict”, 2004, http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications /JEMIE/2004/1-2004Chapter4.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).

Effective Leverage of Russian Foreign Policy: Frozen Conflict Zones

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 26, 185 - 219, 30.10.2017

Göktürk Tüysüzoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.356957
Cited By: 7

Öz

Desiring to form an international system depending on multipolarity, Russia wants to be one of the main actors to take part in such a structure as a “global” power. In order to achieve this aim, Moscow must direct and enhance its political effectiveness at the former Soviet geography. However, it is very difficult to integrate the newly independent countries that have long been a part of the USSR or the states which were in the Eastern Bloc, into political and systemic interests of Russia. The reason for this is that Russia cannot easily attract the people/states of the region for economic, social and political reasons. For this reason, we see Russia acting as a realistic actor, trying to use the security and energy dependency of the countries in the region. However, there is another important factor that Russia has recently attached to its foreign policy. Moscow uses the “frozen conflict zones” that arise in the context of ethnic/religious identity and in which the borders drawn during the USSR to manipulate the foreign policy orientations of these countries according to its own interest. It is also true that this strategy has positive consequences for Russia in the Caucasus, Ukraine and Moldova.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Neo-Eurasianism multipolarity ethnic conflict Crimea Abkhazia Transnistria

Kaynakça

  • KAZIMIROV, Vladimir, Peace to Karabakh: Russia’s Mediation in the Settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Moscow: VES MIR Publishers, 2014.
  • SAMMUT, Dennis and Nikola Cvetkovski, Confidence Building Matters: The Georgia-South Ossetia Conflict, London: VERTIC Papers, 1996.
  • ABİLOV, Shamkhal and Ismayil Isayev, “The Consequences of the Nagorno-Karabakh War for Azerbaijan and the Undeniable Reality of Khojaly Massacre”, Polish Political Science Yearbook, Vol. 45, 2016, pp. 291-303.
  • ASLANLI, Araz, “20.Yüzyılın Başlarında ve Sonlarında Güney Kafkasya’da Ermeni Sorunu: Karabağ Sorunu Örneği”, Yeni Türkiye, No. 60, 2014, pp. 1-24.
  • AYDIN, Filiz Tutku, “Crimean Tatars and Russia’s Annexation of Crimea”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2014, pp. 81-92.
  • BAŞKAN, Argun, “Kafkasya’da Bütünleşme ve Dağılma Döngüleri İçinde Gürcüler, Zanlar (Megreller ve Lazlar) ve Svanlar”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, No. 30, 2011, pp. 15-41.
  • BEYER, John and Stefan Wolff, “Linkage and Leverage Effects on Moldova’s Transnistria Problem”, East European Politics, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2016, pp. 335-354.
  • BIRD, Michael, “A Union Between Moldova and Romania: On the Cards?”, EU Observer, 5 Mart 2015, https://euobserver.com/beyond-brussels/127824 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
  • BOWKER, Mike, “Russia and Chechnya: the Issue of Secession”, Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2004, pp. 461-478.
  • CHITADZE, Nika, “Samtskhe-Javakheti As a Potential Flash Point in Georgia: Ethnic-Confessional Composition and Integration Challenges”, Caucasus International, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2015, pp. 101-115.
  • COJOCARU, Natalia, “Nationalism and Identity in Transnistria”, Innovation, Vol. 19, No. 3-4, 2006, pp. 261-272.
  • DOLIDZE, Anna V., “Can Kosovo Be a Precedent for South Ossetia and Abkhazia: Recognising Differences in Dynamics of Recognition”, Cornell International Affairs Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2009.
  • ELLISON, Brian J., “Russian Grand Strategy in the South Ossetia War”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2011, pp. 343-366.
  • GEİSS, Robin, “Russia’s Annexation of Crimea: The Mills of International Law Grind Slowly But They Do Grind”, International Law Studies, Vol. 91, No. 425, 2015, pp. 426-449.
  • GURBANOV, Ilgar, “Is Armenia a Strategic Satellite of Russia?”, New Eastern Europe, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2013, pp. 82-88.
  • HEINTZ, Monica, “Republic of Moldova versus Romania: The Cold War of National Identities”, Journal of Political Science and International Relations, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2005, pp. 71-81.
  • HUGHES, James, “Managing Secession Potential in the Russian Federation”, Regional & Federal Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2001, pp. 36-68.
