Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-26T20:57:42.128Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Suitability of a New Plant Invader as a Target for Biological Control in Florida

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Veronica Manrique ,
Rodrigo Diaz ,
James P. Cuda  and
William A. Overholt
Veronica Manrique*
Affiliation:
Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
Rodrigo Diaz
Affiliation:
Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
James P. Cuda
Affiliation:
Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
William A. Overholt
Affiliation:
Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: vero72@ufl.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The suitability of a target weed for classical biological control should be considered early in the process of plant invasion. Concerns have been raised about the recent arrival of Mikania micrantha Kunth in south Florida and its potential to spread and invade natural and managed ecosystems. This weed is native to the neotropics, and has been introduced into many Asian countries and, more recently, into Australia. In Asia, M. micrantha is particularly problematic in plantation crops, but also threatens natural areas and disturbed ecosystems. Several aspects of the biology and ecology of M. micrantha are discussed in this review to evaluate its suitability as a target of biological control in Florida. Based on an ecological niche model, the climate in southern and central Florida is highly favorable for the invasion of this weed. Previous biological control programs provide valuable information for Florida scientists about the availability of natural enemies and potential areas for future foreign surveys. Genetic comparison of the Florida population and native range populations, in addition to climate matching, should be considered when selecting areas for foreign exploration. Finally, the authors used a scoring system and risk-benefit–cost analysis to evaluate M. micrantha as a potential target for biological control in Florida. We suggest that similar feasibility evaluations should be conducted not only for well-established problematic weeds but also for new invaders with a known history of invasiveness.

Keywords

Mile-a-minute, Mikania micrantha KunthClassical biological controlfeasibility studies of target weedinvasive species in Florida
Type
Invited Review
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , March 2011 , pp. 1 - 10
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network 2010. Mikania micrantha: Mile-a-Minute Weed. Invasive Pest Fact Sheet. http://apfisn.net/sites/default/files/mikania.pdf. Accessed April 29, 2010.Google Scholar
Barreto, R. W. and Evans, H. C. 1995. The mycobiota of the weed Mikania micrantha in southern Brazil with particular reference to fungal pathogens for biological control. Mycol. Res 99:343–352.Google Scholar
Buckingham, G. R. 1994. Ecological control of aquatic weeds. Pages 413–480. In Rosen, D., Bennett, F. D., and Capinera, J. L. eds. Pest Management in the Subtropics: Biological Control—A Florida Perspective. Andover, UK Intercept.Google Scholar
Busby, J. R. 1991. BIOCLIM—a bioclimatic analysis and prediction system. Pages 64–68. In Margules, C. R., Austin, C. R., and Austin, M. P. eds. Nature Conservation: Cost Effective Biological Surveys and Data Analysis. Canberra, Australia Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organization.Google Scholar
But, P. P. H., Hu, Y. J., Chu, L. M., Wan, C. H., and Woo, T. K. 2008. A tale of three dodders for the biocontrol of Mikania micrantha in Hong Kong. Proceedings of the 5th International Weed Science Congress. Vancouver, Canada International Weed Science Society. 68.Google Scholar
Byrne, M. J., Coetzee, J., McConnachie, A. J., Parasram, W., and Hill, M. P. 2003. Predicting climate compatibility of biological control agents in their region of introduction. Pages 28–35. In Cullen, J. M., Briese, D. T., Kriticos, D. J., Londsdale, W. M., Morin, L., and Scott, J. K. eds. Proceedings of XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Canberra, Australia Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organization.Google Scholar
Charudattan, R. 2005. Ecological, practical, and political inputs into the selection of weed targets: what makes a good biological control target? Biol. Control 35:183–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choudhury, A. 1972. Controversial Mikania (climber)—a threat to the forests and agriculture. Indian For 98:178–186.Google Scholar
Cock, M. J. W. 1982a. Potential biological control agents of Mikania micrantha HBK from the Neotropical region. Trop. Pest Manag 28:242–254.Google Scholar
