AN INVESTIGATION OF TEACHERS ’ PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS AND CONTENT KNOWLEDGE IN A CONTENT-BASED INSTRUCTION CONTEXT

Advocates of the content-based approach believed that a language can be learnt effectively when it is the medium of instruction rather than just a subject. Integrating English and content as part of instruction has become one of the cornerstones of second language pedagogy. Researchers claimed that there are many benefits of integrating English and content instruction. Among the benefits are the increase in students’ interest with content themes, meaningful input and understanding. In 2003, the Malaysian Ministry of Education introduced the teaching and learning of science and mathematics in English for Year One, Form One and Lower Six Form in all government public schools. This paper describes the challenges faced by teachers when they are required to teach content subjects such as science and mathematics in English. The focus of the paper is on the teachers’ pedagogical skills and content knowldge which comprises subject matter content, pedagogical approach, classroom management, use of resources, assessment, preparation of teaching materials, managing students, teachers’ compensatory communication strategies, use of first language and teachers’ perspectives of teaching content subjects in English. Data were obtained from a self-report questionnaire administered to 495 secondary school teachers in West Malaysia. Results from the study provide implications for school administrators in making decisions in assignment of capable teachers to teach the various levels of classes. Suggestions for teacher selfdevelopment and life-long learning efforts are also provided.

The teaching and learning of science and mathematics in the English language was implemented beginning January 2003 for Year One, Form One and Lower Six Form in all government public schools (Ambigapathy Pandian & Revathi Ramiah, 2004;Hamidah et .al, 2005;Pillay, 2003).Since then, various research have been conducted examining topics that ranged from perceptions, attitudes, efficacy, teacher readiness, implementation problems, and other pertinent issues related to the teaching and learning of science and mathematics in English (Goh San San et .al, 2005;Lim Chap Sam & Hwa Tee Yong, 2003;Marlyna Maros & Kamariah Hassan, 2007;Mohini Mohamad, Aziz Nordin, & Rosnani Hashim, 2004 ;Noraini Idris et. al, 2007;Pillay, 2003).However, a review of the literature shows that there has yet to be research conducted to explore the challenges that teachers faced when teaching these content subjects in English and their pedagogical skills and content knowldge needed to help them teach effectively.
Because teachers are the implementors of educational policies developed by the government, in particular, in relation to pedagogical matters, thus it is imperative that these teachers who have been entrusted to teach the children science and mathematics knowledge, are able to fulfill their duties successfully.
Presently, various arguments and facts are put forth against the teaching of science and mathematics in English, even though schools have been implementing the "policy" since the year 2003, a half a decade ago.Some quarters question the psychological, social, and cognitive implications of learning science and mathematics in English, especially when the language is a second/foreign language to the learners (Cummins, 1979(Cummins, , 1991(Cummins, , 1994;;Marlyna Maros & Kamariah Hassan, 2007;Juriah Long et .al, 2005;Sau Cheong Loh & Selva Ranee Subramaniam, 2007).Issues of misplaced and weak identity and detrimental effects of learning content subjects in a second or foreign language are frequently raised in past studies (Mohini Mohamad, Aziz Nordin, & Rosnani Hashim, 2004;Noraini Idris et .al, 2007).