  • HUGHES, James, “Managing Secession Potential in the Russian Federation”, Regional & Federal Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2001, pp. 36-68.
  • KATCHANOVSKI, Ivan, “The Separatist War in Donbass: A Violent Break-up of Ukraine?”, European Politics and Society, 2016, pp. 1-17.
  • KHAZANOV, Anatoly M., “A State without a Nation? Russia after Empire”, The Nation State in Question, T.V.Paul, G.John Ikenberry and John A.Hall (ed.), New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003.
  • KOLOSSOV, Vladimir and John O’Loughlin, “Violence in the Caucasus: Economic Insecurities and Migration in the De Facto States of Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 52, No. 5, 2011, pp. 1-30.
  • KUDELIA, Serhiy, “The House That Yanukovych Built”, The Journal of Democracy, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2014, pp. 19-34.
  • KUZIO, Taras, “Soviet and Russian anti-(Ukrainian) Nationalism and Re-Stalinization”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 30, 2015, pp. 1-13.
  • KUZIO, Taras, “Ukraine’s Relations With the West Since the Orange Revolution”, European Security, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2012, pp. 395-413.
  • MOROZOVA, Natalia, “Geopolitics, Eurasianism and Russian Foreign Policy Under Putin”, Geopolitics, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2009, pp. 667-686.
  • ORTTUNG, Robert and Christopher Walker, “Putin’s Frozen Conflicts”, Foreign Policy, 13 Şubat 2015, http://foreignpolicy.com/ 2015/02/13/putins-frozen-conflicts (Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2017).
  • OVERLAND, Indra, “The Closure of the Russian Military Base at Akhalkalaki: Challenges for the Local Energy Elite, the Informal Economy and Stability”, The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies, No. 10, 2009.
  • PETERKA-BENTON, Daniela, “Arms Trafficking in Transnistria: A European Security Threat?”, Journal of Applied Security Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2012, pp. 71-92.
  • PUTINA, Natalia, “Real and Imagined Borders in the Multiethnic States-The Republic of Moldova Case”, Eurolimes; Oradea, Vol. 17, 2014, pp. 107-122.
  • SERGUNIN, Alexander and Leonid Karabeshkin, “Understanding Russia’s Soft Power Strategy”, Politics, Vol. 35, No. 3-4, 2015, pp. 347-363.
  • SHEKHOVTSOV, Anton, “Aleksandr Dugin’s Neo-Eurasianism: The New Right a la Russé”, Religion Compass, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2009, pp. 697-716.
  • SHLAPENTOKH, Dmitry, “Islam and Orthodox Russia: From Eurasianism to Islamism”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 41, Mart 2008, pp. 27-46.
  • STARR, S.Frederick and Svante E. Cornell, “Tactics and Instruments in Putin’s Grand Strategy”, Putin’s Grand Strategy: The Eurasian Union and Its Discontents, S. Frederick Starr and Svante E. Cornell (ed.), Washington: Silk Road Studies, 2014, pp. 59-81.
  • SVET, Ala, “Staging the Transnistrian Identity within the Heritage of Soviet Holidays”, History and Anthropology, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2013, pp. 98-116.
  • TURNER, Susan, “Russia, China and a Multipolar World Order: The Danger in the Undefined”, Asian Perspective, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2009, pp. 159-184.
  • UMLAND, Andreas, “Post-Soviet Neo-Eurasianism, the Putin System and the Contemporary European Extreme Right”, Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 465-476.
  • VENDİNA, Olga I., Vitali S. Belozerov and Andrew Gustafson, “The Wars in Chechnya and Their Effects on Neighboring Regions”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 48, No. 2, 2007, pp. 178-201.
  • WILSON, Andrew, “Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, NGOs and the Role of the West”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2006, pp. 21-32.
  • “Abkhazia Recognised by Nauru”, The New York Times, 15 Aralık 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/world/europe/ 16georgia.html (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • “In Crimea, Russia Signals Military Resolve with New and Revamped Bases”, Reuters, 1 Kasım 2016, http://www.reuters.com/investigates/ special-report/russia-crimea (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • “Moldova Government Expels Five Russian Diplomats, President Furious”, Reuters, 29 Mayıs 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-moldova-russia-idUSKBN18P1QP (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
