자기비난 수준에 따른 인지적 유연성의 차이

doi:10.17315/kjhp.2021.26.6.005

본 연구는 자기비난 수준에 따라 인지적 유연성에 차이가 있는지 실험을 통해 확인하는 것이다. 연구대상은 K지역의 대학생으로 실험 참여에 동의한 57명이다. 참여자 모집은 온라인/오프라인을 통해 배포된 홍보지의 큐알코드에 접속, 연구 참여에 동의한 후 설문에 응답하여 이루어졌다. 실시된 자기비난/자기공격과 자기위안 형태척도의 절단점 자기비난 24점을 기준으로 자기비난이 고집단과 17점의 저집단으로 구분해 분석에 활용하였다. 인지적 유연성의 측정을 위해 과제전환의 패러다임을 활용하였고, 한 시행에서 다음 시행으로 넘어갈 때 동일한 규칙으로 과제수행을 하면 반복시행, 다른 규칙으로 과제수행을 하면 전환시행이라고 한다. 이때 전환시행에서 반복시행을 뺀 값을 전환비용이라하며 이 값이 클수록 인지적 유연성이 떨어짐을 의미한다. 실험에서 활용되는 단어자극은 사전에 생물/무생물, 긍정/부정에 대해 평정을 진행하여 타당도를 확보하였고, 연습을 통해 실험과정을 충분히 이해하고 시작하였다. 연구결과, 고집단이 저집단에 비해 과제 수행에서 더 좋은 결과를 보였으나, 전환비용에서 집단간 차이가 유의미하지 않았다. 또한, 자극의 정서가에서 고집단이 저집단에 비해 부정 단어에 대한 전환비용이 유의미하게 높게 나타났다. 이는 자기비난 고집단이 부정적 자극에 노출되었을 때 인지적 유연성이 저하될 수 있음을 의미한다. 마지막으로 연구결과를 토대로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점, 향후 연구에 대해 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in cognitive flexibility depending on the level of self-criticism through experimental procedures. A total of 57 students of a university in south Korea participated in this study. A score of above 24 and a score of under 17 for FSCRS were assigned each a high self-criticism (HG) group and a low self-criticism (LG) group, respectively. These students participated in an experiment of task-switching using task paradigm (TS), to measure cognitive flexibility. The TS presented that, the greater the switch-cost people got, the less the cognitive flexibility they had. Results of the study showed that the HG group had better task performance than the LG, although differences in switch-cost between the two groups were not significant. In the valence, the switch-cost for negative words was significantly higher than that of LG. This means that cognitive flexibility can be reduced when groups with high self-criticism are exposed to negative stimuli. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed.

자기비난, 인지적 유연성, 과제전환, 전환비용
self-criticism, cognitive flexibility, task-switching, switch-cost