Pedagogical content knowledge
Over the past 20 years, researchers have used pedagogical content knowledge to refer to a wide range of aspects of subject matter knowledge and the teaching of subject matter and have used it differently across and even within subject areas ( Ball, Thames & Phelps 2008).These researchers refer pedagogical content knowledge as specialized content knowledge.Shulman (1986) and his colleagues refer to it as the study of teacher knowledge in ways that attend to the role of content in teaching.In other words, pedagogical content knowledge is an integration of teacher understanding that combines content (subject matter), pedagogy (instructional methods), and learner characteristics.Shulman (1986) and his colleagues proposed a special domain of teacher knowledge which is referred to as pedagogical content knowledge.Shulman (1986) defined pedagogical content knowledge as: The most useful forms of representation of those ideas, the most powerful anologies, illustrations, examples, explanations and demonstrationsin a word, the most useful ways of repesenting and formulating the subject that make it comprehensible to others... Pedagogical content knowledge also includes an understanding of what makes the learning of specific topics easy or difficult; the conceptions and preconceptions that students of different ages and backgrounds bring with them to the learning of those most frequently taught topics and lessons.(p 9).
It has been suggested that content knowledge is unique to teaching; a kind of subject matter specific professional knowledge.This notion of pedagogical content knowledge has continuous appeal as it bridges content knowledge and the practice of teaching.Pedagogical content knowledge is often not clearly distinguished from other forms of teacher knowledge.According to Magnusson, Krajcik and Borko (1999), pedagogical content knowledge is, … a teacher's understanding of how to help students understand specific subject matter.It includes knowledge of how particular subject matter topics, problems and issues can be organized, represented and adapted to the diverse interests and abilities of learners and then presented for instruction….The defining feature of pedagogical content knowledge is its conceptualization as the result of a transformation of knowledge from other domains.(p.96) In other words, pedagogical content knowledge includes almost everything a teacher might know in teaching a particular topic, obscuring distinctions between teacher actions, reasoning, Teachers do various tasks to support the learning of the students.They include interactive work of teaching lessons in classroom together with all the tasks that arise in the course such as planning the lessons, evaluating students' work, writing and grading assessments.Teachers must know the subject they teach as the pedagogical content knowledge is immensely important to teaching.
In this paper, the pedagogical content knowledge in focus is the two subjects in school that is, science and mathematics.Knowledge of ideas, skills of reasoning, fluency with examples and terms are important aspects of teachers' pedagogical content knowledge.The paper explicates the challenges faced by teachers teaching science and mathematics in English.Specifically, it focused on teachers' pedagogical skills and content knowldge in the context of content-based instruction.The variables comprise subject matter content, pedagogical approach, classroom management, use of resources, assessment, preparation of teaching materials, managing students, teachers' compensatory communication strategies, use of first language and teachers' perspectives of teaching content subjects in English.

Research in teaching science and mathematics in English
In order to contextualize the present study, several studies conducted in Malaysia are reported and discussed.A research involving 575 teachers was conducted by Hamidah et. al. (2005) throughout the country to examine the effectiveness of the programs organized by the ministry and to gauge whether or not the trainings given were adequate and relevant to the needs of the teachers to teach the subjects in English.Questionnaires, which comprised of structured items to elicit information with respect to facts, perception, opinion and attitudes of the respondents were administered to the teachers.The findings revealed that the implementation of the teaching of mathematics in English in schools was at satisfactory level (53.4%).The respondents also agreed that they have improved their command of the English language and that their level of confidence to teach mathematics in English have also improved.However, the respondents also admitted that they lack the ability to teach science and mathematics in English.et al. (2004) analysed the responses obtained from teachers and students involved in the program of teaching and learning of mathematics and science in English.Among the findings were the program failed to provide positive impact on the students' use of the English language.The teachers were not able to implement the teaching and learning of mathematics and science in the English language in an interactive manner because students did not participate actively in the teaching and learning process.It was also found that the students were not confident and ready, and their anxiety level was high during the program.The data revealed significant differences in the use of the English language in terms of the background, ethnic groups and socioeconomic status of the students.The students that benefited from the program were the urban area students, non-Malay students, and higher economic status students.On the contrary, the rural area students, the Malay students, and the low socioeconomic status students did not benefit from the program.Tan and Ong (2008) reported that teachers when interviewed, are supportive of the policy although they are still struggling with the realities of implementing this policy.The findings of the study concluded that factors such as prior educational background of teachers, the linguistic environment in school and the linguistic abilities of their students appear to be salient in influencing how quickly a teacher can affect the transition into teaching entirely in English.In addition, Bowering (2003) also examined the use of English in the mathematics and science classrooms.The findings suggested that total translation as an easy way out defeated the purpose of teaching the subjects in English.Teachers should be exposed to alternative instructional approaches so that the content taught is expressed to suit the proficiency level of the students.Based on these studies, it can be said that there are many aspects to be considered when using English to teach science and mathematics.Student and teacher factors are important variables which can affect the outcome of the learning and teaching process.