Cock, M. J. W. 1982b. The biology and host specificity of Liothrips mikaniae (Priesner) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), a potential biological control agent of Mikania micrantha (Compositae). Bull. Entomol. Res 72:523–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cock, M. J. W., Ellison, C. A., Evans, H. C., and Ooi, P. A. C. 2000. Can failure be turned into success for biological control of mile-a-minute weed (Mikania micrantha)? 155–167. In Spencer, R. N. ed. Proceedings International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Bozeman, MT Montana State University.Google Scholar
Cronk, Q. C. B. and Fuller, J. L. eds. 1995. Plant Invaders—The Threat to Natural Ecosystems. London, UK Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Csurhes, S. and Edwards, R. eds. 1998. Potential Environmental Weeds in Australia: Candidate Species for Preventive Control. Brisbane, Australia Department of Natural Resources.Google Scholar
Cuda, J. P. and Sutton, D. L. 2000. Is the aquatic weed hygrophila, Hygrophila polysperma (Polemoniales: Acanthaceae), a suitable target for classical biological control? 337–348. In Spencer, N. R. ed. Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Bozeman, MT Montana State University.Google Scholar
Dawes, C. J. 1998. Marine Botany. 2nd ed. New York J. Wiley.Google Scholar
DeLoach, C. J. 1997. Biological control of weeds in the United States and Canada. Pages 172–194. In Luken, J. O. and Thieret, J. W. eds. Assessment and Management of Plant Invasions. New York Springer.Google Scholar
Desmier de Chenon, R. 2002. Feeding preference tests of two nymphalid butterflies, Actinote thalia pyrrha and Actinote anteas from South America for the biological of Mikania micrantha in South East Asia. Proceedings International Symposium on Exotic Pests and their Control. Guangzhou, China Zhongshan University Press. 27.Google Scholar
Desmier de Chenon, R., Sipayuang, A., and Sudharto, P. 2000. A new biological agent, Actinote anteas, introduced into Indonesia from South America for the control of Chromolaena odorata . Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. Durban, South Africa Agriculture Research Council-Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria. 23–25.Google Scholar
Doren, R. F. and Jones, D. T. 1997. Management in Everglades National Park. Pages 275–286. In Simberloff, D., Schmitz, D. C., and Brown, T. C. eds. Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida. Washington, DC Island.Google Scholar
eFloras.org 2010. Mikania cordifolia (Linnaeus f.) Willdenow. Flora of North America. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242428429. Accessed September 16, 2010.Google Scholar
Ellison, C. A., Evans, H. C., Djeddour, D. H., and Thomas, S. E. 2008. Biology and host range of the fungus Puccinia spegazzinii: a new classical biological control agent of the invasive, alien weed Mikania micrantha, a major invasive weed in Asia. Mycologia 97:935–947.Google Scholar
Ellison, C. A., Evans, H. C., and Ineson, J. 2004. The significance of intraspecies pathogenicity in the selection of a rust pathotype for the classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (mile-a-minute weed) in Southeast Asia. Pages 102–107. In Cullen, J. M., Briese, D. T., Kriticos, D. J., Lonsdale, W. M., Morin, L., and Scott, J. K. eds. Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Canberra, Australia CSIRO Entomology.Google Scholar
Ellison, C. A., Puzari, K. C., Sreerama Kumar, P., Dev, U., Sankaran, K. V., Rabindra, R. J., and Murphy, S. T. 2006. Sustainable control of Mikania micrantha—implementing a classical biological control strategy in India using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii . Pages 94–105. In Yung Lai, P. O., Reddy, G. V. P., and Muniappan, R. eds. Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata and Mikania micrantha. Pingtung, Taiwan National Pingtung University of Science and Technology.Google Scholar
Evans, H. C. 1987. Fungal pathogens of some subtropical and tropical weeds and the possibilities for biological control. Biocontrol News Inf 8:7–30.Google Scholar
Evans, H. C. 1998. Major Indian weeds of Neotropical origin and the possibilities for collaborative biocontrol projects. Pages 55–62. In Ferrar, R., Muniappan, P., and Jayanth, J. P. eds. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. Mangilao Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam.Google Scholar
Evans, H. C. and Ellison, C. A. 1990. Classical biological control of weeds with microorganisms: past, present, prospects. Aspect Appl. Biol 24:39–49.Google Scholar
Evans, H. C. and Ellison, C. A. 2005. The biology and taxonomy of rust fungi associated with the neotropical vine Mikania micrantha, a major invasive weed in Asia. Mycologia 97:935–947.Google Scholar
Ewe, S. M. L. 2001. Ecophysiology of Schinus terebinthifolius contrasted with native species in two south Florida ecosystems. Ph.D Dissertation. Miami, FL University of Miami. 193 p.Google Scholar
