An Exploratory Analysis of the Definition and Conceptualization of Cultural Landscape

Many have analyzed “cultural landscape” and its meaning. Some recall the basics of diverse fields, such as “a cultural landscape is a landscape that has been cultivated” or “culture that dwells in a landscape.” The need to decipher “cultural landscape” has driven research on people’s cultural views of their immediate surroundings. This study suggests cultural landscape research in South East Asia against the backdrop of emerging approaches in cultural landscape research worldwide. Thus, this essay will examine cultural dynamics arguments and hypotheses. This exploratory review and inductive qualitative analysis examined “cultural landscape” studies from the early 19th century to the present. Google Scholar, Science Direct, and other professional education search portals were used to find and examine over fifty papers on local cultural landscapes. To understand cultural landscape studies’ interconnectedness, research results are synthesized and thematized. Therefore, the study provides a concise overview of eight (8) significant fields of study: geography, governance, environmental studies, etymology, tourism, agricultural studies, health studies, and technology. Only tourism, ecology, geography, and politics study Indonesia’s cultural landscape. However, despite the abundance of creative and literary creation in Indonesia, little progress has been made in this area. Instead, new findings in domains as diverse as literature, semantics, and etymology are advancing our knowledge of the cultural environment and its effects.


INTRODUCTION
In which way a new cultural landscape evolved, has always been the same influence from geography studies.Cultural landscape may first be introduced as a humanist geography but throughout the year, they've become spiritual connection and human position in relation to the natural world (Kato, 2009).Since early 19 th Century, cultural landscape has continuously re-new the purports and semantics through many modern interdisciplinary and trends emergences.Cultural and nature connection in human being has 'humanized' the time flows.
Cultural landscape genesis and dynamic interwoven and inter-layered in the same running time imprinted.Time has found its own rhythm which gains several spatial attributes that resulted loci-clots to be concentrated in (Lavrenova, 2019).In the conception of the possibility of new cultural landscape, (K.Taylor & Roe, 2014) differentiated the meaning of cultural landscape based on the manifestation of human past value: 1.The cultural landscape as a layer, which holds the depth of human influences.As how tree has its own ring that indicate the ages, cultural landscape as a layer explains the integration of human influences through spatial time and moment recorded.2. The everyday cultural landscape, commonly recognized but seem ordinary and even partially degraded.A simple matter of behavioral pattern such as walking the dog around the block, or making home-cook food at the backyard are consider as the everyday cultural landscape.They live with us, within us, or might as well we alive because of them.That flows and circumstances which happen unconsciously are the culture continuum that we are living.3. The invisible cultural landscape can be perceived as ugly material, polluted or even degraded.They involve interpretation of beliefs, common customs which led trajectory, and also spatial gain on multi decision making.4. The imaginary or representative cultural landscape.Conceived the real or perceived image, similar to associative landscape such as tourism.Many of them have perceived the literature, movie, or films interpretation and images into cultural landscape.
Discoveries of those possibilities has gain from global venture of finding new objects and sites with basic different customs injected with different disciplines approach.Every year new discussion on different concept of defining cultural landscape issued.In response to the new conception, a complex web of human-nature modification regain.
Upon the regain, similar concept approached within the disciplines.They have this similarity between the properties and elements that make domains' character can be categorized in the same category.Although, differences are also raised due to other discipline.Yet, differences found due to emergences of new trend every decade.The study aims to review the antecedent definition and concepts of cultural landscape.Through foregoing articles and research with different approach, the paper will explore cultural landscape mind and purports.Based on the exploration, an identification of dimensions will be made.There are attributes and elements that build up cultural landscape definition and concept.Therefore, this paper will show what are the differences and similarities going under the dimensions in well-ordered categorization.

