The Good, the Gothic and the Transnational Rules of the Afterlife in The Good Place

The Good Place (Schur 2016–2020) is a sitcom farce about the afterlife. The scenario concerns the designer tortures of a postmodern hell which conceal the illusion that an ensemble of recently deceased humans, who have supposedly arrived at ‘the Good Place’, are actually in ‘the Bad Place’. The plot is built around the quasi-legal ‘rules’ that govern admission to the Good Place, where, like social media, ­everything­you­‘like’­is­in­your­profile,­and­goodness­is­calculated­using­metrics­tallied­from­markers­of­ moral virtue. The legalistic ‘rules’ are overseen by a parodic Judge. This article is concerned with the competition at the heart of the series narrative between the quest for moral virtue and the legal parody of the rules that govern admission to the afterlife. It also examines how the Gothic mode of the comedy works to assert the priority of the rules. Anthony Bradney’s discussion of Buffy­the­Vampire­Slayer provides the basis for comparing the law-like discourses of ethics and rules and in considering how popular culture­­representations­use­the­law­in­entertainment­formats.­The­afterlife­fiction­of­ The Good Place is seen as an example of Catherine Spooner’s notion of ‘happy Gothic’, but the show is ultimately dystopian, particularly due to the role and power of the Judge. In its double layer of debate about moral virtue and legalistic rules in the afterlife, The Good Place is a syncretic fantasy of ethical and legal order.

and how popular culture uses the law or its officers to posit ethical questions in entertainment formats. Thereafter I compare this use of the law in the series with its didactic discourse of moral philosophy, focusing on its production through the characters of Eleanor, Chidi and Michael (Jason, Tahani and Janet are also important characters but are less directly relevant here). I consider the export of moral pedagogy to educational settings (see Young 2019) as a form of reception encouraged by NBC, who developed a spin-off YouTube series of videos by the philosophy consultant on the series (see 'Mother Forkin' Morals' 2018). While The Good Place is defended by its production interests from religious allegory, its Gothic and morality discourses invite comparison with medieval morality literature and brief reflection on the law/ethics tensions therein.
In terms of the overarching plot of the series, the prominence of moral philosophy is the 'prank show' in that it does not -to date -eclipse the authority of the Judge and the legalistic rules over the fate of the humans. In bare terms, this suggests that The Good Place reinforces lawfulness in that its strongest message is that the rules -however negotiable -are to be followed. It is a dystopian predicament for the dead, whose allegiance to the transnational rules of the afterlife is shored up in the series by their excursions to national outposts to improve their prospects for Eternity.

Happy Gothic and Tele-Demonology
On the face of it, the afterlife fiction of The Good Place resembles Catherine Spooner's (2017) description of 'happy Gothic', which she identifies as a post-millennial trend in transnational entertainment. For Spooner, 'happy Gothic' is mainly detected in romances and comedies, but 'happy' also signifies a 'mobile' and ' oppositional' sense in which such productions explore a range of moods, and she uses ' comedy' in a 'medieval sense of a work that ends happily' (10). Spooner traces a consistent comic thread running through the Gothic tradition going back to the eighteenth century, noting that Gothic always has had a tendency to 'self-parody' (24). Among the forerunners are Oscar Wilde's The Canterville Ghost (1887), andStella Gibbons Cold Comfort Farm (1932), and television precedents include the 1960s sitcoms The Addams Family  and The Munsters , and the soap opera Dark Shadows . While it can be celebratory and 'playful' or positively inclined, however, 'happy Gothic' is potentially ambiguous and contradictory (7).