Facey, P. C., Pascoe, K. O., Porter, R. B., and Jones, A. D. 1999. Investigation of plants used in Jamaican folk medicine for anti-bacterial activity. J. Pharm. Pharmcol 51:1455–1460.Google Scholar
Fortes, M. D. 1988. Mangrove and seagrass beds of East Asia: habitats under stress. Ambio 17:207–213.Google Scholar
Fourqurean, J. W., Smith, T. J. III, Possley, J., Collins, T. M., Lee, D., and Namoff, S. 2010. Are mangroves in the tropical Atlantic ripe for invasion? Exotic mangrove trees in the forests of south Florida. Biol. Invasions 12:2509–2522.Google Scholar
Gogoi, A. 2001. Status of Mikania infestation in northeastern India: management options and future research thrust. Pages 77–79. In Sankaran, K. V., Murphy, S. T., and Evans, H. C. eds. Alien Weeds in Moist Tropical Zones, Banes and Benefits. Peechi, India Kerala Forest Research Institute.Google Scholar
Habeck, D. H. and Bennett, F. D. 1990. Cactoblastis cactorum Berg (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a phycitine new to Florida. Gainesville, FL Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry Entomology Circular 333. 4 p.Google Scholar
Harley, K. L. S. and Forno, I. W. eds. 1992. Biological Control of Weeds: a Handbook for Practitioners and Students. Melbourne, Australia Inkata. 74 p.Google Scholar
Harris, P. 1979. The cost of biological control of weeds in Canada. Weed Sci 27:242–250.Google Scholar
Harris, P. 1991. Classical biocontrol of weeds: its definition, selection of effective agents, and administrative-political problems. Can. Entomol 123:827–849.Google Scholar
Hayes, K. R. and Barry, S. C. 2008. Are there any consistent predictors of invasion success? Biol. Invasions 10:483–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiebert, R. D. 1997. Prioritizing invasive plants and planning for management. Pages 195–212. In Luken, J. O. and Thieret, J. W. eds. Assessment and Management of Plant Invasions. New York Springer.Google Scholar
Hijmans, R. J., Guario, L., Jarvis, A., O'Brien, R., Mathur, P., Bussink, C., Cruz, M., Barrantes, I., and Rojas, E. 2005. DIVA-GIS Version 5.2: A Software for Computer Mapping and Geographic Data Analysis. http://www.diva-gis.org/docs/DIVA-GIS5_manual.pdf. Accessed: January 2010.Google Scholar
Holm, L. G., Plucknett, D. L., Pancho, J. V., and Herberger, J. P. eds. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. Honolulu University Press of Hawaii. 609 p.Google Scholar
Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of the Old World Mikania (Compositae). Botan. Jahres Beitr. Systematik 103:211–246.Google Scholar
Holmes, W. C. 1995. A review preparatory to an infrageneric classification of Mikania (Tribe: Eupatorieae). Pages 239–254. In Hind, D. J. N. and Pope, G. V. eds. Advances in Compositae Systematics. Kew, England Royal Botanic Gardens.Google Scholar
Hu, Y. J. and But, P. H. 1994. A study on life cycle and response to herbicides of Mikania micrantha . Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 33:88–95.Google Scholar
Huang, Z. L., Cao, H. L., Liang, X. D., Ye, W. H., Feng, H. L., and Cai, C. X. 2000. The growth and damaging effect of Mikania micrantha in different habitats. J Trop Subtrop Bot 8:131–138.Google Scholar
Jetter, K. 2005. Economic framework for decision making in biological control. Biol. Control 35:348–357.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. M. and Stiling, P. D. 1998. Distribution and dispersal of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), an exotic Opuntia-feeding moth, in Florida. Fla. Entomol 81:12–22.Google Scholar
King, R. M. and Robinson, H. 1987. Genera of the Eupatorieae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Mo. Bot. Gard 22:1–581.Google Scholar
Kong, G. H., Wu, Q. G., and Hu, Q. M. 2000a. Exotic weed Mikania micrantha H. B. K. appeared in south China. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot 8:27.Google Scholar
Kong, G. H., Wu, Q. G., Hu, Q. M., and Ye, W. H. 2000b. Further supplementary data on Mikania micrantha H. B. K. (Asteraceae). J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot 8:128–130.Google Scholar
Kuo, L. K., Chen, T. Y., and Lin, C. C. 2002. Using a consecutive cutting method and allelopathy to control the invasive vine, Mikania micrantha H. B. K. Taiw. J. Forest Sci 17:171–181.Google Scholar
Latif, J. and Mamat, M. N. 2002. A financial study of cattle integration in oil palm plantations. Oil Palm Ind. Econ. J 2:34–44.Google Scholar
Li, J. and Jin, Z. 2010. Potential allelopathic effects of Mikania micrantha on the seed germination and seedling growth of Coix lacryma-jobi . Weed Biol. Manag 10:194–201.Google Scholar
