We present a case study from three topographically distinct stands in an old-growth cross timbers forest in north central Oklahoma. We determined the primary mode of reproduction, i.e., sprouting versus seedling, and population dynamics of small Quercus marilandica and Q. stellata reproduction (≤ 1 m height) in relation to previous disturbance events and changes in site conditions. Approximately 99 percent of the reproduction were of sprout origin and most were stump sprouts (root crown diameter > 5 cm). Surprisingly, root sprouts were an important component of reproduction across stands, comprising 24 and 30 percent of stems for Q. marilandica and Q. stellata, respectively. Mode of reproduction varied by stand, with seedling sprouts (root crown diameter ≤ 5 cm) occurring more frequently on the most xeric site. Stem growth rates increased from xeric to mesic stands and were highest for stump sprouts. Stem longevity was similar across stands and mode of reproduction and was probably limited by low available light. Despite the relatively short life span of aboveground stems (x̄ ∼6 years), tap-roots of seedling sprouts were capable of prolonged persistence (x̄ ∼20 years) through recurrent dieback and sprouting. Stem age structure indicated disturbance encouraged sprouting, as evidenced by increasing populations following fire and declining densities in the absence of perturbation. Seedling establishment for both species appeared to be episodic, as determined by age of tap-roots. Establishment by acorns probably provides a minimal input to oak populations on a yearly basis, but is an important component in the auto-accumulation of oak reproduction over time.