Efficiency of cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) in the treatment of seeds of braúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.) Eficiência do extrato de canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) no tratamento de sementes de braúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.)

1ORCID: 0000-0003-0441-3964, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, PB, Student, Brazil, nathanyandradee@gmail.com 2ORCID: 0000-0002-2883-4491, UFCG, Patos, PB, Teacher, Brazil, gilcampeloapae@ig.com.br 3ORCID: 0000-0002-5414-4873, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife-PE, Student, Brazil, amanda.27.lira@gmail.com 4ORCID: 0000-0003-1625-8180, UFCG, Patos, PB, Student, Brazil, ediglecia.almeida@hotmail.com 5ORCID: 0000-0003-4154-3901, Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Rio Largo, AL, Teacher, Brazil, maryholanda@gmail.com


INTRODUCTION
The growing demand for seeds of native forest species in order to recover degraded areas as well as for the installation of commercial areas, requires each day, a greater supply of seeds. In recent years, the interest in the propagation of native forest species has intensified due mainly to environmental problems resulting from inadequate exploitation without forest management.
The use of chemicals, despite the high cost and risks to the environment and to those who handle it, has been the most frequently used method in plant health control of seeds, because in addition to presenting an immediate response, it does not require the Knowledge of the biology of the pathogen involved. CAMPANHOLA; BETIOL, 2003).
Treatments based on plant extracts may eventually constitute an alternative for the control of pathogens associated with seeds, with advantage reducing the expenditures for the producer and reduction of environmental impact caused by the chemical products (COUTINHO et al.,1999).
Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, popularly known as (Braúna or Baraúna) is native species of the Caatinga biome, is distributed in almost all areas of this biome, is secondary species and reaches height of 10-20 m (LORENZI, 2014), and presents ornamental potential, (CALVACANTE et al., 2017). Its wood has several utilities, for example, the manufacture of slats, caibros, lines, Beams (MAIA, 2004).
The production of seedlings of forest species has become fundamental both for the recomposition of these unduly exploited areas, as well as for the development of the forestry sector. However, this production faces a number of difficulties, since several factors can compromise it, among them, the factor of sanitary and physiological origin due to the high incidence of fungi associated with seeds and consequently in the resulting seedlings (SILVA, et al., 2013).
Factors such as collection time, processing and adequate storage determine the quality of seeds, these when not considered increase their susceptibility to attacks by pathogens (COSTA et al., 2019). According to Oliveira (2012) seeds can suffer damage before germination, and after the germination process when already in the seedling phase, such attacks can result in vital damage and thus decrease the quality and production of seedlings.
This is because the association of phytopathogens with seeds is considered the main potential route for transmission and possible establishment of diseases in forest seedlings, and consequently, dissemination in the field if these pathogens meet conditions that allow their development (MARINO et al., 2008).The sanitary control of seeds through secondary products by chemical products and/or plant extracts has become increasingly usual (ARAÚJO et al., 2019;BRESSAN et al., 2018;FANTINEL et al 2017;FONSECA et al., 2014;MEDEIROS et al., 2013).
In laboratories, synthetic products are usually used in the control of pathogens associated with seeds, however in many cases the sanitary control performed exposes the technician or researcher to chemical substances, in addition to the costly costs thereof. Alternatives that lead to an increasingly ecological production is essential for ensuring an increasingly sustainable environment.
Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of cinnamon extract (Cynamomum zeylanicum Blume) in the treatment of pathogens associated with the seeds of Braúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.) collected in two different eras.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The The sanity test was performed using the filter paper method "Blotter Test" and 500 seeds collected in the year 2010 and other 500 seeds collected in the year of 2014 were used, which underwent a pre-selection, with the objective of selecting the Seeds free from visible damage to the naked eye.
Five treatments with different percentages of cinnamon extract were used to evaluate the reduction of the incidence of fungi in the seeds of S. brasiliensis: T1: Solution The hydroalcoholic extract, where the solution presents 70% of water and 30% of cereal alcohol, was prepared in proportion 1:4 in a plastic container where 250 grams of cinnamon in a stick were used for 1 liter of solution consisting of 700 mL of distilled water and 300 mL of alkali Cereal ol. The container was wrapped with aluminum foil to avoid luminosity and stored at room temperature for 72 hours. Then, the material was subjected to simple filtration, using a filter paper, tube and pipette, obtaining 720 mL of pure cinnamon extract.
The seeds of each treatment remained submerged in each solution for one minute and soon after they were plated and taken to the fungus incubation chamber at ambient temperature of 27 ± 2 ºC.
The health test lasted 10 days and after this period, the pathogen was evaluated,  The microflora found associated with the seeds of S. brasiliensis collected in 2010 is composed of fungi of the genus Aspergillus and the A. niger occurred in a higher incidence, followed by a fungus of the genus A. flavus and A. glaucous. Other genera such as Curvularia and Niger were also found, but in lower incidence.
The same genera were found by Araújo (2019)