DEFINITION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR
Cultural landscape was first recognized by a geographer Otto Schlutter.He first introduced the term Kulturl and schaft in late 19 th Century.Earlier before that in 1925, Carl Sauer, an American geographer, determined his concept on cultural landscape.He defined the term as a marriage between nature and culture (Plumwood, 2006).He invented the term of nature as the medium and culture is the agent which resulting cultural landscape.That term is still widely referred by most cultural landscape related researchers.The definition of cultural landscape is an explicit description, yet the viewer might assume differently.There are human needs in the vast landscape and they can respond symbolically or interpretated.Both can be infused as the need symbolically into an existing landscape, or the nature itself becomes a symbol that will be interpreted through promotion of sociocultural change by stories or language (Rowntree & Conkey 1980).
Scholars start to bring out more element through their observation.Evans distinctively put archeological visibility to determine cultural landscape.His point of view on natural features profoundly influences the landscape organization.He believe that specific attribute/elements in nature can be recognized and named as places (Evans n.d.).Though a focal tree can distinguish distance and location, any attribute in nature can adequately capture the meaning and concept of archeological cultures and classification.He goes on to explain that in prehistoric era, landscapes lasted far beyond their functional lifespan.He mentioned Stonehenge, which despite having such a distinct attribute with evidence shown in earthwork, may have encountered some difficulties in determining the 'site' memory of place (Evans n.d.).
Regarding the memory of place, starting from 1990s, cultural landscape can be represented as story, myth and beliefs (Armstrong n.d.).Memory itself, wasn't always good (Taylor 2007).Sometimes they belong to longing from the loss, anxiety and curiosity of changing new environment, or fracture on disbelieve.They cause the turn of event, place with grief or the went away sense of belonging.Armstrong cited O'Hare definition on cultural landscape in 1997.Hare saw there is a humanized dialogue between natural and physical element, in a human modification setting resulting landscape to both parties (Armstrong, n.d.).Where past, present and future are seamlessly connected, Hare believes the content of cultural landscape was not simply a mere memory of remembrance, but a constant evolution of human and its every milieu.

MODERN INTERDISCIPLINARY MOVEMENT IN 2000 TH CENTURY
Cultural landscape during 2000-2010 era intensifies more on the evolutionary process of the land itself.In regard to agriculture and land use function, Küster argue whether the terms natural and cultural landscape suitable for the new cultural landscape.Since natural selection and environmental constraint continue, the decision of transformed cultural landscape into wilderness is a cultural decision (Kuster 2004).In which meaning, to change nature into wilderness seems take a lot more judgement.They become more complex when identity and authenticity put in the way.
Which landscape is inherently dynamic, cultural landscape must be included the assessment of authenticity that focused on original historic fabric as one of the primary determining factors.An advance in the clarity of thinking and combination with rigorous process values authenticity that be mend.
"Cultural landscape study built by modern interdisciplinary whose idea influence from cultural geographical movement"-Howard 2011 By Howard statement cultural landscape field of study has become broader and infiltrate any aspect and each kind of interdisciplinary, even the most modern and recent one.More approach on research trend brings out cultural landscape perception.Cultural landscape in environmental awareness embodies symbolic appropriation (Munárriz 2011).Any physical environment attributes specified along with human being as the agent, constructed spaces and the environment.And when they immersed, they shaped their own nature, socially and culturally.
According to Australian Heritage Commission (AHC), pattern in history holds the highest relevance to cultural landscape.Historical pattern in which amused by culture and physical condition in the environment, transcend the understanding of human existence.This is what we wanted to describe as the root value of cultural landscape.Another side of approach in terms of environmental awareness, is ecological concern.Many are romanticizing the beauty of Cultural landscape but little had known the construction and built behind them, where destruction led to the fragility of the habitat and inhabitant (Plieninger & Bieling, 2012).Some critical issues and studies regarding environment preservation and the resilience of cultural landscape has raised.The turn on nature preservation issue linkage with management and governance issue.
Present time cultural landscape has broader meaning as more far-related discipline break through the trend.Cultural landscape approached by scholars from health, plantation, or ICT scholars and practitioner.Various findings from other discipline researchers such as Archaeobotanical and Palynological help to observe the origin of past civilization (Mercuri, 2014).Sadori et al. (2010) reconstructing past memory of cultural landscape by examining the micro and macro remain analysis.There is a human impact that causes a shifting landscape (mixture of indigenous and exotic elements).Clearly, a modification of previous agriculture affected many prejudices of researchers about the ancient history.The use of cultural landscape to trace back histories and revive community well-being are most common issues currently (Cervera et al. 2021).People start to re-research the original concept and meaning of the already labeled heritage site whether for governance purpose or for the sake of stewardship.Although now cultural landscape associates with community and placemaking, they did not deprive the original meaning.The definitions still hold initiate purports even though they seem changes due to different trend of research.In fact, the changes even make the definitions and concept broader and provoke new issues.In the construction of landscape, changes are necessarily structured as designed.