The positive, playful tone of The Good Place conforms to 'happy Gothic' with its comic setting in the afterlife, its central romance between Chidi and Eleanor and its sanitised religious syncretism in the folk-evangelical euphemisms for heaven and hell ('the good place' and the 'bad place'), although Michael states 'it is not the classic Christian hell' (S3, E4). An atmosphere of comedy of manners is suggested by the predominance of settings in sitting rooms, bedrooms and offices, and the noticeably white and pink palette of the Pollyanna-esque mise-en-scene. But the 'folkloresque' demons -that is, a 'made up' folklore with a 'fuzzy' relationship to accepted folklore (Foster and Tolbert 2016) -and dystopian plot suggest its hybridity and ambiguities. Eleanor's apartment, decorated with portraits of clowns, and the larger-than-life image of the tragic clown Pagliacci becomes central in the mise-en-scene at the moments of darkest farce, suggesting the horror at the heart of the comedy. Out of doors, the village mall with its nauseating ubiquity of frozen yoghurt treats is a theme-park fantasy of heaven. Dystopia emerges in the revelation of the surveilled society and the elusive destiny of the 'real' Good Place. Its implicit religious parody is also ambiguous.
Rebecca Wigginton (2017) observes that 'the roots of the Gothic are religious' (150) and that Gothic literature has always aestheticised religious 'ritual and pageantry' (157). She notes the historical tendency of Gothic fiction to feature clerical settings and characters, and 'religious sins like hypocrisy and pride' (150). But she points out that the Gothic became 'very secular in the twentieth century' (150). Indeed, the discourse of personal betterment through moral philosophy in The Good Place is recognisable as a secular adaptation of this religious trope of repenting sins, and in a very didactic vein that is reminiscent of morality literature pre-dating Gothic fiction (discussed further below). But the series is as playfully evasive about its religious connotations as the 'rules' are inexplicit as 'the laws' denoted. Michael Schur, the series creator, who claims to have researched various faiths, is quoted as denying its religious orientation, and stating that the show is ' about versions of ethical behavior' and spirituality, 'not religious salvation' and that this is clear from the opening episode (quoted in Ostrow 2016).
Its secular Gothic legacy is nevertheless allied with the proliferation of demons and supernatural beings in transnational television, which is so widespread in the twenty-first century as to be almost normal. This is especially the case in American law enforcement genres, with Lucifer (Kapinos 2015-), Supernatural (Kripke 2005-), and the now-concluded Grimm (Carpenter, Greenwalt andKouf 2011-2017) among the many titles. The edge or joke in these portrayals of demon protagonists is their humanity, and so it is also with the sanctimonious Michael in The Good Place. A demon ironically named after the archangel Michael (Ostrow 2016), through him, from Episode 1, the series plot depends on the biblical quasi-folklore portrayal of demons as liars (Taylor 2017), albeit updated to corporate vice in a secular setting. In a manner reminiscent of The Truman Show (Weir 1998), in which Truman is the unknowing protagonist of a reality TV show of his life, Michael is seen pitching his revised torture scenarios to a round-table resembling an advertising agency or television production team. He coaches the demon players on their strategy and motivation in deceiving the humans in the illusion of 'the Good Place' (S2, E1). Thus the innocent (dead) wayfarers in the afterlife are at the mercy of the corporate tensions in the demon world.
A happy ending to The Good Place is as yet in doubt, and the rules of the afterlife appear to mitigate against the potential for a happy ending. In spite of the comedy, it is a dystopian vision of the afterlife, fraught with moral angst and inescapable rules. But a twist develops as Michael's demonic lying is turned to virtue from Season 3 in his efforts to change. As the series proceeds, he becomes alienated from the demons and his demon boss, Sean (Mark Evan Jackson), and eventually sides with the humans in an effort to evade his own eternal banishment (Season 3) and in growing recognition of the nature of human goodness (Season 4). Doubts linger about his capacity to change, but under Eleanor's leadership the humans invest trust in him, in the belief that the Good Place exists and that they can get there with his help and through moral improvement (S2, E3; S2, E8). This anxious channel of hope widens when the Judge allows the humans another year to meet the new points system, monitored by an accountant. When the system of rules is questioned by Michael on behalf of the humans and culminates in a hearing of evidence by the Judge (S4, E8), the conflict between law and ethics is placed at the centre and foreground of the series at its most climactic stage. This compels the didactic rivalry in the series between moral and legalistic discourses.
