Skip to main content
Log in

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation for treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The concept of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is presently of great interest. The functional bacteria belonging to the Planctomycete phylum and their metabolism are investigated by microbiologists. Meanwhile, the ANAMMOX is equally valuable in treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters. Related processes including partial nitritation-ANAMMOX and completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) have been developed, and lab-scale experiments proved that both processes were quite feasible in engineering with appropriate control. Successful full-scale practice in the Netherlands will accelerate application of the process in future. This review introduces the microbiology and more focuses on application of the ANAMMOX process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahn, Y.H., Kim, H.C., 2004. Nutrient removal and microbial granulation in an anaerobic process treating inorganic and organic nitrogenous wastewater. Water Sci. Technol., 50(6):207–215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn, Y.H., Choi, H.C., 2006. Autotrophic nitrogen removal from sludge liquids in upflow sludge bed reactor with external aeration. Process Biochem., 41(9):1945–1950. [doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2006.04.006]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonmatí, A., Flotats, X., 2002. Air stripping of ammonia from pig slurry: characterization and feasibility as a pre-or post-treatment to mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Waste Manage., 23(3):261–272. [doi:10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00144-7]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamchoi, N., Nitisoravut, S., 2007. Anammox enrichment from different conventional sludges. Chemosphere, 66(11):2225–2232. [doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.036]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X.L., Zheng, P., Jin, R.C., 2007. Bilogical nitrogen removal from monosodium glutamate-containing industrial wastewater with the Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX) process. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 27(5):747–752 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciudad, G., Rubilar, O., Muñoz, P., Ruiz, G., Chamy, R., Vergara, C., Jeison, D., 2005. Partial nitrification of high ammonia concentration wastewater as a part of a shorteut biological nitrogen removal process. Process Biochem., 40(5):1715–1719. [doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2004.06.058]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalsgaard, T., Thamdrup, B., 2002. Factors controlling anaerobic ammonium oxidation with nitrite in marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(8):3802–3808. [doi:10.1128/AEM.68.8.3802-3808.2002]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalsgaard, T., Canfield, D.E., Petersen, J., Thamdrup, B., Acuña-González, J., 2003. N2 production by the anammox reaction in the anoxic water column of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Nature, 422(6932):606–608. [doi:10.1038/nature01526]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dapena-Mora, A., Campos, J.L., Mosquera-Corral, A., Jetten, M.S.M., Méndez, R., 2004. Stability of the ANAMMOX process in a gas-lift reactor and a SBR. J. Biotechnol., 110(2):159–170. [doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.02.005]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dapena-Mora, A., Fernández, I., Campos, J.L., Mosquera-Corral, A., Méndez, R., Jetten, M.S.M., 2007. Evaluation of activity and inhibition effects on Anammox process by batch tests based on the nitrogen gas production. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 40(4):859–865. [doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.06.018]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, X., Tollner, E.W., 2003. Evaluation of Anammox and denitrification during anaerobic digestion of poultry manure. Bioresource Technol., 86(2):139–145. [doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00154-2]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egli, K., Fanger, U., Alvarez, P.J.J., Siegrist, H., van der Meer, J.R., Zehnder, A.J.B., 2001. Enrichment and characterization of an anammox bacterium from a rotating biological contactor treating ammonium-rich leachate. Arch. Microbiol., 175(3):198–207. [doi:10.1007/s002030100255]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engström, P., Dalsgaard, T., Hulth, S., Aller, C.R., 2005. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by nitrite (anammox): implications for N2 production in coastal marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69(8):2057–2065. [doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.09.032]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furukawa, K., Rouse, J.D., Yoshida, N., Hatanaka, H., 2003. Mass cultivation of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing sludge using a novel nonwoven biomass carrier. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 36(10):1163–1169. [doi:10.1252/jcej.36.1163]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fux, C., Boehler, M., Huber, P., Brunner, I., Siegrist, H., 2002. Biological treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater by partial nitritation and subsequent anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in a pilot plant. J. Biotechnol., 99(3):295–306. [doi:10.1016/S0168-1656(02)00220-1]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fux, C., Marchesi, V., Brunner, I., Siegrist, H., 2004. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation of ammonium-rich waste streams in fixed-bed reactors. Water Sci. Technol., 49(11):77–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galí, A., Dosta, J., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Mata-Alvarez, J., 2007. Two ways to achieve an anammox influent from real reject water treatment at lab-scale: partial SBR nitrification and SHARON process. Process Biochem., 42(4):715–720. [doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2006.12.002]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, Z., Yang, F., Liu, S., Bao, H., Hu, S., Furukawa, K., 2007. Feasibility of a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor to achieve single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal based on Anammox. Chemosphere, 69(5):776–784. [doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.023]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grunditz, C., Dlhammar, G., 2001. Development of nitrification inhibition assays using pure cultures of nitrosomonas and nitrobacter. Water Res., 35(2):433–440. [doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00312-2]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hao, X., Heijnen, J.J., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2001. Sensitivity analysis of a biofilm model describing a one-stage completely autotrophic nitrogen removal (CANON) process. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 77(3):266–277. [doi:10.1002/bit.10105]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellinga, C., Schellen, A.A.J.C., Mulder, J.W., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Heijnen, J.J., 1998. The Sharon process: an innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich waste water. Water Sci. Technol., 37(9):135–142. [doi:10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00281-9]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hippen, A., Rosenwinkel, K.H., Baumgarten, G., Seyfried, C.F., 1997. Aerobic deammonification: a new experience in the treatment of wastewaters. Water Sci. Technol., 35(10):111–120. [doi:10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00211-4]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huston, W.M., Harhangi, H.R., Leech, A.P., Butler, C.S., Jetten, M.S.M., Op den Camp, H.J.M., Moir, J.W.B., 2007. Expression and characterization of a major c-type cytochrome encoded by gene kustc0563 from Kuenenia stuttgartiensis as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Protein Expression and Purification, 51(1):28–33. [doi:10.1016/j.pep.2006.06.026]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, I.S., Min, K.S., Choi, E., Yun, Z., 2005. Nitrogen removal from piggery waste using the combined SHARON and ANAMMOX process. Water Sci. Technol., 52(10–11):487–494.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaka, K., Date, Y., Sumino, T., Yoshie, S., Tsuneda, S., 2006. Growth characteristic of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in an anaerobic biological filtrated reactor. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 70(1):47–52. [doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0046-2]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, R.C., Hu, B.L., Zheng, P., Qaisar, M., Hu, A.H., Islam, E., 2008. Quantitative comparison of stability of ANAMMOX process in different reactor configurations. Bioresource Technol., 99(6):1603–1609. [doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.018]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kartal, B., van Niftrik, L., Sliekers, O., Schmid, M.C., Schmidt, I., van de Pas-Schoonen, K., Cirpus, I., van der Star, W., van Loosdrecht, M., Abma, W., et al., 2004. Application, eco-physiology and biodiversity of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biol./Technol., 3(3):255–264. [doi:10.1007/s11157-004-7247-5]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kartal, B., Rattray, J., van Niftrik, L.A., van de Vossenberg, J., Schmid, M.C., Webb, R.I., Schouten, S., Fuerst, J.A., Damsté, J.S., Jetten, M.S.M., Strous, M., 2007. Candidatus “Anammoxoglobus propionicus” a new propionate oxidizing species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 30(1):39–49. [doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2006.03.004]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuypers, M.M.M., Sliekers, A.O., Lavik, G., Schmid, M., Jørgensen, B.B., Kuenen, J.G., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Strous, M., Jetten, M.S.M., 2003. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea. Nature, 422(6932):608–611. [doi:10.1038/nature01472]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, M.R., Webb, R.I., Strous, M., Jetten, M.S.M., Butler, M.K., Forde, R.J., Fuerst, J.A., 2001. Cell compartmentalization in planctomycetes: novel types of structural organization for the bacterial cell. Arch. Microbiol., 175(6):413–429. [doi:10.1007/s002030100280]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, G., Zheng, P., Jin, R., Qaisar, M., 2006. Control strategy of shortcut nitrification. J. Environ Sci.-China, 18(1):58–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, A., van de Graaf, A.A., Robertson, L.A., Kuenen, J.G., 1995. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 16(3):177–184. [doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00281.x]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, M., Bollmann, A., Sliekers, O., Jetten, M., Schmid, M., Strous, M., Schmidt, I., Larsen, L.H., Nielsen, L.P., Revsbech, N.P., 2005. Kinetics, diffusional limitation and microscale distribution of chemistry and organisms in a CANON reactor. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 51(2):247–256. [doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2004.09.003]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penton, C.R., Devol, A.H., Tiedje, J.M., 2006. Molecular evidence for the broad distribution of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in freshwater and marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72(10):6829–6832. [doi:10.1128/AEM.01254-06]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollice, A., Tandoi, V., Lestingi, C., 2002. Influence of aeration and sludge retention time on ammonium oxidation to nitrite and nitrate. Water Res., 36(10):2541–2546. [doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00468-7]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pynaert, K., Wyffels, S., Sprengers, R., Boeckx, P., van Cleemput, O., Verstraete, W., 2002. Oxygen-limited nitrogen removal in a lab-scale rotating biological contactor treating an ammonium-rich wastewater. Water Sci. Technol., 45(10):357–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pynaert, K., Smets, B.F., Wyffels, S., Beheydt, D., Siciliano, S.D., Verstraete, W., 2003. Characterization of an autotrophic nitrogen-removing biofilm from a highly loaded lab-scale rotating biological contactor. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(6):3626–3635. [doi:10.1128/AEM.69.6.3626-3635.2003]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pynaert, K., Smets, B.F., Beheydt, D., Verstraete, W., 2004. Start-up of autotrophic nitrogen removal reactors via sequential biocatalyst addition. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(4):1228–1235. [doi:10.1021/es030081+]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reginatto, V., Teixeira, R.M., Pereira, F., Schmidell, W., Furigo, A.Jr., Menes, R., Etchebehere, C., Soares, H.M., 2005. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation in a bioreactor treating slaughterhouse wastewater. Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 22(4):593–600. [doi:10.1590/S0104-66322005000400012]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, G., Jeison, D., Rubilar, O., Ciudad, G., Chamy, R., 2006. Nitrification-denitrification via nitrite accumulation for nitrogen removal from wastewaters. Bioresource Technol., 97(2):330–335. [doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.018]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, M., Walsh, K., Webb, R., Rijpstra, W.I.C., van de Pas-Schoonen, K., Jan Verbruggen, M., Hill, T., Moffett, B., Fuerst, J., Schouten, S., et al., 2003. Candidatus “Scalindua brodae”, sp. nov., Candidatus “Scalindua wagneri”, sp. nov., two new species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 26(4):529–538. [doi:10.1078/072320203770865837]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, I., Bock, E., 1997. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation with nitrogen dioxide by Nitrosomona eutropha. Arch. Microbiol., 167(2–3):106–111. [doi:10.1007/s002030050422]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schouten, S., Strous, M., Kuypers, M.M.M., Rijpstra, W.I.C., Baas, M., Schubert, C.J., Jetten, M.S.M., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2004. Stable carbon isotopic fractionations associated with inorganic carbon fixation by anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(6):3785–3788. [doi:10.1128/AEM.70.6.3785-3788.2004]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimamura, M., Nishiyama, T., Shigetomo, H., Toyomoto, T., Kawahara, Y., Furukawa, K., Fujii, T., 2007. Isolation of a multiheme protein with features of a hydrazine-oxidizing enzyme from an anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing enrichment culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73(4):1065–1072. [doi:10.1128/AEM.01978-06]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Strous, M., Rijpstra, W.I.C., Hopmans, E.C., Geenevasen, J.A.J., van Duin, A.C.T., van Niftrik, L.A., Jetten, M.S.M., 2002. Linearly concatenated cyclobutane lipids form a dense bacterial membrane. Nature, 419(6908):708–712. [doi:10.1038/nature01128]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sliekers, A.O., Derwort, N., Gomez, J.L.C., Strous, M., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 2002. Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite in one single reactor. Water Res., 36(10):2475–2482. [doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00476-6]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sliekers, A.O., Third, K.A., Abma, W., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 2003. CANON and anammox in a gas-lift reactor. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 218(2):339–344. [doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(02)01177-1]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strous, M., 2000. Microbiology of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation. Ph.D Thesis, Department of Microbiology, TU Technical University, Delft, the Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strous, M., van Gerven, E., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 1997a. Effects of aerobic and microaerobic conditions on anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (Anammox) sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63(6):2446–3448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strous, M., van Gerven, E., Zheng, P., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 1997b. Ammonium removal from concentrated waste streams with the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) process in different reactor configurations. Water Res., 31(8):1955–1962. [doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00055-9]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strous, M., Heijnen, J.J., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 1998. The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50(5):589–596. [doi:10.1007/s002530051340]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strous, M., Fuerst, J.A., Kramer, E.H.M., Logemann, S., Muyzer, G., van de Pas-Schoonen, K.T., Webb, R., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 1999a. Missing lithotroph identified as new planctomycete. Nature, 400(6743):446–449. [doi:10.1038/22749]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strous, M., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 1999b. Key physiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(7):3248–3250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strous, M., Kuenen, J.G., Fuerst, J.A., Wagner, M., Jetten, M.S.M., 2002. The anammox case—a new experimental manifesto for microbiological co-physiology. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 81(1/4):693–702. [doi:10.1023/A:1020590413079]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strous, M., Pelletier, E., Mangenot, S., Rattei, T., Lehner, A., Taylor, M.W., Horn, M., Daims, H., Bartol-Mavel, D., Wincker, P., et al., 2006. Deciphering the evolution and metabolism of an anammox bacterium from a community genome. Nature, 440(7085):790–794. [doi:10.1038/nature04647]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, S., Yokoyama, M., Ishizuka, H., Sotowa, K.I., Tomida, T., Shigemoto, N., 2005. Removal of aqueous ammonium with magnesium phosphates obtained from the ammonium-elimination of magnesium ammonium phosphate. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 292(1):133–138. [doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.073]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thamdrup, B., Dalsgaard, T., 2002. Production of N2 through anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction in marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(3):1312–1318. [doi:10.1128/AEM.68.3.1312-1318.2002]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Third, K.A., Sliekers, A.O., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 2001. The CANON system (completely autotrophic nitrogen-removal over nitrite) under ammonium limitation: interaction and competition between three groups of bacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 24(4):588–596. [doi:10.1078/0723-2020-00077]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Third, K.A., Paxman, J., Schmid, M., Strous, M., Jetten, M.S.M., Cord-Ruwish, R., 2005. Enrichment of anammox from activated sludge and its application in the CANON process. Microb. Ecol., 49(2):236–244. [doi:10.1007/s00248-004-0186-4]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toh, S.K., Ashbolt, N.J., 2002. Adaptation of anaerobic ammonium-oxidising consortium to synthetic coke-ovens wastewater. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 59(2–3):344–352. [doi:10.1007/s00253-002-1007-7]

