Survival of forest species of the caatinga in ciliary plantations in the state of Paraíba

ABSTRACT: Riparian forests have peculiar characteristics in relation to architecture and flowering, which are intrinsically linked to the high water content of the soil and the air where they develop due to both the superficiality of the water table and periodic flooding. The aim of this research was to assess the survival or establishment of seedlings in the field through the collection of survival information in order to verify which species group(s) is most feasible for recovering of riparian forest in Caatinga areas. The riparian plantations were conducted in three rural communities from March to April, at the Riacho Trapiá, Rio Espinharas and Rio da Cruz rivers, municipality of Maturéia-PB, respectively for three years (2003, 2004 and 2005). Twenty-two native species were used, covering six pioneers, eight secondary, five climaxes and three of undetermined ecological group. The results showed that the pioneer and secondary species had better survival performance in the areas of riparian stand plantations, this may have occurred because they had the capacity to adapt in places with adverse conditions, which demonstrates their indication for recovering of riparian forest. 
KEYWORDS: northeast, revegetation, semi-arid.


INTRODUCTION
The ciliary forests have peculiar characteristics in relation to architecture and flowering, which are intrinsically linked to the high water content of the soil and the air where they develop caused by both the superficiality of the groundwater and Periodic floods (Castro et al., 2013). According to Leandro and Viveiros (2003), this term of ciliary forest refers to its similarity with the eyelashes of our eyes. These forest systems are established naturally in bands on the banks of rivers and streams, in the vicinity of lakes, dams and springs, which functions as a reducer of silting, degradation of the environment, as a natural means of processing and transformation of environmental diversity (Castro et al., 2013).
It is worth noting that the riparian forest also works, as ecological corridors, linking forest fragments, since the physical retention of the roots, protects the soil against erosion, by decreasing the impact of water on the soil through the leaves and stem and by the Soil coating through the formation of the litter layer. The intrinsic relationship that these forest formations maintain with the bodies of water, makes them preponderantly important for maintaining the integrity of the local ecosystems. Thus, due to the vulnerability of the riverbanks, the establishment of a vegetation in its surroundings was fundamental for the stabilization and permanence of these sites (Oliveira et al., 2012). In order to protect the rivers, this influences directly on water quality, in the maintenance of the hydrological cycle in the river basins, avoiding the erosion process of the margins and the silting (Primo;Vaz, 2006). However, even in the face of the immense importance of these areas, it is noted that the ciliary forests over time to the detriment of the various economic interests have been highly compromised.
According to Oliveira et al., (2012) The areas located near the rivers have been suffering from the intense degradation process in their margins, provoked especially by the disorderly occupation of man in the exploitation of natural resources. Among the anthropogenic pressure factors are the occupation of land itself since the beginning, without a planning (Rizzo, 2007), as well as deforestation aiming the use of wood, burnt for the generation of energy and the implantation of swiths and pastures (Primo;Vaz, 2006).
It is also important to highlight that among the semiarid areas of the northeast, the ciliary forests of Paraíba is the most affected by environmental degradation, due to the presence of a significant number of river basins and a high number of inhabitants, suffering, Therefore, strong pressure in the ciliary areas (Lacerda et al., 2005). These data become more worrying when considering water problems related to the Semiarid region, such as the low water flow of rivers due to the temporal variability of precipitations and the predominance of shallow soils based on Crystalline rocks reflecting in reduced water exchange between river and adjacent soil (Cirilo, 2008).
These edaphic-climatic characteristics explain the inequality of water distributions, causing this northeastern region to hold only 3% of the 13.8% of freshwater present in the domains of Brazilian rivers (Malvezzi, 2007).
Based on this assumption, the search for recovery practices that ensure the integrity of these forest formations has been emphasized. The recovery of this can be achieved by soil fertility obtained by restocing with leguminous shrubs-arboreal (Araújo Filho et al., 2007) or by planting fast-growing plant species that can accelerate the secondary succession Progressive (Franco et al., 1992), which should be conducted considering the local flora, and encompass the maximum of species previously present and with the scope of the different ecological groups, forms of dispersion, among others (Attanasio et al., 2006).
This study aimed to monitor the survival or establishment of seedlings in the field through the collection of survival information, in order to verify which group (s) of species (s) is more viable for recovery of riparian forest in areas of Caatinga.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The planting areas are included in the municipality of Patos-PB, coordinates 7 °

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In trench the planting range ranged between 39, 0m x 10, 5m -16, 5m, in trench I between 33m x 70m on both sides of the river and in Campo Comprido the range was 45m x 195m, on the left bank of the Rio da Cruz.
The recovery of degraded ciliary areas should be conducted considering the local flora, and cover the maximum of species previously present in the area. The species should preferably represent different ecological groups, forms of dispersion (Attanasio et al., 2006).

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survivors belonged to the pioneer Ecological group, followed by climax and secondary.
The species that presented survival below 50% were Luetzelburghia sp (S) and Hymenaea Coubarail (C).
The  According to Ganade & Brown (2002) The number of positive and negative interactions of plants, animals and microorganisms established in one place, acts on seedlings in the way of establishment. As well as competition, parasitism and predation are some of these relationships that seem to contribute to the establishment of planted seedlings, including in Caatinga areas.

CONCLUSION
From the above, it is concluded that the pioneer and secondary species had better survival performance in the areas of implantation of the ciliary stands, probably because they have the ability to establish themselves in places with conditions Adverse reactions or in environments where the area already has the presence of organic matter, since the original biota was only partially altered. Thus, it is recommended its use for recovery of riparian forest in Caatinga áreas