Li, L. Y., Peng, T. X., and Liu, W. H. 2002. Actinote anteas D & H (Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae; Acraeinae) a new biological agent for controlling the weed Mikania micrantha . Nat. Enemy Insect 24:49–52.Google Scholar
Li, W. H., Zhang, C. B., Jiang, H. B., Xin, G. R., and Yang, Z. Y. 2006. Changes in soil microbial community associated with invasion of the exotic weed, Mikania micrantha H. B. K. Plant Soil 281:309–324.Google Scholar
Liao, W. B., Fan, Q., Wang, B. X., Wang, Y. J., and Zhou, X. Y. 2002. Discovery of three species of Cuscuta harming Mikania micrantha in South China and their taxonomical identification. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 41:54–56.Google Scholar
Louda, S. M., Pemberton, R. W., Johnson, M. T., and Follett, P. A. 2003. Nontarget effects—the Achilles' heel of biological control? Retrospective analyses to reduce risk associated with biocontrol introductions. Annu. Rev. Entomol 48:365–96.Google Scholar
Lugo, A. E. and Snedaker, S. C. 1974. The ecology of mangroves. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst 5:39–64.Google Scholar
Mackey, A. P. and Smail, G. 1995. Spatial and temporal variation in litter fall of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. in the Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. Aquat. Bot 52:133–142.Google Scholar
McEvoy, P. B. 1996. Host specificity and biological control: how well is research on host specificity addressing the potential risks of biological control? BioScience 46:401–405.Google Scholar
McFadyen, R. E. C. 1998. Biological control of weeds. Annu. Rev. Entomol 43:369–393.Google Scholar
Moon, M., Rattray, M. R., Putz, F. E., and Bowes, G. 1993. Acclimatization to flooding of the herbaceous vine Mikania candens . Funct. Ecol 7:610–615.Google Scholar
Muniappan, R. and Viraktamath, C. A. 1993. Invasive alien weeds in the Western Ghats. Curr. Sci. India 64:555–557.Google Scholar
Nair, K. N. N. 1998. Mikania micrantha H.B.K.—a noxious weed in the forests of Kerala. Evergreen 20:13–14.Google Scholar
Nauman, C. E. 1981. A re-examination of Mikania Willd. (Compositae) in Florida. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108:467–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olckers, T. 2004. Targeting emerging weeds for biological control in South Africa: the benefits of halting the spread of alien plants at an early stage of their invasion. S. Afr. J. Sci 100:64–68.Google Scholar
Palit, S. 1981. Mikania—a growing menace in plantation forestry in West Bengal. Indian For 107:97–107.Google Scholar
Parker, C. 1972. The Mikania problem. Pans 18:312–315.Google Scholar
Pemberton, R. W. 1996. The potential of biological control for the suppression of invasive weeds of southern environments. Castanea 61:313–319.Google Scholar
Pemberton, R. W. 2000. Predictable risk to native plants in weed biological control. Oecologia 125:489–494.Google Scholar
Pemberton, R. W. 2004. Biological control safety within temporal and cultural context. Pages 245–251. In Cullen, J. ed. XI Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Canberra, Australia CSIRO.Google Scholar
Peschken, D. P. and McClay, A. S. 1995. Picking the target—a revision of McClay's scoring system to determine the suitability of a weed for classical biological control. Pages 137–143. In Delfosse, E. S. and Scott, R. R. eds. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Melbourne, Australia CSIRO.Google Scholar
Reichard, S. H. and Hamilton, C. W. 1997. Predicting invasions of woody plants introduced into North America. Conserv. Biol 11:193–203.Google Scholar
Robertson, M. P., Villet, M. H., Fairbanks, D. H. K., Henderson, Ll, Higgins, S. I., Hoffman, J. H., Le Maitre, D. C., Palmer, A. R., Higgins, I., Shackleton, C. M., and Zimmermann, H. G. 2003. A proposed prioritization system for the management of invasive alien plants in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci 99:1–7.Google Scholar
Sankaran, K. V. and Sreenivasan, M. A. 2001. Status of Mikania infestation in the Western Ghats. Pages 67–76. In Sankaran, K. V., Murphy, S. T., and Evans, H. C. eds. Alien Weeds in Moist Tropical Zones, Banes and Benefits. Peechi, India Kerala Forest Research Institute.Google Scholar
Schaffner, U. 2001. Host range testing of insects for biological weed control: how can it be better interpreted? BioScience 51:1–9.Google Scholar
Sen Sarma, P. K. and Mishra, S. C. 1986. Biological control of forest weeds in India—retrospect and prospects. Indian For 112:1088–1093.Google Scholar
Senaratne, K. A. D. W., Palmer, W. A., and Sutherst, R. W. 2006. Use of CLIMEX modeling to identify prospective areas for exploration to find new biological control agents for prickly acacia. Aust. J. Entomol 45:298–302.Google Scholar