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toh, S.K., Webb, R.I., Ashbolt, N.J., 2002. Enrichment of autotrophic anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing consortia from various wastewaters. Microb. Ecol., 43(1):154–167. [doi:10.1007/s00248-001-0033-9]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trigo, C., Campos, J.L., Garrido, J.M., Méndez, R., 2006. Start-up of the Anammox process in a membrane bioreactor. J. Biotechnol., 126(4):475–487. [doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.05.008]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsushima, I., Ogasawara, Y., Kindaichi, T., Satoh, H., Okabe, S., 2007. Development of high-rate anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) biofilm reactors. Water Res., 41(8):1623–1634. [doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.01.050]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van de Graaf, A.A., de Bruijn, P., Robertson, L.A., Jetten, M.S.M., Kuenen, J.G., 1996. Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor. Microbiology (UK), 142:2187–2196.

    Google Scholar 

  • van de Graaf, A.A., de Bruijn, P., Robertson, L.A., Jetten, M.S.M., Kuenen, J.G., 1997. Metabolic pathway of anaerobic ammonium oxidation on the basis of 15N studies in a fluidized bed reactor. Microbiology (UK), 143(7):2415–2421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Star, W.R.L., Abma, W.R., Blommers, D., Mulder, J.W., Tokutomi, T., Strous, M., Picioreanu, C., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2007. Startup of reactors for anoxic ammonium oxidation: experiences from the first full-scale anammox reactor in Rotterdam. Water Res., 41(18):4149–4163. [doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.044]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Dongen, U., Jetten, M.S.M., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2001. The SHARON-Anammox process for treatment of ammonium rich wastewater. Water Sci. Technol., 44(1):153–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kempen, R., Mulder, J.W., Uijterlinde, C.A., Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2001. Overview: full scale experience of the SHARON process for treatment of rejection water of digested sludge dewatering. Water Sci. Technol., 44(1):145–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volcke, E.I.P., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Vanrolleghem, P.A., 2006. Controlling the nitrite:ammonium ratio in a SHARON reactor in view of its coupling with an Anammox process. Water Sci. Technol., 53(4–5):45–54. [doi:10.2166/wst.2006.109]

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waki, M., Tokutomi, T., Yokoyama, H., Tanaka, Y., 2007. Nitrogen removal from animal waste treatment water by anammox enrichment. Bioresource Technol., 98(14):2775–2780. [doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.031]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J.L., Yang, N., 2004. Partial nitrification under limited dissolved oxygen conditions. Process Biochem., 39(10):1223–1229. [doi:10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00249-8]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Z., An, Y., Wang, Z., Yang, S., Chen, H., Zhou, Z., Mai, S., 2008. Study on zoelite enhanced contact-adsorption regeneration-stabilization process for nitrogen removal. J. Hazard. Mater., in press. [doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.029]

  • Yamamoto, T., Takaki, K., Koyama, T., Furukawa, K., 2006. Novel partial nitritation treatment for anaerobic digestion liquor of swine wastewater using swim-bed technology. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 102(6):497–503. [doi:10.1263/jbb.102.497]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S.H., Zheng, P., Hua, Y.M., 2004. Anammox transited from denitrification in upflow biofilm reactor. J. Environ. Sci.-China, 16(6):1041–1045.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, P., Lin, F.M., Hu, B.L., Chen, J.S., 2004. Performance of Anammox granular sludge bed reactor started up with nitrifying granular sludge. J. Environ. Sci.-China, 16(2):339–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Lei Zhang or Ping Zheng.

Additional information

Project supported by the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2006AA06Z332), and the Science and Technology Foundation for Key Project of Zhejiang Province (No. 2003C13005), China

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhang, L., Zheng, P., Tang, Cj. et al. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation for treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 9, 416–426 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0710590

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0710590

Key words

CLC number

Navigation