The Law's Own Burrito: The Judge and the Rules Popular cultural representations of the law have long been of interest in postmodern critical legal studies, both in the sense of the law in fiction, and the law as fiction (see Threadgold 1997;Rogers 2008). While television comedy can simulate, satirise or allegorise the human condition, the relationship to 'truth' is more tenuous owing to the hyperreality (Baudrillard 1988) generated by the media, which is arguably intensified by spreadability. Furthermore, the rules of The Good Place and the Judge are syncretic imaginings. The folkloresque population of demons and legalistic fictions in The Good Place is nevertheless comparable with other Gothic television series, of which Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel were early landmarks. Bradney (2011, following Gaakeer 1998 suggests that the portrayal of the law in literature and popular culture, is a study of the '"particularity of human experience"' (para 37). Shows like this ' are not an exposition of jurisprudence but are, rather a study of the place that law has in the lives of those in the programs' (para 40). Bradney argues that Angel and Buffy the Vampire Slayer fundamentally take issue with the prevailing notions of law and ethics. In Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the slayers have a ' deep rooted' ' desire to behave lawfully' and Buffy applies a 'recognizable set of rules' such that her work has a 'legal quality' (para 3). A governing body, The Watcher's Council, oversees vampires and demons, while the human world has 'rules' (para 3), and a conflict emerges between these different legal systems. Buffy eventually resigns from the Watcher's Council because she doubts the 'legitimacy of their legal order' (para 5). Angel, by comparison 'riff[s] on the tropes of traditional legal dramas and law enforcement shows' and probes the 'sources of law' and questions the ' defining moral and ethical frameworks' (para 6).
In The Good Place, by comparison, it is the place of law in the afterlife that is represented by the rules (which are shown to be continuous with earthly rules). The Good Place satirises some legal drama tropes, particularly television judges, and Michael becomes a kind of advocate for the humans. But in the contest between moral philosophy and the rules, the consistent improvement of the humans does not result in their elevation to the Good Place, which suggests that the rules are faulty, and, indeed, this becomes the crux of the plot at its most recent stage. It might be assumed that moral improvement should satisfy the rules and the points system, but the Judge's decision-making power does not guarantee that it will result in progression to the Good Place (S4, E8). At times, the discourses of morality and law explicitly intersect, such as when Michael, in warning Eleanor about the challenges of entering the Good Place, asks whether she has ever committed a 'serious crime' like 'murder or sexual harassment' (S1, E1). This is an allusion to the Hollywood realm, perhaps, and the series is liberally sprinkled with jokes about transnational television -e.g., the taste of people in the Bad Place for reality television -and Michael confesses (S1, E6) to having watched all ten seasons of Friends when designing the Good Place. To this extent, The Good Place is less obviously reflexive about legal drama tropes than it is about more general television fare.
Its most obvious judicial allusion is the Judge herself, and her role is both satirical and crucial to the narrative logics. Comic judges, like comic doctors, are a long-standing device in comedy, and their authority is prone to be satirised. This may be due in part to judges figuring among the 'speaking and acting parts in the institutional "drama of law"' (Rogers 2008, 443). Aside from legal dramas representing law and the judiciary on television, numerous reality television shows feature actual judges presiding over actual litigation, and this Judge is comparable to the long-running Judge Judy (1996-). She is garbed in judicial apparel, uses a gavel, and is baldly outspoken and bureaucratic in her application of the rules. Hers is not a practice of judgement as 'priestly divination' (as termed by Threadgold 2015, 31). She is rather more formulaic yet opportunistic in her uses of authority, requiring the humans in Season 4 to sign a document at the hearing about their final fate, which turns out to be a petition for rebooting Ally McBeal (S4, E8). Indeed, following the realist, playful farce of Season 1 and most of Season 2, with the Judge's entry into the action late in Season 2 (S2, E11) the series becomes increasingly absurdist.
