Creation of development zones in the Arctic: methodology and practice

 Смирнова Ольга Олеговна, доктор экономических наук, руководитель Отделения макроэкономического прогнозирования, стратегического планирования и пространственного развития ФГБНИУ Совет по изучению производительных сил (СОПС) Минэкономразвития России. E-mail: 7823091@mail.ru  Липина Светлана Артуровна, доктор экономических наук, заведующая научно-исследовательской лабораторией Высшей школы государственного управления РАНХиГС, Директор Центра стратегического управления и пространственного развития ФГБНИУ СОПС Минэкономразвития России. E-mail: s.lipina@mail.ru  Кудряшова Елена Владимировна, доктор философских наук, профессор, ректор Северного (Арктического) федерального университета имени М.В. Ломоносова, г. Архангельск. E-mail: e.kudryashova@narfu.ru  Крейденко Татьяна Федоровна, кандидат географических наук, доцент кафедры региональной экономики и географии Российского университета дружбы народов, ведущий научный сотрудник Центра стратегического управления и пространственного развития ФГБНИУ СОПС Минэкономразвития России. E-mail: t.krejdenko@mail.ru  Богданова Юлия Николаевна, кандидат технических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Отделения макроэкономического прогнозирования, стратегического планирования и пространственного развития ФГБНИУ СОПС Минэкономразвития России. E-mail: nojuli@yandex.ru Аннотация. Основой методологического подхода в формировании опорных зон является вектор развития территории как целостного проекта по принципу обеспечения взаимоувязки всех «отраслевых» мероприятий на этапах планирования, целеполагания, финансирования и реализации, что позволит сократить все виды затрат и издержек. Все проекты, входящие в эти опорные территории, должны быть нацелены на развитие арктического макрорегиона в целом, а не только на решение отдельных отраслевых задач. Формирование опорных зон направлено на достижение единой глобальной цели — повышение эффективности и диверсификации экономики Арктической зоны России, ориентированное на сохранение и развитие Северного морского пути. Ключевые слова: Арктика, опорные зоны, стратегическое планирование, СМП, региональная экономика, пространственное развитие, национальная безопасность, государственная программа, развитие Северного морского пути

objectives in the Arctic is much wider. They are reflected in the strategies and programs of the federal and regional level, in the development strategies of branches of economy and social sphere and federal districts. The complex of questions in the frame of the strategic planning includes the issues of budgeting and monitoring, interaction of medium and long-term planning, the implementation of the principles of balance, consistency [1,Smirnova O.O.].
In this regard, it makes sense to analyze not only the strategic documents of ministries, federal districts of the RF for the unity of the strategic objectives of development of the Russian Arctic, and the analysis of all the funds allocated through the federal and regional programs for the development of areas of the Arctic zone, the registry of capital construction projects funded from the budgets of different levels, social programs, and others. [1,Smirnova O.O.]. This allows consolidating the efforts on specific priority areas, creating a multiplier effect of development without any additional federal budget spending, to focus on certain points of growth in the Russian Arctic by implementing the project-based approach.
In September 2016 the Government of RF considered the updated draft of the Action plan for the implementation of the Strategy, which defines the responsible executors, deadlines and arrangements for the implementation of key provisions of the Strategy. In result, the priorities set by the state got its concrete expression in this document. The federal law "On the development of the Russian Arctic" is finalizing. Thus, the Arctic is highlighted as a priority of the state policy, and the activities of state bodies on the Arctic is practically integrated into the framework defined by the strategic and normative documents.