METHODOLOGY
The actual study employed a mixed method design which involved the use of multiple instruments; survey questionnaire, interview and the development of a competency test.For this paper, the discussion is based on the data collected using a questionnaire.A stratified random sampling of teachers was employed based on three zones: north, central and south of Peninsular Malaysia.For the northern zone, data were collected from respondents in the state of Kedah and Kelantan, central zone from Perak and Pahang and southern zone from Johor and Melaka.A total of 600 survey questionnaires were distributed and 495 questionnaires were returned (a return rate of 82.5%).The responses given by the respondents were collected and later analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science for MS Windows Release 10.05) software.Data was analysed using frequencies and percentages.The Cronbach's alpha reliability index of the questionnaire is 0.80.
The respondents for the study are 495 secondary school teachers from the north, cental and south zones of Peninsular Malaysia.In terms of gender, 78% are female while 22% are male teachers.These teachers represent the three main races in Malaysia, that is Malay (50%), Indian (30%) and Chinese (20%).Majority of these teachers have about 5 year teaching experience at a secondary school.In terms of subject matter expertise, 58% are Mathematics teacher while 42% are Science teachers.43% of these teachers are teaching science or mathematics as their first option as they major in that subject during their tertiary level education.Based on the background information, 80% of these teachers have attended courses and in-service training pertaining to teaching these two subjects in English that were

