Abstract
A cement-based piezoelectret is reported for the first time. Both poling during setting and sodium silicate liquid admixture strengthened the piezoelectret effect. The electret voltage increased upon compressive strain, with partial reversibility; the voltage change was up to 450 V per unit strain (i.e., piezoelectret coupling coefficient up to 4.2 × 10−15 m/V). The effect was relatively strong for a Na+ concentration of 0.5 M in the water, in combination with a poling electric field of 225 V/m. The effect increased with increasing magnitude of the constant compressive stress. The direct piezoelectric effect was observed as a minor effect, with the voltage decreasing upon compressive strain; the voltage change was up to 6.7 V per unit strain (i.e., piezoelectric coupling coefficient down to −2.3 × 10−16 m/V). An Na+ concentration of 0.5 M gave superior performance than 1.0 M. For 0.5 M, the compressive modulus and piezoelectret coupling coefficient were higher. The poling reduced the compressive modulus and caused pore formation in the vicinity of the electrodes, but it enhanced the piezoelectret effect.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wenger MP, Blanas P, Shuford RJ, Das-Gupta DK (1996) Acoustic emission signal detection by ceramic/polymer composite piezoelecrets embedded in glass-epoxy laminates. Polym Eng Sci 36(24):2945–2954. doi:10.1002/pen.10696
Schwödiauer R, Neugschwandtner GS, Schrattbauer K, Lindner M, Vieytes M, Bauer-Gogonea S et al (2000) Preparation and characterization of novel piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymer electrets. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 7(4):578–586. doi:10.1109/94.868080
Meschia SC, Schmidt VH, Taubner S (1996) An electret accelerometer for use in active vibration control systems. In: ISAF’96 proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on applications of ferroelectrics, 10th, East Brunswick, NJ, August 18–21, 1996, vol 1, pp 117–119
Gaynor PT, Hughes JF (1998) Dust anchoring characteristics of electret fibers with respect to Der p 1 allergen carrying particles. Med Biol Eng Comput 36(5):615–620. doi:10.1007/BF02524433
Shumakov VI, Chepurov AK, Kazlove VK, Kazakova TI (1975) Adhesion of blood platelets to electret polymers. Polim Med 5(3):247–252
Scott JF, Zubko P (2005) Electret effects in ferroeletric thin films. In: Proceedings—international symposium on electrets (ISE 12), 12th, Salvador, Brazil, September 11–14, 2005, pp 113–115
Magerramov AM, Kerimov MK, Hamidov EM (2004) Electret polymer materials for dosimetry of γ-irradiation. In: NATO Science Series, IV: earth and environmental sciences, p 41. Radiation Safety Problems in the Caspian Region, pp 205–209
Bauer S, Bauer-Gogonea S, Dansachumller M, Graz I, Leonhartsberger H, Salhofer H et al (2003) Modern electrets. In: Proceedings—IEEE ultrasonics symposium, vol 1, pp 370–376
Sahu DK, Khare PK, Shrivastava RK (2004) Dielectric loss factor in electrically polarized polyvinylidene fluoride film electrets by TSDC. Indian J Phys 78(11):1205–1209
Khare PK, Sahu DK, Verma A, Srivatava RK (2004) Depolarization studies of polyvinylidene fluoride foil electrets using thermally stimulated discharge. Indian J Pure Appl Phys 42(9):693–696
Fedosov SN, Sergeeva AV, Giacometti JA, Ribeiro PA (1999) Corona poling of a ferroelectric polymer (PVDF). In: Proceedings of SPIE—the international society for optical engineering, p 4017. Polym Liq Crystals 53–58
Holstein P, Leister N, Weber U, Geschke D, Binder H, Monti GA et al (1999) A combined study of polarization in PVDF. In: Proceedings—international symposium on electrets, 10th, Delphi, Greece, September 22–24, 1999, pp 509–512
Eisenmenger W, Schmidt H, Dehlen B (1999) Space charge and dipoles in polyvinylidene fluoride. Braz J Phys 29(2):295–305. doi:10.1590/S0103-97331999000200011
Frensch H, Wendorff JH (1985) Correlations between the structure and the electret behavior of PVDF/PMMA alloys. In: Proceedings—international symposium on electrets, 5th, pp 132–137
Sessler GM, Gerhard-Multhaupt R, Von Seggern H (1985) Charge and polarization profiles in polymer electrets. In: Proceedings—international symposium on electrets, 5th, pp 565–570
Mellinger A, Singh R, Wegener M, Wirges W, Suarez RF, Lang SB et al (2005) High-resolution three-dimensional space-charge and polarization mapping with thermal pulses. In: Proceeding—international symposium on electrets (ISE 12), 12th, Salvador, Brazil, September 11–14, 2005, pp 212–215
Gol’tsov YI, Kramarenko IS, Panchenko EM, Zagoruiko VA, Mal’tsev VT, Sokolova TV (1983) Electret effect in heterogeneous ceramic dielectrics and glasses. USSR Avail VINITI Deposited Doc (VINITI 2386-83), 19 pp
Gubkin AN, Popova OS, Ogloblin VA, Kuskova AM (1974) Study of electrect from ceramic dielectrics, glasses and glass-ceramics. Sb Ref—Vses Konf Fiz Dielektr Perspekt Ee Razvit, Meeting Date 1973, vol 2, pp 126–127
Gubkin AN, Kashtanova AM, Ogloblin VA, Rastorgueva AV (1972) Time dependences of charges and slowly established polarization of electrets made of glasses and glass-ceramics. USSR Tr Mosk Inst Elektron Mashinostr 21:38–47
Nakamura S, Ueshima M, Kobayashi T, Yamashita K (2003) Crystal growth modification by surface charge on ceramic electret in simulated body fluid. In: Key engineering materials, pp 240–242. Bioceramics 445–448
