A New Species of the Genus Carniella Thaler & Steinberger from the Nepal Himalayas (Araneae: Theridiidae)

Andrei V. Tanasevitch1 and Yuri M. Marusik2,3,4,* 1A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 33, Moscow 119071, Russia 2Institute for Biological Problems of the North FEB, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 3Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa 4Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland Article Information Received 02 April 2018 Revised 22 May 2018 Accepted 31 May 2018 Available online 14 September 2020


INTRODUCTION
C arniella Thaler & Steinberger, 1988, is a small genus of theridiid spiders distributed in Eurasia and Africa (World Spider Catalog, 2018). Eleven species of Carniella are restricted to southeastern Asia, and two others, including the type species, C.brignolii Thaler & Steinberger, 1988, are known from Europe and Namibia (World Spider Catalog, 2018). The genus has never been revised, but all species are well illustrated. Most are known by one sex only: three species are known from females and five from males. All representatives of the genus are very small, the total length ranges from 0.82 to 1.3 mm. Males of Carniella can be very easily recognized due to a type of clypeal rostrum that is bent upwards. The genus has several characters unknown or untypical for theridiids, e.g., the basal position of the paracymbium, the modified tip of the cymbium, the high carapace in the female, the lack of the epigynal scuta (but with well developed epigastral scutum in the male) is well developed, the basal part of the embolus with outgrowth, and others.
While studying material from Nepal, we recognized that tiny specimens sorted as Linyphiidae belong to Carniella. A literature search revealed that the specimens from Nepal belong to a new species that we describe here.
above. The genus can be easily recognized by the modified male carapace with a clypeal rostrum (Fig. 1A, B), by the proximal position of the paracymbium (vs. anterior in all other theridiids except Tekellina Levi, 1953 (cf. Figure 2A-D in Marusik andOmelko, 2017) and by the lack of an epigynal plate (epigyne not sclerotised). As in all minute araneoids, tarsi in Carniella are longer than the metatarsi (Wunderlich, 1995).
While studying new species from Nepal we noticed some other characters in Carniella either not mentioned or not emphasized in other papers. Both sexes have an equally high carapace in profile (Fig. 1A, D); fovea of the carapace absent; male has epigastral scutum ( Fig. 1C and Fig. 2 in Wunderlich, 1995); the labium is fused with the sternum (Fig. 1C); the sternum is almost triangular, not truncate posteriorly and extends between coxae IV (Fig.  1C, F); females have an unsclerotised epigynal plate; both sexes have no book lungs (Fig. 2E).

Relationships
Agnarsson (2004) and Agnarsson et al. (2007), based on cladistic analysis, placed Carniella close to Robertus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 and Pholcomma Thorell, 1869. Wunderlich (2008 considers the genus among Pholcommatinae, but this subfamily does not include Robertus. Two genera of Pholcommatinae have similar modification to the male carapace, Magnopholcomma Wunderlich (2008) and Proboscidula Miller (1970). Both the copulatory organs and somatic characters in Pholcomma and Carniella differ from one another (i.e., the position of the paracymbium, the shape of the embolic base, the presence/absence of the embolic apophysis and book lungs, etc.), and therefore the position of Carniella requires further clarification.   Fig. 16A), not to scale. E, embolus; F, fork; R, radix; P, paracymbium; St, stem of fork.

Distribution
The genus has a rather unusual distribution: Central Europe, southeastern Asia and Namibia. Wunderlich (2008: 248) assumes that the presence of C. brignolii in Europe is a recent introduction. However, the range of this species is rather large: Belgium, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Romania), and it occurs not only in anthropogenic habitats, but also in natural habitats like debris block field (Austria), riparian zones of alpine streams (South Germany) or caves in Romania (Nentwig et al., 2018). Another species from outside the main range of the genus is C. detriticola (Miller, 1970) from Namibia. Although only known from the female, it is easily diagnosed as Carniella, based on its description and the somatic characters and the shape of epigyne. In our opinion, the unusual range can be explained either by the contraction of a previously wide range or just improper sampling/identification of these tiny spiders. It seems that genus is present in Tasmania also (YM saw one female from the island that looks like Carniella sp.) Fig. 1-3 Type Holotype: ♂ (SMF), NEPAL, Taplejung District, above Yamputhin (= Yamphudin), ca 27°27'N 88°00'E, left bank of Kabeli Khola, bushes, open forest, 1800-2000m, 27-29.IV.1988.

Etymology
The specific name is a Latin adjective, referring to the region of origin, Nepal Himalayas.

Diagnosis
The male of C. nepalensis sp. n. is most similar to that of C. forficata Gao & Li, 2014, known from males collected in southern Yunnan, China (Gao and Li, 2014). The new species can be easily distinguished from C. forficata by the larger radix and embolus, as well as by a shorter stem of the embolic apophysis (cf. Fig. 3F, G). The new species has a less prominent modification to the cymbial tip and a shorter male palpal tibia. The female of the new species is most similar to the Namibian C. detriticola (cf. Fig. 2C, D ;Miller, 1970, Plate 52, Figs. 1-5). The two species have small copulatory openings close to each other, whereas in other species known from females the epigynal atria are present. The new species differ by the copulatory ducts (anterior part) being longer than the receptacles vs. shorter than the receptacles.

Description
Male paratype: Total length 1.08. Carapace modified, clypeus with distinct rostrum (Fig. 1A, B) Figure 3A-F. Tibia with extended prolateral tip, edges with set of long setae. Cymbium long and narrow, tip modified, with small flat projection; paracymbium (P) like in all congeners located almost basally. Tegulum without distinct apophyses. Embolus complex, with large radix (R), embolus (E) long, filiform, with several bends; a short bifurcated apophysis (F) rising at the base of embolus.
Female: Total length 1.05. Carapace modified, cephalic part higher than thoracic one (Fig. 1D) Epigyne as in Figures 1F, 2C and D: plate not sclerotised, edge of epigyne with dark, poorly defined margin; two round receptacles separated by one diameter, visible through integument (Fig. 1F), shape and location of copulatory openings indistinct; macerated epigyne with pair of white dots, that may correspond to fertilization ducts; copulatory ducts long, coiled, posterior part broad, about ½ of receptacle width, anterior loop of copulatory duct as long as receptacle.

Distribution
Known only from the type locality in eastern Nepal. It is the northwesternmost species of the genus in all of Asia.