COVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care.

55 ISSN Print 0719-2460 ISSN Online 0719-2479. www.joralres.com/2020 Smoking tobacco is understood as an action taken by an individual associated with the burning and inhalation of a particular plant (the tobacco dried leaves). Tobacco can be smoked in cigarettes, cigars or pipes. Smoking differs in the depth of inhalation, puffing style, and frequency of smoking. According to the World Health Organization this behavior has killed around 8 million people each year and 7 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use, while more than 1 million are the result of second-hand smoke. Around 30 years ago tobacco use was officially identified as an addiction. Tobacco use therefore emerged as a policy focus through pulmonology medicine and epidemiology rather than psychiatry. The growing characterization of smoking as a manifestation of nicotine addiction was connected with the development of research on the pharmacology and biology of smoking in the 1980s.1 Nicotine is an alkaloid derived from tobacco plants which binds to the cholinergic nicotinic gating site on cationic ion channels in receptors in the human body. After this action a variety of neurotransmitters such as catecholamines and serotonin are released. When nicotine rapidly changes the levels of these chemicals in the body, mood and concentration levels change. Tobacco users find this pleasant because it modulates their emotions or other physical functions, especially when they are physically or mentally stressed. Although nicotine is the addictive ingredient in tobacco, the harms associated with tobacco smoking stem primarily from the carcinogens in cigarette smoke (eg. tar, carbon monoxide) rather than nicotine itself. A new electronic cigarette or electronic cigarette was invented to lessen those effects in the smoking population. It consists in inhaling vapor (or “vaping”) with protonated nicotine, rather than free-base nicotine. However, since e-cigarette smoking may cause upper respiratory tract irritation, dry cough, vomiting, burn injuries, release of cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators, changes in the bronchial gene expression and risk of lung cancer, among others, its use should be controlled and prohibited to the younger population.2 Currently, evidence demonstrates patients with history of smoking and COVID-19 are 14 times more at risk to progress to pneumonia.3 At the biochemical level, smoking can upregulate the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, the receptor for both the severe acute Ana Cristina Mafla.1,2 Mary Jo Neil.3

Smoking tobacco is understood as an action taken by an individual associated with the burning and inhalation of a particular plant (the tobacco dried leaves). Tobacco can be smoked in cigarettes, cigars or pipes.
Smoking differs in the depth of inhalation, puffing style, and frequency of smoking. According to the World Health Organization this behavior has killed around 8 million people each year and 7 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use, while more than 1 million are the result of second-hand smoke.
Around 30 years ago tobacco use was officially identified as an addiction.
Tobacco use therefore emerged as a policy focus through pulmonology medicine and epidemiology rather than psychiatry. The growing characterization of smoking as a manifestation of nicotine addiction was connected with the development of research on the pharmacology and biology of smoking in the 1980s. 1 Nicotine is an alkaloid derived from tobacco plants which binds to the cholinergic nicotinic gating site on cationic ion channels in receptors in the human body. After this action a variety of neurotransmitters such as catecholamines and serotonin are released. When nicotine rapidly changes the levels of these chemicals in the body, mood and concentration levels change. Tobacco users find this pleasant because it modulates their emotions or other physical functions, especially when they are physically or mentally stressed.
Although nicotine is the addictive ingredient in tobacco, the harms associated with tobacco smoking stem primarily from the carcinogens in cigarette smoke (eg. tar, carbon monoxide) rather than nicotine itself. A new electronic cigarette or electronic cigarette was invented to lessen those effects in the smoking population. It consists in inhaling vapor (or "vaping") with protonated nicotine, rather than free-base nicotine. However, since e-cigarette smoking may cause upper respiratory tract irritation, dry cough, vomiting, burn injuries, release of cytokines and pro-inflammatory In 2019, an investigation carried out in Spain in dental students, concluded that a positive motivation to implement smoking cessation strategies (TUC) demonstrates the need to modify university curricula, 15 a conclusion that was obtained some years before.
Currently, the research in this topic identifies the main barrier is training to address and improve the engagement of dental professionals in patients' smoking cessation . The evidence showed that lack of time and remuneration were negatively associated with providing TUC counselling. 16 Furthermore, a claim that has been permanently reported during all these years regarding the intervention of tobacco consumption, is that not enough training had been received on this subject and for this reason we do not have so much confidence in advising a smoker or consumer of alternative products of the tobacco.
Despite extensive evidence on the effects of smoking not only on general health but also on oral health, the smoking cessation rate is not promising. The dental team may play an important role in promoting this, because of the evidence of efficacy for smoking cessation in dental patients. However, using the tools of D&I science may help investigators to design TUC programs based on the scientific evidence and that include the following steps or psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral therapy). 20 According to the training, it is imperative to add specific education on respiratory diseases, especially the effects of smoking on the severity of COVID-19.
A mandatory approach to be introduced and implemented for the dental team involved in smoking cessation activities.