31 - HEART RATE BEHAVIOR DURING A BRAZILIAN JIU-JITSU TRAINING SESSION

INTRODUCTION Better knowledge regarding physiologic demands during the Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) practice could help coaches and physical trainers in prescription of training programs, both for reaching the high sportive performance and for developing physical fitness focused to health. Researches have investigated heart rate behavior in simulations of BJJ combats and its results presented average values around 80% of Maximum HR (HRmax) (SILVA et al., 2011; FRANCHINI, TAKITO, PEREIRA, 2003) with peak values of ≈97%HRmax (SILVA et al., 2011). Prado and Lopes (2003) indicated average of cardiovascular effort (≈74%HRmax) a little bit lower than the value of the studies mentioned above. Upon these findings, we could consider a moderate cardiovascular demand in simulations of BJJ combats. This suggestion gains strength with results of researches that presented moderate values of aerobic capacity (VO2max ≅49ml/kg/min) to BJJ elite athletes (ANDREATO et al., 2011; BORGES et al., 2012).


INTRODUCTION
Better knowledge regarding physiologic demands during the Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) practice could help coaches and physical trainers in prescription of training programs, both for reaching the high sportive performance and for developing physical fitness focused to health.Researches have investigated heart rate behavior in simulations of BJJ combats and its results presented average values around 80% of Maximum HR (HRmax) (SILVA et al., 2011;FRANCHINI, TAKITO, PEREIRA, 2003) with peak values of ≈97%HRmax (SILVA et al., 2011).Prado and Lopes (2003) indicated average of cardiovascular effort (≈74%HRmax) a little bit lower than the value of the studies mentioned above.Upon these findings, we could consider a moderate cardiovascular demand in simulations of BJJ combats.This suggestion gains strength with results of researches that presented moderate values of aerobic capacity (VO2max ≅49ml/kg/min) to BJJ elite athletes (ANDREATO et al., 2011;BORGES et al., 2012).
Anthropometric Assessment: The body mass was determined by Welmy® with 0.1 kg precision, while the height was measured by Seca® stadiometer with 0.1 cm precision.
Monitoring of the HR and determination of the HRmax: The HR was captured by heart rate monitor Polar® S610i (Polar Electro, Finland).The band transmitter of the heart rate monitor was fixed around the chest of the athlete, under the gi, and the watch of the heart rate monitor was strategically put in a wooden stick and it was sustained by the researcher who followed the movements of the athlete during the whole training session.An interface allowed the transmission of the data from equipment to computer to be analyzed by Polar Precision Program (version 4.0).The HRmax was estimated using the standard equation 220age (TANAKA, MONAHAN, SEALS, 2001).
Training session (BJJ-TS): The BJJ-TS was structured by two BJJ coaches with more than 10 years of teaching experience of this martial art.The time duration of the BJJ-TS was estimated for 60 min, with the following phases: 1) Warm up (WU) -Running, stretching, specific coordination movements of BJJ, sit-ups and push-ups; 2) Technical (TEC) -Practice of BJJ techniques (sweeps and pass guard); 3) Combats (COM) -Each athlete participated of 3 BJJ combats with duration of about 5 min each, followed with the same time recovery to the next fight.
The assessment of HR behavior in a typical BJJ training session with high ecological validity will allow the authors to analyze whether cardiovascular effort during BJJ practice is suitable to improve and maintaining a cardiovascular fitness in according with the American College Sport Medicine (ACSM) guidelines (HASKELL et al., 2007).Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the HR behavior during a traditional BJJ training session.
Procedures: We asked to the athletes do not perform high intensity effort or take in alcohol drink 24h before the experimental procedures.Also, they were oriented not consuming food or caffeine drink 3h before of the training session.The athletes carried out the training session, in which the HR was continuously monitored during the whole training.
Statistical Analysis: The HR behavior was represented by mean of the HR (HRmean) and peak of the HR (HRpeak), expressed in both absolute (bpm) and relative (%HRmax) values.The data were presented as means and standard deviations (SD).Comparisons between specific phases regarding HRmean and HRpeak were performed by one-way ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey´s post hoc test with p < 0.05.