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The focus of the paper is on the teachers' pedagogical skills and content knowldge.In the following, the analysis of teaching aspects such as subject matter content, pedagogical approach, classroom management, use of resources, assessment, preparation of teaching materials, managing students, teachers' compensatory communication strategies, use of first language and teachers' perspectives of teaching content subjects in English will be discussed.
In terms of subject matter content, majority of the teachers indicate that they are familiar with mathematical/scientific concepts in English (84%), confident to teach science/mathematics concepts in English (75.8%) and confident of their knowledge of science/mathematics (90.3%).Based on the information in Table 2, majority of these teachers agree that they are confident and well-versed in their subject matter content, in terms of knowledge and concepts.For pedagogical approach, teachers are asked to examine the way they deliver their lesson.
The range of percentage is 50.9% -80.2%.The findings show that teachers are able to vary their teaching approach to match students' abilities (80.2%), give examples related to mathematical/scientific concepts using English (76.6%), manipulate statements and expressions with symbols and formulas in English (74.5%), draw relationships by making connections between concepts (74.5%) and guide students to define science and mathematics terminologies correctly in English (74.1%).However, 50.9% of the teachers are able to develop student's creative use of the language (making analogies, using metaphors, etc.), using English and 51.1% could use creative activities in English in their science/mathematics lessons such as role play and drama in English.Based on the details in Table 3, it can be said that these teachers are able to vary their pedagogical approaches in order to fit their students needs and abilities.Among the techniques employed are giving examples, using symbols and formulas and making connections between concepts.In terms of classroom management, majority of the respondents agreed that they were able to handle it well.The results showed that they were able to reward their students appropriately in English (81.8%), deliver lessons in English within the specified time (81%), monitor students' activities in the science/mathematics classroom using English (73.1%), encourage student's participation using English (65.9%), handle student's disruptive behavior in an appropriate manner using English.(63.6%) and discipline the students using English (61.6%).
In other words, these teachers were able to manage their classroom well using English as shown in Table 4.For the use of resources, majority of the respondents indicated that they were able to make use of the various resources in English available in and outside the school.The results showed that the teachers were able to use various science/mathematics resources in English that are available in school (85.9%), develop science/mathematics teaching aids in English (68.3%), make students aware of science/ mathematics relationship to real life via extra-curricular activities such as the Environmental Awareness Club, Science/ Mathematics Camp and Science/Mathematics Club, etc. (65.1%) and use various Science/Mathematics resources in English available outside of school (64.6%).It can be said that the teachers were able to utilize science and mathematics resources in English from inside and outside the school efficiently.Table 5 described the details of the results.Part of being competent in the pedagogical approach, a teacher should be able to handle the formative and summative assessments of the students.In terms of assessment, the findings showed that teachers were able to ask questions in English (88.9%), construct test items in English (84.8%), identify learning problems when teaching in English (84%) and assign appropriate learning tasks in English (82%).This is due to their education background as most of them are knowledgeable and trained in their subject matter.However, 60-63% of the teachers agreed that they were able to trigger students' further thinking and encourage them to think critically in English.This is probably attributed to the teachers' lack of confidence in using English.Table 6 illustrates the analysis of the teachers' pedagogical approach in terms of assessment.Teachers are also required to be able to prepare their teaching materials competently.For the preparation of teaching materials, majority of the teachers agreed that they were able to use teaching resources in English provided by the school (91.3%), describe models used for teaching science/mathematics using English (81.8%), adapt teaching resources in English based on students' learning needs (88.1%), use supplementary materials that are in English (88.1%) and demonstrate the use of scientific apparatus and mathematics learning aids using English (81.6%).In other words, these teachers perceived that they had no problems in preparing teaching materials for science and mathematics in English as shown in Table 7.The questionnaire also examined how teachers managed students in science/mathematics classes by looking at the use of student language, attitude and motivation.For student language, the findings showed that teachers were able to understand their good students when they speak in English (90.9%), communicate in English (89.7%) and write in English (88.1%).
In addition, they also indicate that they are also able to understand when their weak student speak (86.3%) and write in English (83%).Thus, these teachers were able to understand their good and weak students when they speak and write in English as illustrated in Table 8.In terms of students' attitude, these teachers agreed that only 53.5% of their students like science and mathematics to be taught in English.Only about half of the students preferred to participate in class activities in English (48.5%), access materials in English from the internet (47.3%), read science/ mathematics materials in English (45.3%) and respond to questions in English (43.4%).In fact, only 45.7% of the teachers agree that their students prefer to given explanations in English.The results showed that teachers perceived that students' attitude towards learning the two subjects, science and mathematics in English was less encouraging.Table 9 illustrated the analysis of students' attitude towards learning science and mathematics in English.Teachers also agreed that not many of their students were motivated to learn science and mathematics in English.Findings showed that only 51.3% of their students were interested to learn science and mathematics in English.In other words, the results showed that less than 45% of the teachers perceived that students make extra effort to use English in their learning (43.6 %), are interested to ask more questions in English (40.2%) and interact in English during science/ mathematics lesson (39.6%).Looking at the percentage, it can be concluded that majority of the teachers perceive that their students are less keen to study science and mathematics in English as shown in Table 10.For teacher's compensatory communication strategies, the results showed a strong agreement towards the use of English based on the range of percentage (70.9%-87.5%).This is because compensatory communication strategies could aid understanding and learning of the subject matter in English.Majority of the teachers agreed that they used Bahasa Melayu/mother tongue when they needed to help their students understand (87.5%), adjust the degree of formality of their English to help students understand (87.3%), translate from English to Bahasa Melayu or from Bahasa Melayu to English to clarify science/mathematics ideas/concepts.(85.7%), use many appropriate gestures in their teaching science/mathematics in English (81.8%), paraphrase explanations in their teaching using English (78.4%) and repeat their explanations in my teaching using English (72.9%).Table 11 provided the details of the analysis.The findings also showed that majority of the teachers used the first language between 60-70% of the time in teaching science and mathematics.These teachers rationalized that they used the mother tongue in teaching Science and Mathematics in order to help weak student (349), clarify ideas (293), explain ideas (259), discipline student (138), give instruction (132), demonstrate procedures/activities (130) and finally to praise students (82).Thus, the use of mother tongue will help teachers to provide assistance to student when they do not understand the use of English when learning science and mathematics as indicated in the findings based on the questionnaire.
The findings reported in this study revealed that they are many challenges faced by teachers when implementing the content-based instruction in the students' second language.In this study, the teachers are well equipped with the subject matter content of science and mathematics.In other words, these teachers have more than adequate content knowledge but they have to grapple with students' varying level of English language proficiency.
In a diversified second language literacy context, teachers must be well equipped with effective effective pedagogical skills and content knowledge to cope with the students' varying level.For the pedagogical approach, these teachers were able to vary the techniques of delivering the lessons and manage their classrooms well.They could also competently use resources from inside and outside the school, prepare teaching materials, use multiple forms of formative and summative assessment and also apply suitable compensatory communication strategies for their students.In other words, these teachers have the knowledge of the subject matter topics in science and mathematics and are able to organize, represent and adapt to the diverse interests and abilities of their learners and then present for instruction as advocated by Magnusson, Krajcik and Borko (1999) and Shulman (1986).
Although they have an adequate level of pedagogical content knowledge, these teachers need to deal with students who have varying level of English language proficiency.When the students' attitude and motivation toward learning science and mathematics in English were examined, it was found that most students were not as keen to leran the two subjects in English.Although these teachers were able to understand their good and weak students using English, about 50% of the students like to be taught sceience and mathematics in English.
Less than 50% of the students do not show their preference to use, interact and make effort English in their science and mathematics class.These teachers were able to employ numerous compensatory communication strategies using gestures, paraphrasing, clarifying, translating and so on to facilitate student learning in their science and mathematics class.In fact, the findings showed that teachers used the first language almost 70% of the time in teaching these two subjects to help the weak students, clarify and explain ideas and to give instruction and demonstrate procedures.They tried to apply as many assitance they can to help students to learn science and mathematics in English.
As teachers and agents of change, they agree that English language proficiency is important to help them absorb and understand information and also deliver or transfer knowledge to students in the best possible manner.With competent level of pedagogical content knowledge, teachers are able to facilitate and deliver relevant content knowledge to their students.