There is no sense of who makes the rules or of the authority in whose name the Judge presides. No deity is invoked, and this is crucial to the syncretic Gothic fiction of The Good Place. Nevertheless, the Christian religious connotations of the Judge's authority are parodied in her characterisation as a glutton. The episode in which she first appears is titled 'The Burrito' for the food item found in her chair by the hapless humans (S2, E11). Later, seen eating it, she dresses the burrito with bottled ' envy' -not chilli sauce, as it appears, although it still has a 'kick', she says. The Judge therefore embodies at least two of the Seven Deadly Sins, a religious parody that does not obscure that the authorities of the afterlife are wholly secular. The Judge and her assisting underlings include a Chief Accountant (Season 3), and a committee of earlier successful candidates for the Good Place who are summoned to participate at her hearing of the evidence for amendments to the rules (Season 4).
At the climax of Season 4, based on the evidence of the accountant's results, the Judge upholds Michael's claim that the points system is unfair (S4, E9). But in spite of this favourable finding, and contrary to the objectives of the claim, the Judge makes a discretionary ruling not to elevate the humans to the Good Place but to reboot humanity from the very beginning of evolution. This situation threatened to suspend forever the renewal of Eleanor and Chidi's romance and affect the entire human world. In the subsequent episodes, (at the time of writing), the humans, led by Michael and Eleanor, strategise a new system of rules requiring collaboration by humans and demons to persuade the Judge to reconsider. This system involves a 'test' for the newly deceased to be given a second chance to improve their moral goodness in the afterlife -which, in fact, is the scenario of the show. After various obstacles have been negotiated, the Judge accepts the new system, and, as a reward for 'saving humanity', elevates Eleanor, Chidi, Tahani, Jason and Michael to the real Good Place (S4, E 11). They depart in a golden balloon, waving as a voice calls 'Full'! Although NBC decided in 2019 to conclude the series -a decision Schur says is 'on our own schedule' (Spencer 2019) -more episodes are promised, so the medieval happy ending may yet change. Moral philosophy may yet come to dominate the legalistic rules, but as it currently stands, the fate of the humans and the transformed demon Michael remains subject -even with their best efforts -to the discretionary rulings of the Judge. Even so, rather than the rules, the reputation of the show still rides high on the preeminence of its moral philosophy lessons, as discussed in the next section.

Educating Eleanor and Converting Michael: Moral Didacticism in The Good Place
If didacticism is understood as the artistic practice that ' convey[s] information and instructions, along with pleasure and entertainment' (Literary Devices 2019), then it is primarily contained in The Good Place in the inner moral training in philosophy delivered by Chidi. Some of these scenes are striking for the mise-en-scene that resembles an old-fashioned educational format: a teacher at the blackboard, the seated learners, sometimes shot from behind as if from the back of the classroom (e.g. S1, E4/E5; S2, E4). The simplicity of the instructional format, the clarity of the messages to be learned, and the immediate rewards of learning -for Eleanor, in particular -convey the improving benefits of moral philosophy. Indeed, the manner in which the characters represent or embody the taught philosophical values makes them quasi-allegorical in a way that resembles medieval morality literature. If there is any doubt that this moral pedagogy is traded as the show's raison d'etre, the meta-pedagogy from the series producer, NBC, and creator, Schur, could dispel it. Nor should the centrality of Eleanor be overlooked as an index of the dominant discourse of the show.
Eleanor is the main protagonist of the series, which begins with her arrival at the Good Place. In life Eleanor was a dishonest pharmaceutical salesperson, and she first believes she has arrived at the Good Place by mistake (S1, E1). She secures the support of her designated soulmate, Chidi, to earn her place there by becoming a better person with the help of his tuition in moral philosophy. Chidi analyses Eleanor's 'selfishness' as the main obstacle to becoming a person of 'moral virtue' and decides to help because he believes she is capable of change (S1, E1). Here is the first of Chidi's didactic lessons in Immanuel Kant's virtue ethics. In subsequent episodes, the equivalent of a course in Western philosophy and ethics proceeds from Chidi's passionate and lucid instruction. Chidi is such an effective teacher that Eleanor, and later Janet (D'Arcy Carden), also assume the role of instructors. By Season 2, Eleanor is instructing Chidi himself, based on her readings of the moral theory texts he has set.
