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Challenges to the Surveillance of Meningococcal Disease in an Era of Declining Incidence in Montréal, Québec

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Though rare in Montréal, meningococcal disease continues to cause serious morbidity and mortality. In an era of declining incidence, our objective was to evaluate the sensitivity and the timeliness of case reporting and the capacity to statistically detect disease clusters.

METHODS: We used the public health department’s reportable disease database (RDD) to calculate the timeliness of reporting by physicians and laboratories for the period 1995 to 2008. The sensitivity of case reporting was evaluated through capture-recapture estimation using the RDD and the hospitalization discharge database (MED-ECHO). To evaluate the detection of cases clustered by time and proximity, we applied scan statistics to the RDD with cases coded by time and geographic location for the period 1992 to 2008.

RESULTS: While the system sensitivity was judged to be high at 94%, physicians reported only 54% of cases. A total of 92.3% of cases were notified by physicians or laboratories within seven days, meaning that in theory, 13 cases were not notified in time to conduct thorough contact tracing and offer chemoprophylaxis to close contacts. In high-incidence years, scan statistics detected two statistically-significant clusters one to two weeks earlier than traditional detection through the manual monitoring of cumulative cases.

CONCLUSIONS: To improve system performance, we recommended increasing the emphasis of laboratory reporting, reinforcing early reporting by physicians and if incidence increases, using scan statistics to identify clusters that can add to a public health practitioner’s initial “hunch” of an emerging outbreak.

Résumé

OBJECTIF: Bien qu’elles soient rares à Montréal, les infections invasives à méningocoques continuent de causer de la morbidité grave et de la mortalité. En période d’incidence décroissante, notre objectif était d’évaluer la sensibilité et la rapidité de la déclaration des cas et la capacité de détecter statistiquement les cas groupés de cette maladie.

MÉTHODE: Nous avons utilisé la base de données des maladies à déclaration obligatoire de la Direction de santé publique (« RDD ») pour calculer la rapidité de la déclaration des cas par les médecins et laboratoires pour la période de 1995 à 2008. La sensibilité de la déclaration des cas a été évaluée par la méthode capture-recapture en utilisant le « RDD » et la base de données des départs hospitaliers (« MED-ECHO »). Pour évaluer la détection des cas groupés dans le temps et l’espace, nous avons appliqué une statistique d’agrégation spatio-temporelle au « RDD » avec les cas codés pour la date et la localisation géographique, pour la période de 1992 à 2008.

RÉSULTATS: Bien que la sensibilité du système ait été considérée élevée, à 94 %, les médecins ont déclaré seulement 54 % des cas; 92.3 % des cas ont été déclarés par les médecins ou laboratoires en sept jours ou moins. Cela signifie que, en théorie, 13 cas n’ont pas été déclarés à temps pour faire l’enquête épidémiologique et offrir la chimioprophylaxie aux contacts étroits. Dans les années où l’incidence était élevée, les statistiques d’agrégation spatio-temporelle ont détecté deux agrégats significatifs de cas une à deux semaines plus tôt que la détection traditionnelle par la surveillance manuelle des cas accumulés.

CONCLUSION: Pour améliorer le fonctionnement du système, nous recommandons de mettre l’accent sur la déclaration par les laboratoires et le renforcement de la déclaration rapide par les médecins. Si l’incidence augmente, nous recommandons d’utiliser des statistiques d’agrégation spatio-temporelle pour identifier les cas groupés, ce qui peut constituer un système de détection précoce d’une éclosion émergente pour les praticiens de santé publique.

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Correspondence to Ruwan Ratnayake MHS.

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Acknowledgements: We thank Jean Gratton and Maryse Lapierre of the Direction de santé publique for their help with file retrieval, and the Canadian Field Epidemiology Program and participants of its scientific writing workshop for their review of the initial report.

Conflict of Interest: None to declare.

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Ratnayake, R., Allard, R. Challenges to the Surveillance of Meningococcal Disease in an Era of Declining Incidence in Montréal, Québec. Can J Public Health 104, e335–e339 (2013). https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.104.3755

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