Panchapakesan R (2007) Electret effect in cement. Thesis, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
Huang C-Y, Chung DDL (in press) Controlling and increasing the inherent voltage in cement paste. Adv Cement Res
Wen S, Chung DDL (2007) Piezoresistivity-based strain sensing in carbon fiber reinforced cement. ACI Mater J 104(2):171–179
Wen S, Chung DDL (2006) Self-sensing of flexural damage and strain in carbon fiber reinforced cement and effect of embedded steel reinforcing bars. Carbon 44(8):1496–1502. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2005.12.009
Wen S, Chung DDL (2006) Model of piezoresistivity in carbon fiber cement. Cement Concr Res 36(10):1879–1885. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.029
Zhu S, Chung DDL (2007) Theory of piezoresistivity for strain sensing in carbon fiber reinforced cement under flexure. J Mater Sci 42(15):6222–6233. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-1131-3
Wen S, Chung DDL (2006) Effects of strain and damage on the strain sensing ability of carbon fiber cement. J Mater Civ Eng 18(3):355–360. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:3(355)
Wen S, Chung DDL (2005) Strain sensing characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced cement. ACI Mater J 102(4):244–248
Chung DDL (2002) Piezoresistive cement-based materials for strain sensing. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 13(9):599–609
Wen S, Chung DDL (2003) A comparative study of steel- and carbon-fibre cement as piezoresistive strain sensors. Adv Cement Res 15(3):119–128. doi:10.1680/adcr.15.3.119.36621
Wen S, Chung DDL (2002) Piezoelectric cement-based materials with large coupling and voltage coefficients. Cement Concr Res 32(3):335–339. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00682-2
Sun M, Li Z, Song X (2004) Piezoelectric effect of hardened cement paste. Cement Concr Compos 26:717–720. doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00104-5
Sun M, Liu Q, Li Z, Wang E (2002) Electrical emission in mortar under low compressive loading. Cement Concr Res 32:47–50. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00627-5
Lam KH, Chan HLW (2005) Piezoelectric cement-base 1-3 composites. Appl Phys A 81:1451–1454. doi:10.1007/s00339-005-3226-0
Zhang D, Li Z, Wu K-R (2002) 2-2 piezoelectric cement matrix composite: part II actuator effect. Cement Concr Res 32:825–830
Cheng X, Huang S, Chang J (2007) Piezoelectric, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of 0-3 ceramic/cement composites. J Appl Phys 101:094110. doi:10.1063/1.2730559
Cheng X, Huang S, Chang J, Lu L, Liu F (2005) Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of piezoelectric ceramic-sulphoaluminate cement composites. Smart Mater Struct 14(59-N):63
Dong B, Li Z (2005) Cement-based piezoelectric cement smart composites. Compos Sci Technol 65:1363–1371. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.12.006
Gerhard-Multhaupt R, Künstler W, Görne T, Pucher A, Weinhold T, Seiß M (2000) Porous PTFE space-charge electrets for piezoelectric applications. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 7(4):480–488. doi:10.1109/94.868065
Mellinger A, Gonzalez FC, Gerhard-Multhaupt R, Santos LF, Faria RM (2002) Photostimulated discharge of corona and electron-beam charged electret polymers. In: Proceedings—international symposium on electrets, 11th, Melbourne, Australia, October 1–3, 2002, pp 7–10
Krashennikov AI, Lipaev SM, Rybnikov YS, Sbrodova LI (1986) Triboelectret effect during triboelectrification of power coatings. USSR, Lakokrasochnye Materialy i Ikh Primenenie 3:38–40
Bally RJ (1987) Cement–sodium silicate suspensions for underground construction. Hidrotehnica 32(7):260–265
Winter E, Clarke WJ, Guthrie JW (1986) Microfine cement grout strengthens foundations. Concr Int Des Constr 8(10):59–61
Domone PL (1990) The properties of low-strength silicate/Portland cement grouts. Cement Concr Res 20(1):25–35. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(90)90113-C
Lim HM, Yang HC, Chun BS, Lee SH (2005) The effect of sodium tripolyphosphate on sodium silicate-cement grout. In: Materials science forum, pp 486–487. Eco-Mater Process Des VI, 391–394
Scheetz BE, Hoffer JP (1995) Characterization of sodium silicate-activated Portland cement: 1. Matrixes for low-level radioactive waste forms. American Concrete Institute, SP-158 (Concrete and Grout in Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Disposal), pp 91–110
Okamoto T (1981) Acid-resistant cement prepared from sodium silicate binder. Semento Gijutsu Nenpo 35:90–93
Morioka M (2006) Cement admixtures for decreasing crack formation and cement composition. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 9 pp
Larosa-Thompson J, Gill P, Scheetz BE, Silsbee MR (1997) Sodium silicate application for cement and concrete. In: Proceeding of the international congress on the chemistry of cement, 10th, Gothenburg, June 2–6, 1997, 3 3iii024, 8 pp
Askeland DR, Phule PP (2003) The science and engineering of materials, 4th edn. Thomson, CA
Acknowledgment
Partial support by the Mark Diamond Research Fund, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, is acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, CY., Wang, S. & Chung, D.D.L. Cement-based piezoelectret. Mater Struct 42, 541–557 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9401-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9401-y