Abstract
The traction drive system is the “heart” of rail transit vehicles. The development of sustainable, secure, economic, reliable, efficient, and comfortable contemporary rail transportation has led to increasingly stringent requirements for traction drive systems. The interest in such systems is constantly growing, supported by advancements such as permanent magnet (PM) motors, advanced electronic devices such as those using silicon carbide (SiC), new-generation insulating materials such as organic silicon, and advanced magnetic materials such as rare-earth magnets and amorphous materials. Progress has also been made in control methods, manufacturing technology, artificial intelligence (AI), and other advanced technologies. In this paper, we briefly review the state-of-the-art critical global trends in rail transit traction drive technology in recent years. Potential areas for research and the main obstacles hindering the development of the next-generation rail transit traction drive systems are also discussed. Finally, we describe some advanced traction drive technologies used in actual engineering applications.
概要
牵引传动系统是轨道交通车辆的“心脏”。当代轨道交通绿色、安全、经济、可靠、高效、舒适的发展方向对牵引传动系统提出了日益苛刻的要求。永磁电机等先进电机、碳化硅等先进电子器件、有机硅等新一代绝缘材料、稀土永磁和非晶等先进磁材料和现代控制技术、先进制造技术、人工智能等高新技术的快速发展为新一代牵引传动系统提供了重要的条件支撑。本文简略回顾近年来轨道交通牵引传动技术的重要进展,并对下一代轨道交通牵引传动技术的发展方向及面临的主要挑战进行探讨。
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alstom, 2021. Autonomous Mobility: The Future of Rail is Automated. https://www.alstom.com/autonomous-mobility-future-rail-automated
Bakran MM, März A, Laska B, et al., 2014. Latest developments in increasing the power density of traction drives. International Power Electronics Conference, p.2113–2119. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPEC.2014.6869880
Banham-Hall DD, Taylor GA, Smith CA, et al., 2012. Flow batteries for enhancing wind power integration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 27(3):1690–1697. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2185256
Bindra A, 2021. Virtual APEC 2021 illuminates emerging technologies and trends: from electronic components to power systems, the conference and exposition revealed latest advances. IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, 8(3): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPEL.2021.3100904
Binder A, Schneider T, Klohr M, 2006. Fixation of buried and surface-mounted magnets in high-speed permanent-magnet synchronous machines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 42(4):1031–1037. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2006.876072
Brenna M, Foiadelli F, Longo M, 2016. Application of genetic algorithms for driverless subway train energy optimization. International Journal of Vehicular Technology, 2016: 8073523. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8073523
Chapas P, Barat O, 2004. Die elektrische lokomotive PRIMA 3U15 von Alstom transport. ZEVrail Glasers Annalen, 128(11–12):564–573 (in German).
Chen P, Luo QP, 2017. Analysis of the development and application of the permanent magnet synchronous traction system at abroad. Smart Rail Transit, 54(5):14–18 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-7610.2017.05.003
Corbo P, Corcione FE, Migliardini F, et al., 2006. Energy management in fuel cell power trains. Energy Conversion and Management, 47(18–19):3255–3271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.02.025
Cousineau R, 2006. Development of a hybrid switcher locomotive the Railpower Green Goat. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 9(1):25–29. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2006.1634954
de la Torre S, Sánchez-Racero AJ, Aguado JA, et al., 2015. Optimal sizing of energy storage for regenerative braking in electric railway systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 30(3):1492–1500. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2340911
Designboom, 2021. Meet the World’s First Fully Automated Driverless Train in Hamburg. https://www.designboom.com/technology/worlds-first-fully-automated-driverless-train-hamburg-db-siemens-10-18-2021/
Dmitriev VA, Irvine K, Spencer M, et al., 1994. Low resistivity (∼10−5 Å cm2) ohmic contacts to 6H silicon carbide fabricated using cubic silicon carbide contact layer. Applied Physics Letters, 64(3):318–320. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.111193
El-Refaie AM, Alexander JP, Galioto S, et al., 2014. Advanced high-power-density interior permanent magnet motor for traction applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 50(5):3235–3248. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2014.2305804
Fabre J, Ladoux P, Piton M, 2012. Characterization of SiC MOSFET dual modules for future use in railway traction chains. PCIM Europe Conference Proceedings, p.53–54
Fan PZ, Panayirci E, Poor HV, et al., 2012. Special issue on broadband mobile communications at very high speeds. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2012:279. https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-279
Feurtado M, McPherson B, Martin D, et al., 2019. High-performance 300 kW 3-phase SiC inverter based on next generation modular SiC power modules. International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, p.1–8.