METHODOLOGY
The constant evolution of cultural landscape purports and concept will be reviewed in this paper throughout the year from early 19 th century to present time.This paper will identify the elements of what have been built up cultural landscape since then.The aim of this paper is to predefine the history of the concept and definition of cultural landscape throughout the year, propose a set of criteria on research trend in every different inter discipline, and traced the interconnection of similarities and differences among the domains.
The method used for this research is an exploratory review with qualitative analysis inductive approach, by reviewing numerous articles related to the keyword "cultural landscape".In order to narrower the findings, keyword "heritage", "architecture", "theory", "trend" and "approach" has also been searched.The findings led to numerous articles with variety of topics including new cultural landscape paradigm, symbolism, rural landscape development, tourism, and governance.Definitions on cultural landscape not only reviewed from the scholars but also relevant charters such as UNESCO, ICOMOS, and ELC.Most of them which are statute heritage and cultural landscape governance, will be consecutively reviewed from the year they were established.The definitions between scholars and charters have differences and similarities, with the result that, the definitions review will be well explained trough a comparison table.
Through a systematic literature search, the author conducts almost 50 related cultural landscape articles using Google Scholar, Science Direct, and other professional education search platform.Findings are being synthesized through a qualitative analysis with an inductive approach to tell the relationship among the domains related to cultural landscape throughout the year.An identification table of the differences and similarities among the domains will depict the evolution of the definition of cultural landscape throughout the year.Afterward, which related inter discipline induces cultural landscape concept will be determine by the interconnection of the domains founded through an impact diagram.
After the completion of the whole exploratory review, an interpretation of relationship among the domains has been made.Firstly, the domains are categorized into three (3) big elements, which every dimension falls due to the differences and similarities among the properties contented each of them.Whereas emergences of new domains affect the research trend due to the obligatory to include recent studies of modern interdisciplinary, as reported in literature.Through this study, we can see that every property contained in cultural landscape domains are connected within which discipline relevant.There upon, determinant of cultural landscape concept and purport influences globalization.