CONCLUSION
In general, these teachers have adequate pedagogical content knowledge as they are able to integrate their understanding by combining subject matter content, instructional methods and students characterisctics.As trained and experienced teachers, they realized the need to use a variety of teaching methods, resources strategies to maximise student learning process in the content based instruction.However, teaching content subject matter such as mathematics and science in English can be very challenging when students have varying level of proficiency.
Based on this scenario, there is a need to find ways to create a positive learning environment that will encourage and motivate student to like learning science and mathematics in English and at the same time improve their level of English proficiency.Getting support from the school, parents and surrounding community can further facilitate the process of learning science and mathematics in English.In line with Hamidah's et al. (2005) study, the implementation of content based instruction in English in Malaysian school can be further improved by providing numerous and consistent in-house training and workshop.Combined with teachers' pedagogical content knowledge and students' increased interest, attitude and motivation, the process of teaching and learning science and mathematics in English will be enhanced.
Results from the study could also be used to provide implications for school administrators in making decisions in the assignment of capable teachers to teach the various levels of classes for science and mathematics.Teachers who are well equipped with competent pedagogical content knowledge would be able to impart their subject matter content to their students effectively.For those teachers who are not confident in teaching science and mathematics in English, they should be given more in-house training and courses.In addition, teachers could participate in their self and professional development programs so as to inculcate positive and life-long learning efforts in their pursuit to becoming a competent teacher for content based instruction.

Tengku Nor Rizan Tengku Mohamad Maasum, Nooreiny Maarof, Hamidah Yamat, Effandi Zakaria An
Investigation of Teachers' Pedagogical Skills and Content Knowledge in a Content-based Instruction Context beliefs and knowledge.Teaching requires a special kind of content knowledge.Teaching involves showing students how to solve problems, answering students' questions and checking students' workdemands an understanding of the content of the school curriculum.

Table 2
Teachers' Subject Matter Content

Table 3
Pedagogical Approach: Delivery of lesson

Table 4
Classroom management

Table 5
Pedagogical Approach: Use of Resources

Table 7
Pedagogical Approach: Preparation of Teaching Materials

Tengku Nor Rizan Tengku Mohamad Maasum, Nooreiny Maarof, Hamidah Yamat, Effandi Zakaria An
Investigation of Teachers' Pedagogical Skills and Content Knowledge in a Content-based Instruction Context