The new edition of the state program "Social and economic development of the Russian Arctic" for the period till 2030
A key tool in the implementation of the integrated development of the Arctic zone is the new edition of the state program "Social and economic development of the Russian Arctic for the period till 2020 and long term". This project of this state program is different from the previous one, which had only the analytical character. The new version of SP provides the allocation of funding, the target indicators will be determined which will allow monitoring its effectiveness. The issues related to the clarification of the list of priority investment projects will be strongly actualized, meaning projects having a significant multiplier effect and able to become "drivers" of the complex social and economic development of the macro-region, linking them with the national, sectoral and corporate strategies, programs and plans.
In new edition of the state program of the Russian Federation it is intended to include among 5 programs the following sub-program "Balanced social and economic development and

Eight supporting zones of the Russian Arctic
Currently we identify eight "supporting zones" in 8 territorial entities of the AZRF. These zones are indicated on the map (Fig. 1). 1. Kola supporting zone. The advantages of this zone are favorable geographical location, ice-free year-round ports, the presence of mineral resources, as well as a relatively well-developed transport, energy, industrial, scientific and educational infrastructure.

2.
Arkhangelsk supporting zone is characterized by favorable geographical position, associated with a well-developed railway infrastructure and year-round port (November -March are only for ice-class vessels or with icebreaker assistance).  Formation of "supporting zones of the Arctic provides the approach to the development of the territory as an integral project with principle of insuring of coordination of all industrial activities at the stages of planning, goal-setting, financing and implementation, which will allow to reduce all kinds of costs and expenses. It will be federal projects, as first of all they should be aimed at the development of the Arctic macro-region as a whole, but not just at the decision of the individual sectoral objectives. The supporting zones will influence on the development of "neighbouring territories", whose economic activities directly depends on the state of the Russian Arctic and its infrastructure. Orientation of supporting zones to sea ports of the Northern Sea Route will enhance the activity of shipbuilding and ship-repairing enterprises of the Arctic zone and other regions of Russia. Complex projects provide linkages between activities to create the in practice is very difficult not so much financially as in terms of the coordination of all participants in order not to miss any single detail. That is why, the main task of the formation of the state program "Social and economic development of the Russian Arctic for the period up to 2020 and long term" is a synchronization of events in periods for the production of complex and interregional effects during the implementation of the program.

The Arctic projects in the supporting zones
Nowadays so-called "anchor projects" are defined, as well as the sources and amounts of funding. On the basis of the proposals of the authorities and management at the federal and regional levels, as well as Russian Railways, Norilsk Nickel, ALROSA, Gazprom, LUKOIL, NOVATEK, the list of projects implemented or planned for implementation on the territory of the Russian Arctic has been formed, consisting of 145 projects in the following areas: mining and processing of mineral resources -38.9%; transport -18%; mining and processing of diamonds -more than 15%; exploration -7%; industry -5%; energy -5%; fishing industry and agriculture -more than 4%; ecology -2%; telecommunications -1.5%; tourism -less than 1%; social servicesless than 1%; others -2% 2 .

The Northern Sea Route -the key national megaproject
One of the large-scale national projects in the Arctic, the key element connecting all eight supporting zones is, of course, the Northern Sea Route and major seaports on its way.

Conclusion
An integrated approach, balancing of sectoral and territorial approaches are designed to provide a synergistic effect of the development of the Northern territories (supporting zones of the Russian Arctic), and revitalization of the NSR, especially in its eastern sector. Solving the set tasks, already today the supporting zones and the development of the NSR should be considered as links of one chain, because the growth of the volume of cargoes and transit growth through the NSR involves the use of port capacities in the Arctic Ocean basin.
The partnership of business and government and municipal management is extremely important, coordination of plans of large companies, corporations and other strategic documents of the federal and regional levels of social and economic development of the Russian Arctic due to the fact that investments are made on the implementation of the priority projects in the supporting areas.
During the development of promising hydrocarbon projects in the supporting zones, especially those related to the production of hydrocarbons on the continental shelf in the Arctic, today it is necessary to take into account that the progressive development of world energy is 7 Sevmorput' kak transportnyi koridor global'nogo znacheniia. URL: http://oko-planet.su/finances/ financescrisis/335006-sevmorput-kak-transportnyy-koridor-globalnogo-znacheniya.html (Accessed: 21 October 2016). accompanied by a restructuring of the energy balance, the change of the role and importance of certain energy carriers. Cost of goods and services produced in the high latitudes, is much higher, which creates certain difficulties in their competitiveness [7,Lipina S