Effect of curing condition on shelf life of fresh potatoes storage in Easter Hararghe zone of Oromia region

The quality of potato and its storage life is reduced by the loss of moisture loss, decay and physiological breakdown. These deteriorations are directly related to storage temperature, relative humidity, air circulation and gas composition Curing process which is hardening the skin of potatoes and Bruise prevention is an important part of keeping quality of potatoes with minimum weight loss and storage diseases. The process was facilitated by dark, dry and warm location for six (6), and eight (8) days, at temperature ranges of 17oC -20oC and relative’s humidity of 74-85 % to healing wound. In addition, curing tubers, the storage has been constructed by integrating the application storage techniques, design factors and management fundamentals into storage systems to minimize the storage losses. As a result of storage good management of the storage temperature observed as 12-16 ̊C inside and 25-30 ̊C outside, relative humidity of 77-85 % inside and 40-50 % outside. The observations of weight changes were recorded till end of storage over a 10-14 week throughout storing period with the total physiological loss of 18-24% with loss of (Gudanne < Shantama < Tulema) resulted under six day curing. Total losses include sprouting, greening moisture loss and rotting. Among these (sprouted (%) of lowest mean values loss was resulted as 2.0, 2.01 and 2.5, moisture losses (%) 0.58, 0.56 and 0.63, for variety of gudane, shantama and tulama respectively out of 18 kg before storage, in addition six day curing had signifi cance effect among treatment, on moisture losses, and sprouted, but non signifi cance for rotten and color change at (P< 0.05). As well as the laboratory result of chemical composition of stored tubers were match with that of scientifi c fi ndings. Since curing and storing of the potato tubers results shows minimal tuber weight loss and chemical composition quality via 10th to 14 week in storage, we recommend farmers to cure before storing the potato tubers under good storage management to slow down deterioration.


Introduction
The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important food crop in the world after wheat, rice and maize as well as ranks 4 th in the world with respect to food production (Eltawil, et al. 2006). It is a semi-perishable commodity. Potatoes have important food value and cash crop in Ethiopia, especially in the high and mid altitude areas. According to [1], of Ethiopia shown that potential production of East Hararghe zone was 194,247.72 quintal and numbers of holders 34,732.00, among potential producers worade Haramaya, Kombolcha and Dadar were most potato producing area during Meher and Balg season. Potatoes production area mainly practices by peasant farmer and both home and market supply. Though the land in the zone has high production potential both for rain fed and irrigated potato cultivation, but lack of prolonging condition with improved storages among the major factors limiting the production and productivity of farmers in all potato growing areas [2].
Potato storage should have adequate insulation, outside waterproofi ng, inside vapor proofi ng, ventilation, air distribution, adequate humidifi cation, and properly designed controls for precisely maintaining the storage atmosphere. The room must be completely dark or the potato tubers must be covered. Darkness is important in preventing light from reaching the tubers and causing their skin to turn green [3]. storage should prevent excessive dehydration, decay, sprouting and high sugar concentrations, which result in dark colored fried products [4]. Appropriate and effi cient post-harvest technology and marketing are critical to the entire productionconsumption system of potato because of its bulkiness and perishability [5].
According to trials of potatoes tubers treated for two weeks by above ground pit-curing method showed only 40% total loss of tubers after 4 months of storage, compared to 100% of untreated tubers [6]. Despite precautions taken to prevent injury to the potato tuber, some damage is likely and a curing process is necessary for any wounds to heal. The healing process is facilitated by curing, which refers to putting potato tubers in a place conducive to encourage the skin to harden and heal bruises that happen during digging [7]. The curing process prevents rotting of harvested tubers. It should be done in a dark, dry and warm location. Potato tubers should be placed at temperature of between 15ºC and 25ºC for 4 to 15 days to cure.
If the potato tubers are harvested wet, they should be drayedoff before storage [8,9].
However, there is potential production of potatoes in study districts all the product was supplying to the market during onseason and saturated the market supply which exceeding the existing demand by far. As a result, the selling price in the local market falls extremely, mostly to the extent that it cannot cover the production cost invested by farmers. So ever falling in price the farmers obliged to sell at any market value, this is due to lack of alternative means to extend its shelf life of the products toward waiting for reasonable selling price [10]. In order to prolong the shelf life of potatoes tubers, the study was aimed to test the effect of curing condition on fresh potatoes products [11,12]. The process was facilitated by dark, dry and warm location to healing wound to minimize loss, and the study was aimed to facilitate good ware storage management to control the losses due to storage relative humidity and temperature. As usually naturally ventilated air was used to regulate the inside room temperature and relative humidity. Hence the aim of this study was to evaluate effect of curing conditions on shelf life of different potato varieties and to evaluate the optimum storage period and calibrate curing factors for major potato varieties produced in the area [13].