1. [학술지] 박태진 / 2004 / 한국어 단어의 연상 빈도 및 심상가 조사 / 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 / 16 (2) : 237 ~ 2
2. [단행본] 서상규 / 2015 / 한국어 구어 빈도사전 2 / 한국문화사
3. [학술지] 신선임 / 2017 / 대학생의 평가염려 완벽주의와 학업적 착수-완수지연 간의 관계: 자기비난의 매개효과 / 청소년상담연구 / 25 (1) : 95 ~ 1
4. [학술지] 이민규 / 1998 / 완벽주의 성향과 자기효능감이우울과 과제수행에 미치는 영향 / Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology / 17 (1) : 211 ~ 1
5. [학술지] 고은영 / 2013 / 사회부과적 완벽주의와 자살사고의 관계: 자기비난과 심리적 극통의 매개효과 / 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료 / 25 (1) : 63 ~ 1
6. [학술지] 임선영 / 2012 / 대학생의 관계상실을 통한 성장에 관한 연구: 인지적 유연성과 인지적 정서조절 방략을 중심으로 / 한국심리학회지:일반 / 31 (2) : 261 ~ 2
7. [학술지] 정현희 / 2019 / 자기위안편지쓰기가 자기비난 경향 대학생의 정신건강과 인지편향에 미치는 효과 / 인지행동치료 / 19 (2) : 133 ~ 2
8. [학술지] 조현주 / 2019 / 자기비난 체험과정에 대한 현상학 연구 / 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료 / 31 (4) : 1053 ~ 4
9. [학술지] 조현주 / 2011 / 한국판 자기비판/자기공격과 자기위안 형태척도의 신뢰도와 타당도 연구 / 인지행동치료 / 11 (2) : 137 ~ 2
10. [학술지] 한성열 / 2001 / 스트레스상황특성에 따른 적응적인 대처양식: 대처양식의 유연성 제안 / 한국심리학회지 : 건강 / 6 (2) : 123 ~ 2
11. [학술지] Aronfreed, J. / 1964 / The origin of self-criticism / Psychological Review / 71 (3) : 193 ~ 3
12. [학술지] Awh, E. / 2003 / Top-down control over biased competition during covert spatial orienting / Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance / 29 (1) : 52 ~ 1
13. [학술지] Baião, R. / 2015 / Forms of self‐criticising/attacking &self‐reassuring scale: Psychometric properties and normative study / Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice / 88 (4) : 438 ~ 4
14. [학술지] Besser, A. / 2011 / Dependency, self-criticism and negative affective responses following imaginary rejection and failure threats : Meaning-making processes as moderators or mediators / Psychiatry : Interpersonal &Biological Processes / 74 (1) : 31 ~ 1
15. [학술지] Besser, A. / 2008 / The associations between self-criticism and dependency and incidental learning of interpersonal and achievement words / Personality and Individual Differences / 44 (8) : 1696 ~ 8
16. [학술지] Blatt, S. J. / 1974 / Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression / The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child / 29 (1) : 107 ~ 1
17. [학술지] Blatt, S. J. / 1992 / Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition : Two prototypes for depression / Clinical Psychology Review / 12 (5) : 527 ~ 5
18. [학술지] Blatt, S. J. / 1995 / Impact of perfectionism and need for approval on the brief treatment of depression : the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program revisited / Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology / 63 (1) : 125 ~ 1
19. [학술지] Cheng, C. / 2001 / Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings : a multimethod approach / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology / 80 (5) : 814 ~ 5
20. [학술지] Cohen, J. D. / 1990 / On the control of automatic processes : a parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect / Psychological Review / 97 (3) : 332 ~ 3
21. [학술지] Cox, B. J. / 2004 / Psychological dimensions associated with suicidal ideation and attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey / Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior / 34 (3) : 209 ~ 3
22. [학술지] Cox, B. J. / 2004 / Neuroticism and self-criticism associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in a nationally representative sample / Behaviour Research and Therapy / 42 (1) : 105 ~ 1
23. [학술지] Cox, B. J. / 2000 / Is self-criticism unique for depression? A comparison with social phobia / Journal of Affective Disorders / 57 (1-3) : 223 ~ 1-3
24. [학술지] Cox, B. J. / 2002 / Self-criticism in generalized social phobia and response to cognitive-behavioral treatment / Behavior Therapy / 33 (4) : 479 ~ 4
25. [학술지] Dennis, J. P. / 2010 / The cognitive flexibility inventory : Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity / Cognitive Therapy and Research / 34 (3) : 241 ~ 3
26. [학술지] Dombrovski, A. Y. / 2010 / Reward/punishment reversal learning in older suicide attempters / American Journal of Psychiatry / 167 (6) : 699 ~ 6
27. [학술지] Driscoll, R. / 1989 / Self-condemnation: A comprehensive framework for assessment and treatment / Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training / 26 (1) : 104 ~ 1