In vignettes within the various episodes, the characters demonstrate the philosophical values that Chidi and his copedagogues teach. For instance, Jason, encouraged by Eleanor to make ' a better version' of himself, becomes the exemplar of utilitarianism (the principle of acting ethically for the maximum pleasure or good of others) with a story from his life as a drug-dealing DJ (S1, E5). Elsewhere, Eleanor demonstrates contractualism in helping Michael overcome his workaholism by learning how to have fun (S1, E6); and the ethics of Machiavellianism accompany the decision about whether to 'kill' Janet, a humanoid artificial intelligence who cannot be killed in the literal sense (S1, E7). Meanwhile, later, the supposed 'blueprint' candidate for the Good Place, Doug Forcett (Michael McKean), whose beaming portrait hangs over the architect's office, is exposed as so hooked on the points system that he becomes its negative example (S3, E8). Even Michael becomes a subject of this improving wisdom when he espouses Kierkegaard's 'leap of faith' to persuade the humans to trust his transformation from torturing demon to advocate for the humans (S2, E8).
Chidi, whose moral angst is extensively satirised in the first three seasons with numerous jokes about why people 'hate' moral philosophy professors, is the most tortured of the human souls. For all his knowledge he is disabled by chronic indecisiveness (especially S2, E5, 'The Trolley Problem') and compulsively vents his anxieties by spouting moral theory. Yet his gifted teaching promises to save them all, and his success as a teacher places him in the pantheon of heroic screen teachers: Mr Chips (Goodbye Mr Chips), Jean Brodie (The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie), and Teach (To Sir with Love) are prototypes (Eleanor even calls him 'Teach' in S1, E4). Even so, Chidi's passionate commitment to moral philosophy is a self-torture amplified in the cruelties of the Good Place. After the news from the Chief Accountant that nobody has been admitted to the real Good Place for 500 years, his teaching turns from Kantian ethics to Nihilism (S3, E4). He recovers with Eleanor's support only to sacrifice himself to be rebooted so as not to threaten the group's chances of reaching the real Good Place by recognising his former lover, Simone (Kirby Howell-Baptiste), which will expose their plan (S3, E12).
Eleanor mostly embodies the virtue of 'being your true self', and her education and self-betterment at the hands of Chidi supports her heroism among the humans. As the main protagonist of the series, she is the main exponent to the television audience of what can be learned from the show. Eleanor's combination of conscientious learning, subversive resistance to the regime of rules and her wit in recognising that it is really the Bad Place makes her, paradoxically, both the most morally improved and the most subversive candidate for the Good Place. In the finale of Season 3, entitled 'Pandemonium' (named for John Milton's Paradise Lost where it is 'the place of all demons'), and following Michael's meltdown, Eleanor replaces him as the 'architect' of the Good Place. She greets Chidi as the season ends, re-entering the afterlife after having been rebooted (S3, E12). Thus, though the series began with Chidi as Eleanor's teacher, Eleanor gains the upper hand across the series, both in their budding romance and in her leadership of the Good Place.
While the show is evasive about its religious connotations, its programmatic structure of learning in moral theory has attracted comment from Molly Driscoll of The Christian Science Monitor, who observes that 'TV is not the hearth people typically go to for ethics lessons' but 'The Good Place … is prompting more thinking around … what it means to be a good person' (Driscoll 2018). Indeed, the series creator, Schur, has spoken about the aims of the show, saying that: 'I pitched the show as an investigation of what it meant to be a good person … that the show could … describe what it is to be a good person' but, he says, that ' didn't mean "do this and not that"' (quoted in Elderkin 2019). He says that the objective shifted as he 'found over the course of working on it with the writers, and the actors, and the entire crew that that's an even more complicated question than I think I thought it was' (quoted in Elderkin 2019).
It is not clear how moral philosophy or its didactic expression came to be developed as a narrative strategy, although philosophers were consulted by the show's writers. Dr Todd May, a professor from Clemson University in South Carolina, and the author of a book on morality, is one of the consultants. He says that he was recruited midway through the series, not having been aware of it previously (EdSurge Podcast 2019). In an interview, he explains that one of the writers, Dan Schofield, recommended his book to Schur, and that the 'part that Mike really picked upon, I think, is that morality helps give shape to our lives' (Young 2019). 2 NBC has since invested in featuring May in four short videos posted on YouTube, each based on a philosophical paradigm pertaining to the series ('Mother Forkin' Morals' 2018). May mentions that an NBC executive suggested the idea, and that Schur agreed to this rather than pitching the idea himself.