Description of the study area
The project was conducted on station in the compound of FARC, which is located in East Hararghe zone of Oromia National Regional State of 1885 m above sea level, eastern Ethiopia and 522 km far from Finfi nne. The district is lying between 09°18'9''N latitudes and 42°07`3'' longitudes.

Materials
Materials used during implementation were Digital weight balance, thermo-hygrometer, small water tank and other laboratory materials were collected from Haramaya University, Food chemistry laboratory.

Storage structures
The construction site of storage was selected considering free air movement area. The basic functions of storage buildings of stored tuber were protected the commodity against weather, and provided storage temperature, air circulation, relative humidity and atmospheric condition were maintained naturally. A good ceiling was provided for insulation in order to block direct sun light and absorbed heat emitted from outside environments. Three bottom and above wall window which was covered by wire mesh to protected entrance of insect and rodent. It was opened at night to remove heat generated due to respiration and to regulate the stored tubers moisture content by carrying humidify air that come from bottom windows small tank water edible potatoes Storage was constructed from locally available material like wooden, pole and mud. The dimensions of warehouse were 1.9 m wide, 4.80 m length and 2.70 m height, and internally classifi ed into nine shelves (9) and had classifi ed into twenty-seven shelf (27) box. The wall of storage was covered inside and outside by mud up to 10 cm thicknesses. As fi gure below external and internal potato storage was attempted to describe.

Sample preparation
Removal of excess fi eld moisture: The samples were collected from the potato producers at their edible maturity stage a few hours before curing time to avoid the possibility of moisture losses, as well as damage that might occur due to contamination of environmental factors prior to storage bruises and signs of infection were discarded from the sample before curing and storing. The stored potatoes were drayed off by natural air for removal excess moisture from the outer layer and other foreign materials were removed. As showed in fi gure.
Curing process and storage period: Potatoes tubers of different size was obtained from each variety to undergo curing process. Curing was carried out under shade and covered by wetted grass immediately after harvest, the sample had classifi ed as zero (0), six (6), and eight (8) days and at temperature ranges of 17-20ºC and relatives' humidity of 74-85 %. An amount of 490 kg, for testing were prepared and applied cure with zero (0), six (6), and eight (8) days, which was referred to put potato tubers in a place conducive to encouraged the skin to harden and healed minor bruises that happen during digging. According to trials of potatoes tubers treated for two weeks by above ground pit-curing method showed only 40% total loss of tubers after 4 months of storage, compared to 100% of untreated tubers [14,15].

Treatment and experimental design
The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Variety and curing duration were factors. Each treatment was replicated three times, accordingly the experiment 27 total combination of treatments which contained 18 kg sample for curing treatments. Not cured, after six (6) and eight days (8) were conducted for the experiments under constant storage managements. The treatment was prepared under two curing period and control non-cured accordingly zero (0), six (6), and eight (8)

Temperature and relative humidity
The storage air temperature and relative humidity was recorded two times weekly three times in days at 4-hrs intervals during the day-time using digital electronic Thermohygrometer model ETHG 913 R placed inside and outside storage. The average both temperature and relatives humidity difference between the inside storage and outside was calculated by using the following relationship.

Temperature
Since the study area was not able to given the temperature (cold) that favourable for storing the product. It's necessarily needed to maintained as much as possible by naturally ventilated method using water aeration system Where; ∆T = average residual temperature between air in the storage and ambient air T in = inside storage temperature T out = outside storage temperature n= number of records

Relative humidity
Since the study area was not able to given the humidity (moist environment) that favourable for storing the product.
It's necessarily needed to maintained as much as possible by natural ventilated method using water aeration system.
Where, RH=average residual relative humidity between inside and outside of storage R in = inside storage relative R out = outside storage relative n= number of record

Weight loss of potatoes (%)
Weight losses were taken from the sum of sprouted, rotten, color changed, and moisture loss of cured sample. The measurement was done by digital electronic balance having precision of 0.01gm, in the monthly interval and the difference between initial weight and fi nal weight gave the total weight loss percentages.

 
Where, W i = initial weight W f =fi nal weight W = weight losses

Number of potatoes sprouted
The sprouted of potato was determined by counting the number of sprouted potato at monthly intervals during the storage period. The sprouted potatoes were discarded after each count to avoid double counting.

Number of rotten potatoes (%)
The incidence of rotting was determined by counting the numbers of rotten potatoes were discarded after each observing to avoid double counting.