Flämig H, 2016. Autonomous vehicles and autonomous driving in freight transport. In: Maurer M, Gerdes JC, Lenz B, et al. (Eds.), Autonomous Driving: Technical, Legal and Social Aspects. Springer, Berlin, Germany, p.365–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48847-8_18
Gee AM, Dunn RW, 2015. Analysis of trackside flywheel energy storage in light rail systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 64(9):3858–3869. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2014.2361865
Grace K, Galioto S, Bodla K, et al., 2018. Design and testing of a carbon-fiber-wrapped synchronous reluctance traction motor. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 54(5):4207–4217. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2018.2836966
Gonzalez AG, Wang D, Dubus JM, et al., 2020. Design and experimental investigation of a hybrid rotor permanent magnet modular machine with 3D flux paths accounting for recyclability of permanent magnet material. Energies, 13(6):1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061342
Hao YC, Yang YZ, Wang YH, et al., 2020. Research on controllability of risk chain network in urban rail transit system. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies for Rail Transportation, p.355–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2866-8_34
Harada K, Anan F, Yamasaki K, et al., 1996. Intelligent transformer. Proceedings of the 27th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, p. 1337–1341. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESC.1996.548755
Hatua K, Dutta S, Tripathi A, et al., 2011. Transformer less intelligent power substation design with 15 kV SiC IGBT for grid interconnection. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, p.4225–4232. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2011.6064346
Hugo N, Stefanutti P, Pellerin M, et al., 2007. Power electronics traction transformer. European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, p.1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2007.4417649
Jiang Y, Liu JQ, Tian W, et al., 2014. Energy harvesting for the electrification of railway stations: getting a charge from the regenerative braking of trains. IEEE Electrification Magazine, 2(3):39–48. https://doi.org/10.1109/MELE.2014.2333561
Kolar J, 2016. Modern trends in the drive wheelsets of rail vehicles. In: Dynybyl V, Berka O, Petr K, et al. (Eds.), The Latest Methods of Construction Design, p.27–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22762-7_5
Kouroussis G, Zhu SY, Vogiatzis K, 2021. Noise and vibration from transportation. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 22(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A20NVT01
Lamedica R, Ruvio A, Tanzi E, et al., 2022. O.Si.Si: optimal sizing and siting of stationary storage systems in railway electrical lines using a blackbox integer model. Journal of Energy Storage, 51:104350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104350
Lawrie I, 2020. Transport equity considerations of a ‘trackless tram-entrepreneur rail model’. Australian Planner, 56(4):270–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2020.1854799
Lindahl M, Velander E, Johansson MH, et al., 2018. Silicon carbide MOSFET traction inverter operated in the Stockholm metro system demonstrating customer values. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, p.1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2018.8604975
Loewenthal SH, Rohn DA, Anderson NE, 1983. Advances in traction drive technology. SAE Transactions, 92(3):921–934.
Lopez-Ibarra JA, Goitia-Zabaleta N, Camblong H, et al., 2019. Adaptive energy management strategy for a hybrid shunter locomotive. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, p.1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC46532.2019.8952472
Ma GT, Sun ZY, Xu S, et al., 2021. Review on permanent magnet direct drive technology of railway vehicles. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 21(1):217–232 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2021.01.010
Matsuoka K, Kondoh K, Kobayashi Y, et al., 2001. Development of wheel mounted direct drive traction motor for rail vehicle. IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications, 121(11):1176–1184. https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.121.1176
Miller AR, Hess KS, Barnes DL, et al., 2007. System design of a large fuel cell hybrid locomotive. Journal of Power Sources, 173(2):935–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.045
Morya AK, Gardner MC, Anvari B, et al., 2019. Wide bandgap devices in AC electric drives: opportunities and challenges. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 5(1): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2019.2892807
Moser S, Incurvati M, Schiestl M, et al., 2021. Development of a GIT GaN intelligent power module. International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, p.1–6.