The Good Place has also found its way into at least one educational setting: the first-year transition curriculum at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) (ironically situated in the town of Paradise) where it is used to 'jump-start discussions of moral philosophy' (Young 2019; and see Shreve 2019). The Associate Director of Academic Transitions, Dr Emily Shreve (who mentions that she is not a philosophy instructor, but an English PhD) describes how students watch an episode then 'talk through it and do activities linked to it to … think through … the ethics and why is that relevant to them' (Young 2019). One activity involves responding to questions with 'good' and 'bad' actions and scoring the points for the actions, apparently an adaptation of the show's scenario of entry into the afterlife (see Shreve 2019). Beyond the sphere of entertainment, the secular moralism of a philosophy professor appearing within the fiction of The Good Place no doubt lends legitimacy to such educational applications.
But the sermon-like discourse of teaching, and the quasi-allegorical way the characters represent or embody the moral theories, accompanied by the narrative imperative to change -at the behest of a demon -begs comparison with earlier forms of didactic literature and theatre of which the medieval morality plays and biblical pageants are prototypes. These were secular adaptations of the liturgical dramas of the medieval church, of which the fifteenth-century Everyman or Mankind are examples. The use of allegorical figures personifying Vices and Virtues and 'the good and bad qualities of Everyman' was accompanied by elements of 'sermon' and 'folk activities' (Cawley 1984, xv-xvi). The biblical pageants were often set in the afterlife, in heaven or hell, and both forms, A.C. Cawley notes, are less interested in ' earthly life' than 'spiritual welfare in the life to come' (xvi). Demons, or devils, and their allegorical counterparts, Sin and Vice, were a vital part of these proselytising spectacles, where the energetic performance of devils worked charismatically to provoke audiences to reflect on sin and repentance (Wright 2019, 201-203).
Morality plays and allegorical dramas set in the afterlife transmuted over time into various religious literatures and theatrical traditions, ranging from the gruesome Puritan dramatisations of the lives of martyrs and saints (Darton 1966, 53-55) to the Catholic 'lives of the saints and sacred plays' created by clerical orders (Cavallaro 2019, 3). Set in the afterlife in heaven or hell these 'vehicles … of conversion' proselytised about repentance and the 'kind of people, and … even which historical figures' would reach heaven or hell (2). Many of these plays incited audiences to repentance and demons sometimes ' encourage[d] … the souls to recount their past lives of sin' (6). The setting of educational plays in the afterlife continues in the present among evangelical groups (15).
The comparison with The Good Place is striking in the sense that various characters reflect on, and renounce their past ways, most notably Eleanor, with the persistent encouragement of Michael the demon. Ironically, the subversive Eleanor and the demon Michael are the main exponents of conversion in The Good Place, with Michael himself converting to the virtues of moral philosophy. More ironically, as an immortal creature, Michael cannot believe in moral philosophy because demons experience no impending sense of the end of their lives, which according to Todd May gives moral conscience its founding imperative ('Mother Forkin' Morals' 2018). This explanation is also heard from Michael in the show. So when he adopts the 'leap to faith' (S2, E8) and converts to moral philosophy as a way forward, it is an unlikely trajectory for a demon and more evidence of the syncretic hybridity of the show's Gothic allegiances, albeit Michael's trustworthiness remains in question throughout the series.
In terms of the conflict between law and ethics, the historical morality plays and liturgical dramas were presumably in harmony with the prevailing law. These entertainments were produced in contexts in which secular and religious authorities were closely aligned in the eras of the medieval Catholic church and the Protestant revolutions, and there were often intersecting influences of ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions (see for instance Oakley 2020;Fasolt 2014). In this sense, The Good Place is little different in its home culture, since it perpetuates a medieval image of the governing regimes of the afterlife as continuous with earthly life, an explicit premise of the show.