The result from ANOVA having the HRmean as dependent variable indicated there was significant difference among the phases of the BJJ-TS (F(2)= 19.1588, P< 0.01).The post hoc test showed that the value of the HRmean in COM was higher than those values observed in WU and TEC (P<0.05).In the same way, the result from ANOVA with HRpeak as dependent variable indicated significant difference among the means (F(2)= 26.2044, P< 0.01), being that the HRpeak in WU and TEC phases were significantly lower than that observed in COM (P<0.05).The Table 1 presents the mean and SD values of these variables analyzed.
The researches regarding the cardiovascular demand in the BJJ have analyzed the HR behavior in combat context, taking in consideration the sportive rules (SILVA et al., 2011;FRANCHINI et al., 2003;ANDREATO et al., 2012;BORGES et al., 2012;PRADO, LOPES, 2009;DEL VECHIO et al., 2007).However, there are a significant number of people who are looking for this martial art as a way to improve their physical fitness, self-defense, and self-esteem, several times, without the intention to have sportive performance (SILVA, TAHARA, 2003;TAVARES, SILVA, DRIGO, 2003).
Participants: Twelve male adult BJJ athletes (age = 23 ± 4.1 yrs; weight = 75.7 ± 11 kg; height = 176 ± 4 cm) with BJJ graduation from blue to black belt participated in this study as volunteers.The athletes were training regularly at least for two years with training frequency of 3 times per week.This research was approved by Ethic Committee of State University of Santa Cruz -Brazil, and the participants needed to sign the Agreement Term to participate in this research.It was adopted the following exclusion criteria: the reported use of illicit ergogenic, the use of medicaments that could interfere in the HR behavior during the training session, and pre-injury/diseases or injury/diseases that could happen during the experimental period.
LUIZ HENRIQUE DA SILVA1, LUIZ FERNANDO PAULINO RIBEIRO1, ANTONIO CARLOS TAVARES JUNIOR2, ALEXANDRE JANOTTA DRIGO3 1. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz -Ilhéus -Bahia -Brazil 2. Centro Universitário Anhanguera -Leme -São Paulo -Brazil 3. Universidade Estadual Paulista -Rio Claro -São Paulo-Brazil lhsilva@uesc.br According to ACSM, 30 min of aerobic moderate intensity physical activity with weekly frequency of 5 days can promote and maintain a healthy cardiovascular fitness to healthy adults with age between 18 and 65 yrs (HASKELL et al., 2007).Our results showed that the structure of the BJJ-TS analyzed comply with the ACSM guideline regarding the intensity and duration of physical activity to promote healthy aerobic fitness to healthy adults.However, these results need to be analyzed with caution because the BJJ-TS presented intermittent effort.The ACSM guidelines also states that 30 min of physical activity can be split in sessions of 10 min over the day (HASKELL et al., 2007).The results showed that the participants remained approximately 54 min in cardiovascular effort above 60%HRmax.Despite to intermittent effort characteristics, the BJJ-TS proved to be capable to promote an appropriate cardiovascular fitness to healthy adults in according to ACSM guidelines.PhaseDuration(min)HRmean(bpm)%HRmaxHRpeak (bpm)%HRmaxGTS62 ± 1.2134 ± 1269 ± 6.8189 ± 996 ± 5WU12 ± 1.1119 ± 1763 ± 8157± 1680 ± 8TEC21 ± 1.6119 ± 1463 ± 5149 ± 1476 ± 7COM29 ± 0.8151 ± 12#81 ± 3189 ± 9#96 ± 5GTS = General Training Session: values relative of whole training session; # p < 0.05 compared with the values from WU and TEC.