Rhizopus.
Fungi of the genus Aspergillus are commonly found in research with forest seeds, because according to Silva (2003), fungi of the genus Aspergillus sp., and Penicillium sp.
are considered storage fungi and their incidence may increase According to the storage period and conditions.
None of the concentrations of cinnamon extract were able to reduce the incidence of A. niger in Braúna seeds. Carli (2010) assumes that the aqueous extract of cinnamon has no expected effect due to the low concentration of essential oil and according to Matias et al. (2014) found that some factors such as harvesting, beneficiation and adequate storage affect the quality of the seeds. These factors susceptibilize the seeds to the attack of pathogens, affecting longevity and even in the deterioration of propagative material (VICENTE et al., 2016). Different results were obtained in a research conducted by Gomes (2013), in which the treatments with cinnamon and basil oils were efficient in the control of Aspergillus niger and in reducing the incidence of Rhizopus sp. in Seeds of Bauhinia variegata recently collected. Table 2 shows the results for the fungi microflora associated with S. brasiliensis seeds…discutir aqui o 'achado' com outros trabalhos… The microflora associated with the seeds of S. brasiliensis collected in 2014 is composed of fungi of the genus Aspergillus, being found in a higher incidence and variety of species, being the A. flavus (of higher occurrence, followed by A. candidus and A .

alutaceous.
It is possible to perceive that both for the seeds of S. brasiliensis collected in 2010 and for the seeds collected in 2014, the A. niger presented in all treatments. The genus Aspergillus is often found in stored grains and seeds and develops well where the water content is in equilibrium with relative humidities between 65-90%, corresponding to 13-14% moist bulb (b. u) and adapt in environments with low humidity Relative and rarely attack products with a moisture content greater than 25% B.U., it is noteworthy that species of the genera Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. are among the main agents deteriorators of seeds (SOUSA et al., 2012). Santos et al. (1997)

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In the seeds collected in the year 2010 and 2014, both witnesses (T1) presented the highest indices of diversity and richness of the observed genera. Similar results were found by Leite et al. (2012) who, working with seeds of Sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia), observed a higher incidence of fungi in the germination of seeds treated with the control (T1), but treatments with oil of Sweet Herb, São Caetano melon and Allamanda extracts reduced the incidence of fungi of the genus Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp and Pestalotia sp. In this way, treatments with plant extracts become a viable alternative for the control of Incidence of fungi associated with forest seeds.
In the analysis of variance of the interaction between all fungi genera found in common in the seeds collected in 2010 and 2014, in order to observe significance (5%) between the means, it was possible to evaluate the interaction only for A. niger, since there was a significant difference for this fungus. By statistical analysis, it was found that there was a significant difference in the interaction between the two seed collection times (2010 and 2014). From the analysis of the means in Table 3, it can be observed that there was a significant difference between the seeds collected in 2010 and 2014 in T4 (75%) to A.
niger. In relation to the other concentrations, there was no significant difference between the seeds collected in 2010 and 2014.