28. [학술지] Dunkley, D. M. / 2006 / Specific perfectionism components versus self-criticism in predicting maladjustment / Personality and Individual Differences / 40 (4) : 665 ~ 4
29. [학술지] Fennig, S. / 2008 / Self-criticism is a key predictor of eating disorder dimensions among inpatient adolescent females / International Journal of Eating Disorders / 41 (8) : 762 ~ 8
30. [단행본] Fiske, S. T. / 2013 / Social cognition: From brains to culture / Sage
31. [학술지] Fredrickson, B. L. / 2008 / Open hearts build lives : positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology / 95 (5) : 1045 ~ 5
32. [학술지] Garnefski, N. / 2001 / Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems / Personality and Individual Differences / 30 (8) : 1311 ~ 8
33. [학술지] Garon, N. / 2008 / Executive function in preschoolers : a review using an integrative framework / Psychological Bulletin / 134 (1) : 31 ~ 1
34. [학술지] Gilbert, P. / 1998 / The evolved basis and adaptive functions of cognitive distortions / British Journal of Medical Psychology / 71 (4) : 447 ~ 4
35. [학술지] Gilbert, P. / 2009 / Introducing compassion-focused therapy / Advances in Psychiatric Treatment / 15 (3) : 199 ~ 3
36. [학술지] Gilbert, P. / 2010 / An introduction to compassion focused therapy in cognitive behavior therapy / International Journal of Cognitive Therapy / 3 (2) : 97 ~ 2
37. [학술지] Gilbert, P. / 2006 / Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach / Clinical Psychology &Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice / 13 (6) : 353 ~ 6
38. [학술지] Gilbert, P. / 2006 / Self-criticism and self-warmth : An imagery study exploring their relation to depression / Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy / 20 (2) : 183 ~ 2
39. [학술지] Gilbert, P. / 2004 / Criticizing and reassuring oneself : An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students / British Journal of Clinical Psychology / 43 (1) : 31 ~ 1
40. [학술지] Gilbert, P. / 2011 / Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures / Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice / 84 (3) : 239 ~ 3
41. [학술지] Glassman, L. H. / 2007 / Child maltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the mediating role of self-criticism / Behaviour Research and Therapy / 45 (10) : 2483 ~ 10
42. [학술지] Hermanto, N. / 2016 / Ability to receive compassion from others buffers the depressogenic effect of self-criticism : A cross-cultural multi-study analysis / Personality and Individual Differences / 98 : 324 ~
43. [학술지] Iancu, I. / 2015 / Self esteem, dependency, self-efficacy and selfcriticism in social anxiety disorder / Comprehensive Psychiatry / 58 : 165 ~
44. [학술지] Ionescu, T. / 2012 / Exploring the nature of cognitive flexibility / New Ideas in Psychology / 30 (2) : 190 ~ 2
45. [단행본] Irons, C. / 2019 / The Compassionate Mind Approach to Difficult Emotions: Using Compassion Focused Therapy / Robinson
46. [학술지] Kamholz, B. W. / 2006 / Identification and evaluation of cognitive affect-regulation strategies : Development of a self-report measure / Cognitive Therapy and Research / 30 (2) : 227 ~ 2
47. [학술지] Kannan, D. / 2013 / A review of client self-criticism in psychotherapy / Journal of Psychotherapy Integration / 23 (2) : 166 ~ 2
48. [학술지] Kelly, A. C. / 2013 / Why selfcritical patients present with more severe eating disorder pathology : The mediating role of shame / British Journal of Clinical Psychology / 52 (2) : 148 ~ 2
49. [학술지] Löw, C. A. / 2020 / Self-criticism and psychotherapy outcome : A systematic review and meta-analysis / Clinical Psychology Review / 75 : 101808
50. [학술지] Lowyck, B. / 2017 / Self-critical perfectionism, dependency, and symptomatic distress in patients with personality disorder during hospitalization-based psychodynamic treatment: A parallel process growth modeling approach / Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment / 8 (3) : 268 ~ 3
51. [학술지] Marshall, M. B. / 2008 / Self‐criticism predicts differential response to treatment for major depression / Journal of Clinical Psychology / 64 (3) : 231 ~ 3
52. [학술지] Martin, M. M. / 1995 / A new measure of cognitive flexibility / Psychological Reports / 76 (2) : 623 ~ 2
53. [학술지] Gilbert, P. / 2011 / Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures / Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice / 84 (3) : 239 ~ 3