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION:
DEFINITIONS BY CHARTERS Concern on cultural landscape governance has been aroused since 1962.UNESCO Recommendation started at the protection of the beauty and character of landscape and sites.Cultural landscape purports were as simple as findings and protect the aesthetic value (natural and artificial).Another convention has been drafted for conservation of cultural heritage of outstanding universal value (OUV) triggered by natural disaster that damaged a historical site in Florence (Sodano 2017).In 1972 UNESCO hold a general conference and draft a convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage by listed out world heritage site that has outstanding universal value (OUV).In Article 1: Definition of the cultural and natural heritage, UNESCO considered monuments, group of building and sites which has outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art of science, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological as cultural heritage (UNESCO, 1972).
Starting from 2000s, intangible element of culture has been included into concern.Referring to UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in 2005, Article 4 for Definition, all these elements are considered to be cultural expression: Cultural diversity; Cultural content; Cultural expressions; Cultural activities, goods and services; Cultural industries; Cultural policies and measures; Protection; and Interculturality (UNESCO, 2010).All the definitions and concept of culture refer to creativity of group or individual, symbolic attachment, diverse mode of creation, enjoyment, shared through dialogue and mutual respect.
Meanwhile, European Landscape Convention (ELC) debated in the term of cultural landscape.Priore argue the term cultural threatens to assign a specific value, in fact before that, landscape is a human experience that has always been an cultural thing (Sodano 2017).According to ELC, cultural landscape must be recognized and protected independently of its value.Cultural landscape performance form particular features: (i) protection of value ;(ii) management to reach sustainability; and (iii) planning to enhance the quality and requalification.
UNESCO and Council of Europe argues on the cultural landscape definition and concept.They both have the similar interpretation but some aspects concide different focus on managing instrument and document.In 2005, both acts observed a similar culmination of a path regarding cultural diversity.UNESCO adopted the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, while ELC proposed Faro Convention which offers a broader view on cultural heritage.They belief that cultural heritage can be conclude as a group of resources inherited from the past (identification and ownership).They also reflect and express a constant evolving value, belief, knowledge and traditions through places and time (Fojut, 2018).
Nevertheless, cultural landscape should be concerted differently.RÖSSLER, 2015 distinguished the differences between instruments covering cultural landscape, landscape, and historic urban landscape (HUL).One can be labeled as a World Heritage cultural site if there is people and environmental attribute together blending in and is concerted as Outstanding Universal Value (OUV).While one can described as a cultural landscape where it reflects cultural values but not often recognized as being OUV.Except, if a certain committee, stakeholders/ community involved to raise the cultural value as OUV.Though cultural landscape is not necessarily happened in a cultural site, it also needs changes and renominations occur to there is an enough participatory and approach of inclusive management handling included.Such as the local community, indigenous people and governance team.And lastly, one can be told as a Mixed site if there is cultural and natural values, happen in a cultural site or not as necessarily done to be there, but they are both indicated as OUV.

EMERGENCES OF NEW DOMAINS
As the concept and meaning of cultural landscape evolve throughout the decades, there are elements and attributes that repetitively mentioned in the articles.Some has similarity and differences among the research.While reviewing the articles, various dimensions appeared with the same purpose in mind.All the dimensions led to 3 main categories: mixed of tangible and intangible element-here labeled as a continuum element due to indistinctive feedback loop of process and configuration; tangible element; and intangible element.Categories on dimensions below falls due to differences among the properties that content each of them.
The table below (Table 2) indicates which category the dimensions discovered belong to, as well as which fore scholars relate to the similar concept of explaining cultural landscape purports.It is seen that some dimensions are actually has a similar meaning yet different in-depth articulation, which make all dimensions create another definition of cultural landscape.The year where fore authors are delivering the definitions are not structurally consecutive.In the authors table, mainly at least two (2) authors using the same dimension in different year.The year gap is also quite far from one to another.Which means cultural landscape studies are constantly evolving to untrammeled genesis.
However, from the table it is seen that cultural landscape dimension are wide and transcendental.Fore authors articulate the meaning of cultural landscape process as something that human being would carry on integrity by heart.Cultural landscape binds the relationship of community's way of life and every cultural dimension which revolving around attribute's religion, beliefs, and tradition.And all of those dimensions processed to format the thing we call cultural landscape (Jaffar & Harun, 2019).

Traces of human impact
Sauer 1925; (Czepczynski, 2008); (K.Taylor & Roe, 2014); (Sadori et al. 2010); (Cervera et al. 2021) Influence of perception (Rowntree & Conkey, 1980); (Fleming, 1998); (Lavrenova, 2019); (Hussain et al. 2020); (Jessica Brown, 2022); (Damanik & Yusuf, 2022) Human past value (Mitchell, 2008) The three categories that sums up the domains have simplified the explanation how cultural landscape concept revolve at one another.The categories are the result of synthesized literature review of cultural landscape definition where on the definitions, the author did blue highlighted each element that built cultural landscape (see TABLE. 1).Those elements have similar entities, so that when we clustered all similar entities, they can be categorized as a bigger element.The table purpose is to simplify the perception of cultural landscape definition from past until present through the domains' perspective.Authors and years when the literature published also depict that cultural landscape definition throughout the year are evolving and interconnected.When authors from many disciplines contribute their knowledge to explore the cultural landscape, there are emerges of new domains or the similar domains being used.Although agencies here categorize as tangible element, agency stated by Sauer is an indistinctive entity and should not be limited between human and non-human.Human is a hegemonic agency where they have their own distinctive identities and relationship to nature (Plumwood, 2006).If we analyze this theory, human as tangible element possesses its own intangible element-the relationship with nature-which unmeasured and personal.By that means, all inter-discipline consisted both of tangible and intangible element with composition and properties on their own meaning respectively.

INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN DOMAINS AND DISCIPLINES
Far-related discipline such as Health sits inside sustainability, resilience, and anthropology issues and collides with technology issues.Here, research has expanding to concerning on community well-being, in this regard, health as physically and mentally.As human dynamically processing through their co-exist nature and customs, some trace and impact of their evolution leave memorable objects.Long gone recent founded historical objects, some might have the originality to preserve human well-being such as, the discovery of ancient hot spring spot (Cervera et al. 2021), or mental health of indigenous people who are dealing with local institutional governance and stewardship (Cortés-Capano et al. 2020).In terms of adaptive re-use development, the preservation of heritage architecture not only to focus on how to sustain the life span of the infrastructure, moreover, to allow people to ageing side by side with the architecture and to offer the sense of belonging (Johar et al. 2022).Through cultural landscape as the base findings or studies, some people can help the awareness and increase community well-being by bringing back their original state of customs and mind.
Domains under discipline Technology/ICT can relate to almost all other disciplines.It is proven that every other discipline that related to cultural landscape studies can interconnect within sophisticated tools such as VR and AR can be used to revive ancient objects or site to bring experience or investigate more thorough data (Vincenzo Sapienza, 2020).Or, ArcGIS nowadays even used to trace back human memories and pollen of old record of past events (Słowiński et al. 2021).Technology also used to measure climate comfort to one particular site, or tourism spot in order to pre-determined sensitiveness of tourist visitation (Hasanah et al. 2020).The use of technology in cultural landscape studies help many other disciplines counter difficult path on reinvigorating missed path or data.
Interesting collides between the domains here, where memory of place and influence of perception can sit under Tourism and Development issues yet perception influence more on the Semantics and etymology studies.The interconnection between semantic in Tourism really has influenced designer or architect to develop place as tourism spots.Creating concept needs grounded evidence and through synthesize of meaning and purpose.Etymology or semantic studies can be used to look deeply into one value and perception of a particular term to create a space.Nevertheless, If there is no 'custom' perception of one specific community or site, an unique tourist spot won't be last long and sustained (Bridgewater & Upadhaya 2022) (Salouw & Ikaputra 2022).

CONCLUSION
In every detail expression, cultural landscape has been more than just a physical entity.There are cultural and non-cultural values transformed through the real environment.An expression of cultural landscape lives still dynamically which resulted in reciprocal relationship.As this paper evaluates the definition and concept of cultural landscape over the course of the year, and sees the interconnection between domains and disciplines, Indonesia appears to be having a little further conversation about cultural landscape in terms of the initial purports through some literature and etymology.Most of the article found in recent studies are discussing about how to govern the historical sites, turning them into eco-tourism concept, or discussing the trends to arouse rather than feeding the soul of the cultural elements.The study concludes that a comprehensive reevaluation of the concept of cultural landscape is required for many historical and cultural sites in Indonesia.Before determining how to govern them ethically and what their cultural landscape elements are, we must respectfully introduce them to the site.In conclusion, it is anticipated that this exploratory literature review will be useful to academics and practitioners in their implementation of cultural landscape preservation and future international development frameworks in Indonesia and beyond.
FIGURE 1. Interconnection diagram between domains and disciplines

TABLE 1 .
Definition of cultural landscape through decade, compare between scholars and charters

TABLE 2 .
Identification of research domains