Moisture loss (%)
Moisture content has a direct economic importance and a signifi cant infl uence on the shelf life of potato tubers [5,16].
Potato tubers generally contain 63 -80 % moisture resulting in an ambient relative humidity. On the other hand [5], stated that the moisture content of potato tubers variation leads to shrinking when lost and deterioration at above internal saturation state, calculated as follows.

Palatability of potatoes
The quality measurements method of stored potato was tested according to [17]. Within every month of stored period the stored potato tubers were cooked & tested by untrained panelists. During palatability evaluation, panelists were instructed to drink water or wash mouth after each evaluation. Sensory evaluation was done on the daytimes.

Visual quality assessment
Visual quality was examined in accordance with the sensory evaluation standards [17]. Untrained panelist was scored on a scale of 9 points (1-9). In which 1. Dislike extremely, 2. Dislike very much, 3. Dislike moderately, 4. Dislike slightly, 5. Neither like nor dislike, 6. Like slightly, 7. Like moderately, 8. Like very much, 9. Like extremely. With this regarded every one month of stored period potatoes were cooked & tested by panelist and gave score as above rating scale Picture 1.

Chemicals composition of potatoes
The results of moisture, ash, fi bre, carbohydrates, and some minerals contents were comparable to the results achieved by [18] as well as by [4].
Chemical combustion of stored potato was tested in laboratory throughout storing period.The potato tubers contain 35 % moisture, 25 %vitamin C, 16 % dietary fi bre, 12.5 % Carbohydrates, 10 % calcium and other. The composition of potato tubers, however, varies considerably according to the class of potato, its variety of origin and the proportion of outer parts removal by particular milling process [19,20].

Methods of data analysis
All measured variables were subjected to Genstat 15 th edition software for analysis of variance. When the treatment effects were found signifi cant, the mean difference was tested using least signifi cant difference at 5% level of probability.

Physiological weight loss
All the physiological losses mentioned below were depend on the storage conditions and perishability of tubers, therefore it could be limited by maintaining favorable conditions in the storage as well as hardening the skin of the tubers was observed to minimize the losses. ANOVA indicated that curing effect on Gudane, Shantama and Tulema variety was signifi cance difference among treatment, of moisture losses, sprouted, colour change, but non signifi cance for rotten and colour change (P< 0.05) as shown in Table 2.
The laboratory result of chemical composition of Total soluble solid, carbohydrate, proteins, fi bre, ash, Moisture contents (%) and vitamin C in average result of treatment that cured after six days was failed between ranges of the in potato tubers were comparable to the results achieved by [6,[23][24][25][26][27] as well as by [4]. qualitative loss for all three varieties majorly next to that of after eight days which affect sugar contents of tubers, so that after six-day curing shown that good performance Table 3.
This due to undergo optimum curing days means, it was not too long day's not too short day. Accordingly, the result had indicated that the existing differences in chemical composition of tubers were comparable with these fi ndings.

Temperature and relative humidity
From the plotted graph between number of record versus temperature or humidity plotted the fi rst two column shown temperature and the second column shown humidity accordingly the inside temperature of storage was varied between 12-16ºC against ambient temperature variations between 25-30ºC, and Relatives Humidity inside the structure was 77-85% against that of outside 40-50%. As shown from the graph the inside average temperature was much less than ambient temperature, which was regulated by cool air entrance, this indicated that keep coldness and moistness of internal storage was critical to maintained the internal storage, similarly for humidity Figure 1.

Visual quality assessment
Visual quality was examined in accordance with the sensory evaluation standards [17] and [23] Table 4.
From above table the sensory average result shown that for three varieties under not cured treatment had lowest value overall acceptance of scored as 5 (Neither like nor dislike), as the panelist stated that not cured treatment taste was bitter, appearance and texture of not cured was not attractive when compared with that of cured treatments. In addition, curing for six days was scored highest value of (7 and 8) like moderately and like very much respectively which was preferred than eight days curing. This revealed that for three varieties (Gudane, Shantama, and Tulema) curing condition had positive effect on six-day curing time shown good performance in case of sensory analysis.

Conclusion
The result taken from analyses of three potato varieties indicated that curing effect after six days had positive effect for major variety. The curing condition and good storage management was serve producers by preventing the spoilage of potatoes tubers which make them available at off-season in places they were harvested. Curing effect had positive impact on potato tuber storage regarding the level of the storage of fresh potato to prolong the shelf life of potato from 14 days to 10 and 14 weeks, with the total loss of 18 to 24% at the end of storage period. The result of loss was lower than trials which potato tubers treated for two weeks by above ground pitcuring method showed only 40% lost tubers after 3 months of storage (FAO 2000). The inside storage temperature range

Recommendation
The