54. [학술지] McGirr, A. / 2012 / Deterministic learning and attempted suicide among older depressed individuals : cognitive assessment using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task / Journal of Psychiatric Research / 46 (2) : 226 ~ 2
55. [학술지] McIntyre, R. / 2018 / The role of self-criticism in common mental health difficulties in students: A systematic review of prospective studies / Mental Health &Prevention / 10 : 13 ~
56. [학술지] Mongrain, M. / 1995 / Motivational and affective correlates of dependency and self-criticism / Personality and Individual Differences / 18 (3) : 347 ~ 3
57. [학술지] Monsell, S. / 2003 / Task switching / Trends in Cognitive Sciences / 7 (3) : 134 ~ 3
58. [단행본] Posner, M. I. / 1998 / The attentive brain / MIT Press : 401 ~
59. [학술지] Powell, P. A. / 2014 / The revolting self : An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of self-disgust in females with depressive symptoms / Journal of Clinical Psychology / 70 (6) : 562 ~ 6
60. [단행본] Power, M. J. / 2008 / Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder / Taylor Francis
61. [학술지] Powers, T. A. / 2011 / The effects of self-criticism and self-oriented perfectionism on goal pursuit / Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin / 37 (7) : 964 ~ 7
62. [학술지] Rahamim, O. / 2016 / Evaluative processes in self-critical individuals: The role of success and failure inductions / Personality and Individual Differences / 100 : 105 ~
63. [학술지] Richter, A. / 2009 / Development of an early memories of warmth and safeness scale and its relationship to psychopathology / Psychology and Psychotherapy:Theory, Research and Practice / 82 (2) : 171 ~ 2
64. [학술지] Rose, A. V. / 2018 / Self‐criticism self‐report measures: Systematic review / Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice / 91 (4) : 450 ~ 4
65. [학술지] Rostampour Brenjestanaki, M. / 2020 / Effectiveness of Compassion-focused Therapy on Psychological Flexibility recovery and Self-criticism decrease in Mothers with Mentally Retarded Children / Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling / 10 (2) : 1 ~ 2
66. [학술지] Schultz, P. W. / 2002 / Rigidity of thought and behavior: 100 years of research / Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs / 128 (2) : 165 ~ 2
67. [학술지] Shahar, B. / 2015 / A wait-list randomized controlled trial of loving-kindness meditation programme for self-criticism / Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy / 22 (4) : 346 ~ 4
68. [학술지] Shahar, G. / 2003 / Role of perfectionism and personality disorder features in response to brief treatment for depression / Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology / 71 (3) : 629 ~ 3
69. [학술지] Sharhabani-Arzy, R. / 2005 / Self-criticism, dependency and posttraumatic stress disorder among a female group of help-seeking victims of domestic violence in Israel / Personality and Individual Differences / 38 (5) : 1231 ~ 5
70. [학술지] Thompson, R. / 2004 / The Levels of Self-Criticism Scale : comparative self-criticism and internalized self-criticism / Personality and Individual Differences / 36 (2) : 419 ~ 2
71. [학술지] Vandierendonck, A. / 2010 / Task switching : interplay of reconfiguration and interference control / Psychological Bulletin / 136 (4) : 601 ~ 4
72. [학술지] Verplanken, B. / 2007 / Mental habits : Metacognitive reflection on negative selfthinking / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology / 92 (3) : 526 ~ 3
73. [학술지] Vliegen, N. / 2009 / Dependency and self‐criticism in post‐partum depression and anxiety: a case control study / Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice / 16 (1) : 22 ~ 1
74. [학술지] Werner, A. M. / 2019 / The clinical trait self-criticism and its relation to psychopathology : A systematic review–Update / Journal of Affective Disorders / 246 : 530 ~
75. [학술지] Whelton, W. J. / 2002 / A verbal analysis of forms of self-criticism / Alberta Journal of Educational Research / 48 (1) : 88 ~ 1

KOAJKorea
Open Access Journals

자기비난 수준에 따른 인지적 유연성의 차이
Differences in Cognitive Flexibility Depending on Level of Self-Criticism

자기비난 수준에 따른 인지적 유연성의 차이 Differences in Cognitive Flexibility Depending on Level of Self-Criticism

초록

키워드

참고문헌(75)

타입을 선택하세요 BibTex RIS APA Harvard MLA Vancouver Chicago

자기비난 수준에 따른 인지적 유연성의 차이

피인용 논문

자기비난 수준에 따른 인지적 유연성의 차이
Differences in Cognitive Flexibility Depending on Level of Self-Criticism

타입을 선택하세요