  • “Rusya’dan Ermenistan’la Ortak Orduya Onay Çıktı”, Kırım Haber Ajansı (QHA), 16 Temmuz 2017, http://qha.com.ua/tr/askeri-guvenlik/ rusya-dan-ermenistan-la-ortak-orduya-onay-cikti/157530 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2017).
  • AYDINTAŞBAŞ, Aslı and Kemal Kirişci, “The United States and Turkey: Friends, Enemies or Only Interests”, Brookings Institute Turkey Project Policy Paper, No. 12, Nisan 2017.
  • BOONSTRA, Jos, “Georgia and Russia: A Short War with a Long Aftermath”, FRIDE Comment, Ağustos 2008.
  • GIULIANO, Elise, “The Origins of Separatism: Popular Grievances in Donetsk and Luhansk”, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 396, 2015.
  • GREENE, James, “Russian Responses to NATO and EU: Enlargement and Outreach”, Chatham House Russia and Eurasia Programme Briefing Paper, Haziran 2012.
  • JUHAS, Alan and Raya Jalabi, “Ukraine Crisis: Why Russia Sees Crimea as Its Naval Stronghold”, The Guardian, 7 Mart 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/07/ukraine-russia-crimea-naval-base-tatars-explainer (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • KOSTANYAN, Hrant and Stefan Meister, “Ukraine, Russia and the EU: Breaking the Deadlock in the Minsk Process”, CEPS Working Document, No. 423, Haziran 2016.
  • KRAMER, Andrew E., “Russia Cuts off Gas Deliveries to Ukraine”, The New York Times, 1 Ocak 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/ 01/02/world/europe/02gazprom.html (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • KRAMER, Andrew E., “Russia Cuts off Gas to Ukraine in Cost Dispute”, The New York Times, 2 Ocak 2006, http://www.nytimes. com/2006/01/02/world/europe/russia-cuts-off-gas-to-ukraine-in-cost-dispute.html (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • LARUELLE, Marléné, “The Russian World: Russia’s Soft Power and Geopolitical Imagination”, CGI-Center on Global Interests, Mayıs 2015.
  • MEDISH, Mark, “Ukraine’s Presidential Elections-The End of the Orange Revolution”, Carnegie Endowment Q&A, 8 Şubat 2010, http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/02/08/ukraine-s-presidential-election -end-of-orange-revolution-pub-24818 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2017).
  • MERRY, E.Wayne, “Dealing with the Ukrainian Crisis: Transatlantic Strategy Dilemmas”, IAI Working Papers, Vol. 15, No. 51, 2015.
  • POPESCU, Nicu and Leonid Litra, “Transnistria: A Bottom-Up Solution”, ECFR Policy Brief, No. 63, 2012.
  • SHARKOV, Damien, “10.000 Ukrainians Killed So Far in Two-Year War”, Newsweek, 31 Mayıs 2016, http://www.newsweek.com/10000-ukrainians- killed-conflict-ukraines-security-council-465084 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
  • SHARKOV, Damien, “Moldova’s Transnistrian Separatists Urge Russia Annexation”, Newsweek, 9 Eylül 2016, http://www.newsweek. com/moldovas-transnistrian-separatists-call-join-russia-496931 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
  • STACK, Liam and Karen Zraick, “Frozen Zones: How Russia Maintains Influence in the Post Cold War Era”, The New York Times, 14 Ekim 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/14/ world/europe/ russia -frozen-zones-syria.html (Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2017).
  • TAYLOR, Adam, “Ukrainian Separatists Claim to Have Created a New Country: Malorossiya, or ‘Little Russia’”, The Washington Post, 19 Temmuz 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/ 2017/07/19/ukrainian-separatists-claim-to-have-created-a-new-country -malorossiya-or-little-russia/?utm_term=.bbb3a6fa273f (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
  • TRENIN, Dmitri V., “The Forgotten War: Chechnya and Russia’s Future”, Carnegie Endowment Policy Brief, No. 28, Kasım 2003.
  • ZASZTOWT, Konrad, “Armenia in the Eurasian Economic Union: Challenges for the EU”, PISM Bulletin, No. 22 (754), 2015. POHL, Brittany A., “Frozen Conflicts, De Facto States and Enduring Interests in the Russian Near Abroad”, MSU Graduate Theses, No. 3039, 2016.
  • VAHL, Marius and Michael Emerson, “Moldova and the Transnistrian Conflict”, 2004, http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications /JEMIE/2004/1-2004Chapter4.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2017).
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Göktürk Tüysüzoğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 26

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Tüysüzoğlu, Göktürk. “Rusya Dış Politikası’nın Etkin Silahı: Donmuş Çatışma Bölgeleri”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 13, sy. 26 (Ekim 2017): 185-219. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.356957.

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