DISCUSSION
The results showed statistical difference regarding the cardiovascular effort among the phases of the BJJ-TS.The WU presented light to moderate cardiovascular effort (HRmean = 119 ± 17 bpm, 63 ± 8 %HRmax) with peak values around of 80 ± 8 %HRmax.The intensity was suitable to promote required cardiovascular adaptation to perform the activities of the BJJ-TS, attending the recommendations of literature (CERVANTES, SNYDER, 2011;SHELLOCK, PRENTICE, 1985).Also, the intensity level was appropriate even to who is starting a physical activity program (HASKELL et al., 2007).Andreato et al. (2012) performed study to determine physiological parameters of BJJ athletes during combat simulations.They requested to athletes carry out their usual routine of warm up before the combats.Thus, the athletes performed 10 min of activities including stretching, run, push-up, jump and BJJ specific movements.After the warm up were observed values of HRmean = 122 ± 25 bpm, corresponding cardiovascular effort around 63.4%HRmax.The HR values of the warm up routine at Andreato's research corroborates with our results.
The results showed that the intensity of the cardiovascular demand was considered light to moderate during the TEC phase of the BJJ-TS.Thus, regarding the cardiovascular effort, there isn't contraindication in prescribe this activity to healthy adults, even to beginners in physical activity program (HASKELL et al., 2007).Bridge et al. ( 2007) evaluated cardiovascular effort of different activities from taekwondo training, being observed smaller values of HR in technical training when compared to other activities such as sparring training.The authors explained these results due to the goal of each activity because the technical training has the goal of technical improvement rather than improving aerobic fitness.Despite of different features between taekwondo and BJJ, we believe that the smaller values of HR observed in the TEC phase could be explained in the same direction of the Bridge's study.
The COM phase presented the biggest cardiovascular effort of the BJJ-TS that could be considered high (81 ± 3 %HRmax) with submaximal peaks efforts (96 ± 5 %HRmax).Prado and Lopes (2009) analyzed the HR behavior of the 8 male BJJ athletes after the BJJ training session involving WU and COM.The results from Prado's research showed values of HR mean (HRmean= 145 ± 10bpm) lower than our results regarding of the effort during the COM.The difference in the experimental protocol seems to be the reason of this discrepancy because in Prado's research the HR was measured only after the combat session.
Silva et al. ( 2011) performed a study to analyze the HR behavior of 5 male BJJ athletes during BJJ training session involving WU and COM.The study of Silva et al (2011) presented the highest similarity of experimental protocol with the present research concerning the format of the COM session and the procedure of measurement of HR.The results from Silva's study corroborate with our results in both for HR mean (HRmean= 153 ± 14 bpm) and for HR peak (HRpeak= 192 ± 8 bpm).
In summary, differences in the experimental protocols adopted among the researches hampers a generalization of the results regarding the HR behavior in BJJ combats.But despite that, it is evident the cardiovascular demand from moderate to high during BJJ combats in all studies presented.

CONCLUSIONS
The results showed that the BJJ-TS analyzed has a moderate cardiovascular demand what could be considered appropriate to promote and maintain the healthy aerobic fitness to general people.However, the different activities of the BJJ-TS stressed the cardiovascular system to different degrees, with combat phase eliciting the highest cardiovascular effort among them, which could be considered moderate to high, with peak submaximal efforts.So, we recommend to the BJJ coaches must do a screening regarding cardiovascular risk in their new BJJ students before they start the BJJ training session that include combats in its structure.Key words: martial art; cardiovascular fitness; intermittent exercise.G T S 6 2 ± 1 .2 1 3 4 ± 1 2 6 9 ± 6 .8 1 8 9 ± 9 9 6 ± 5 W U 1 2 ± 1 .1 1 1 9 ± 1 7 6 3 ± 8 1 5 7 ± 1 6 8 0 ± 8 T E C 2 1 ± 1 .6 1 1 9 ± 1 4 6 3 ± 5 1 4 9 ± 1 4 7 6 ± 7 C O M 2 9 ± 0 .8 1 5 1 ± 1 2 # 8 1 ± 3 1 8 9 ± 9 # 9 6 ± 5 G T S = G e n e ra l T ra in in g S e s s io n : v a lu e s re la tive o f w h o le tra in in g s e s s io n ; # p < 0 .0 5 c o m p a re d w ith th e va lu e s from W U a n d T E C .
P h a se D u ra tio n (m in ) H Rm e a n (b p m ) % H R m a x H Rpeak (b p m ) % H R m a x