Sheppard, A. W., Hill, R., DeClerck-Floate, R. A., McClay, A., Olckers, T., Quimby, P. C. Jr, and Zimmermann, H. G. 2003. A global review of risk-benefit–cost analysis for the introduction of classical biological control agents against weeds: a crisis in the making? Biocontrol News Inf 24:91N–108N.Google Scholar
Sheppard, A. W., van Klinken, R. D., and Heard, T. A. 2005. Scientific advances in the analysis of direct risks of weed biological control to nontarget plants. Biol. Control 35:215–226.Google Scholar
Strong, D. R. and Pemberton, R. W. 2000. Biological control of invading species: risk and reform. Science 288:1969–1970.Google Scholar
Sutherst, R. W. and Maywald, G. E. 1985. A computerized system for matching climates in ecology. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ 13:281–299.Google Scholar
Swarmy, P. S. and Ramakrishnan, P. S. 1987. Weed potential of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. and its control in fallows after shifting agriculture (Jhum) in north-east India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ 18:195–204.Google Scholar
Teoh, C. H., Chung, G. F., Liau, S. S., Ghani, I., Tan, A. M., Lee, S. A., and Mariati, M. 1985. Prospects for biological control of Mikania micrantha HBK in Malaysia. Planter 61:515–530.Google Scholar
Thomas, M. B. and Willis, A. J. 1998. Biocontrol—risky but necessary? Tree 13:325–329.Google Scholar
Thompson, A. 1939. Notes on plant diseases in 1937–1938. Malayan Agric. J 27:86–98.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, P. B. ed. 1986. The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. 436 p.Google Scholar
[USDA, NRCS] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 2010. The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov. Accessed: February 18, 2010.Google Scholar
van Driesche, R. G. and Bellows, T. S. eds. 1996. Biological Control. New York Chapman and Hall. 560 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, B. S., Liao, W. B., and Miao, R. H. 2001. Revision of Mikania from China and the key of four relative species. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 40:72–75.Google Scholar
Wang, B. S., Liao, W. B., Zan, Q. J., Li, M. G., Zhou, X. Y., and Gao, S. H. 2003. The spread of Mikania micrantha in China. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 42:47–50.Google Scholar
Wapshere, A. J. 1989. A testing sequence for reducing rejection of potential biological control agents for weeds. Ann. Appl. Biol 114:515–526.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, D. F. 1994. Biological Control of Weeds: Southeast Asia Prospects. Canberra, Australia ACIAR Monographs. 302 p.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, B. M. 1999. Seek and ye shall find: new weed records from Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea and northern Queensland. Weeds and Environmental Impact, Proceedings (II) of The 17th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference. Bangkok Organization of the Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference. 105–111.Google Scholar
Weaver, R. and Dixon, W. 2010. The Chinese Creeper, Bittervine or Mile-a-Minute, Mikania micrantha, an Invasive Vine New to the Continental United States. Gainesville, FL Florida Department and Agriculture Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, DACS-P-01675. 4 p.Google Scholar
Wheeler, G. S., Pemberton, R. W., and Raz, L. 2007. A biological control feasibility study of the invasive weed-air potato, Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae): an effort to increase biological control transparency and safety. Nat. Area J 26:269–279.Google Scholar
Wirjahardja, S. 1976. Autecological study of Mikania spp. Proceedings of the Fifth Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference. Tokyo, Japan Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society. 70–73.Google Scholar
Wunderlin, R. P. and Hansen, B. F. 2008. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Tampa, FL Florida Center for Community Design and Research. Institute for Systemic Botany, University of South Florida. http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu. Accessed: July 28, 2010.Google Scholar
Xue, Y. M. 2000. Rescue mangroves in Shenzhen. Pages D4 p. Nanfang Ribao (Southern Daily) August 8.Google Scholar
Zamora, D. L., Thill, D. C., and Epplee, R. E. 1989. An eradication plan for plant invasions. Weed Technol 3:2–12.Google Scholar
Zan, Q. J., Wang, Y. J., Liang, Q. Y., Wang, B. S., and Liao, W. B. 2001. Effectiveness of four herbicides on the harmful weeds Mikania micrantha . Ecol. Sci 20:32–36.Google Scholar
Zhang, L. Y., Ye, W. H., Cao, H. L., and Feng, H. L. 2004. Mikania micrantha H. B. K. in China—an overview. Weed Res 44:42–49.Google Scholar
Zhang, W. Y., Li, M. G., Wang, B. S., Zan, Q. J., and Wang, Y. J. 2003. Seed production characteristics of an exotic weed Mikania micrantha . J. Wuhan. Bot. Res 21:143–147.Google Scholar