Moskowitz JP, Cohuau JL, 2010. STEEM: ALSTOM and RATP experience of supercapacitors in tramway operation. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, p.1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2010.5729152
Mousavi GSM, Faraji F, Majazi A, et al., 2017. A comprehensive review of flywheel energy storage system technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67:477–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.060
Nexperia, 2021. Nexperia Extends LFPAK56D MOSFET Line-up with AEC-Q101-Qualified Half-Bridge Package. https://www.nexperia.com/about/news-events/press-releases/nexperia-extends-lfpak56d-mosfet-line-up-with-aec-q101-qualified-half-bridge-package.html
Peroutka Z, Zeman K, Krus F, et al., 2009. New generation of full low-floor trams: control of wheel drives with permanent magnet synchronous motors. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, p.1833–1840. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2009.5316438
Piraino F, Genovese M, Fragiacomo P, et al., 2021. Towards a new mobility concept for regional trains and hydrogen infrastructure. Energy Conversion and Management, 228: 113650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113650
ReportLinker, 2021. Industrial Electronics Market Trends. https://www.reportlinker.com/p05778468/?utm_source=GNW
Reschka A, 2016. Safety concept for autonomous vehicles. In: Maurer M, Gerdes JC, Lenz B, et al. (Eds.), Autonomous Driving: Technical, Legal and Social Aspects. Springer, Berlin, Germany, p.473–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48847-8_23
Rotonix, 2014. Rotonix Products. https://www.rotonix.com.cn/en/about-us/
Sato K, Kato H, Fukushima T, 2020. Development of SiC applied traction system for next-generation Shinkansen high-speed trains. IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications, 9(4):453–459. https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejjia.9.453
She X, Huang AQ, Lucía Ó, et al., 2017. Review of silicon carbide power devices and their applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(10):8193–8205. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2017.2652401
Steimel A, 2012. Under Europe’s incompatible catenary voltages a review of multi-system traction technology. Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship Propulsion, p.1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ESARS.2012.6387460
Takano Y, Takeno M, Hoshi N, et al., 2010. Design and analysis of a switched reluctance motor for next generation hybrid vehicle without PM materials. International Power Electronics Conference, p.1801–1806. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPEC.2010.5543565
Tan P, Ma JE, Zhou J, et al., 2016. Sustainability development strategy of China’s high speed rail. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 17(12):923–932. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1600747
Tang YX, Luo ZY, Yu CJ, et al., 2019. Determination of biomass-coal blending ratio by 14C measurement in co-firing flue gas. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 20(7):475–486. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1900006
Vukotić M, Miljavec D, 2016. Design of a permanent-magnet flux-modulated machine with a high torque density and high power factor. IET Electric Power Applications, 10(1): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2015.0143
Xu SL, Chen CY, Lin ZJ, et al., 2021. Review and prospect of maintenance technology for traction system of high-speed train. Transportation Safety and Environment, 3(3):tdab017. https://doi.org/10.1093/tse/tdab017
Zhang CF, Wu GP, Rong F, et al., 2018. Robust fault-tolerant predictive current control for permanent magnet synchronous motors considering demagnetization fault. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 65(7):5324–5334. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2017.2774758
Zhao CH, Dujic D, Mester A, et al., 2014. Power electronic traction transformer—medium voltage prototype. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 61(7):3257–3268. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2013.2278960
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFB1201804) and the Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. (No. N2021J049).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Author contributions
Jien MA conceived the review. Bowen XU and Jiabo SHOU investigated the corresponding data. Chao LUO wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Xing LIU and Lin QIU helped to organize the manuscript. Youtong FANG revised and edited the final version.
Conflict of interest
Jien MA, Chao LUO, Lin QIU, Xing LIU, Bowen XU, Jiabo SHOU, and Youtong FANG declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, J., Luo, C., Qiu, L. et al. Recent advances in traction drive technology for rail transit. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 24, 177–188 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2200285
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2200285
Key words
- Rail transit
- Traction drive systems
- Artificial intelligence (AI)
- Permanent magnet (PM) motors
- Electronic devices