Doing Business in Kazakhstan 2019

Doing Business in Kazakhstan 2019 Doing Business in Kazakhstan 2019 is the second subnational Doing Business study for Kazakhstan. The study measures business regulations environment for small to mid-size domestic firm across Kazakhstan. It updates the results for the eight locations benchmarked in 2017 in (Doing Business in Kazakhstan 2017) and expand coverage to eight additional locations for a total of 16 locations – 13 regions (except Turkistan) and the cities of Almaty, Nur-Sultan and Shymkent.

The information in this brochure is for informational purposes only and it may not reflect the most current legal developments, judgments or settlements. This information is not offered as legal or any other advice on any particular matter. The Firm and the contributing authors expressly disclaim all liability to any person in respect of anything and in respect of the consequences of anything done or omitted wholly or partly in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of Baker & McKenzie's "Doing Business in Kazakhstan" brochure. No client or other reader should act or refrain from acting on the basis of any matter contained in this brochure without seeking the appropriate legal or other professional advice on the particular facts and circumstances.
i   ix Preface Baker McKenzie has provided sophisticated legal services to the world's leading enterprises for more than 60 years.
With a network of more than 7,000 locally qualified, internationally experienced lawyers in 77 offices across 47 countries, we have the knowledge and resources to deliver the broad scope of quality services required to respond effectively to both international and local needs consistently, with confidence and with sensitivity to cultural, social and legal differences.
Active in the USSR and the Commonwealth of Independent States for over 40 years, with offices in Almaty, Kyiv, Moscow and Saint Petersburg, we now have one of the largest legal practices in the CIS, offering expertise (in close cooperation with our offices worldwide) on all aspects of investment in the region, including corporate law, banking and finance, securities and capital markets, venture capital, competition law, tax and customs, real estate and construction, labor and employment, intellectual property and dispute resolution.
The hub of our Central Asian practice is in Almaty.
Since gaining independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has adopted new legislation at a rapid pace. It remains a country in transition and its legal system is still in development. "Doing Business in Kazakhstan" has been prepared as a general guide for organizations operating in or considering investment in Kazakhstan. It is intended to present an overview of the key aspects of the Kazakhstani legal system and the regulation of business activities in this country.
The information contained in this guide is current as of the date below. We would be pleased to provide you with updates on the material contained in this guide, or to provide you with further information regarding a x specific industry or area of Kazakhstani law in which you may have a particular interest.

Geography
The Republic of Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and covers an area of 2,724,900 square kilometers (1,049,150 square miles), roughly the size of Western Europe. Kazakhstan is the second-largest republic of the former Soviet Union, after Russia, and the ninth-largest country in the world. It is bordered by Russia to the north, the Caspian Sea to the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south and China to the east. Kazakhstan's terrain is primarily steppe, with deserts in the south and center, and mountainous regions in the southeast. The climate is continental, with temperatures ranging from -45°C in winter to +30°C in summer.

Population
The population of Kazakhstan is approximately 18.4 million, with approximately 1.8 million living in Almaty, the largest city, and a further 1 million in Astana, the second largest city. This makes Kazakhstan one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world, with a population density of approximately seven people per square kilometer. Approximately 68% of the population is Kazakh, and approximately 20% is Russian. Numerous other ethnic groups make up the remainder.

History
Kazakhstan was originally settled by nomadic tribes who united in the late 15th and early 16th centuries in a political confederation known as the Kazakh Khanate. As a result of many ethno-political and economic factors, three ethno-territorial associations were formed in the territory of Kazakhstan: the Senior, Middle and Junior zhuz. The division into zhuz was the result of a complex process (the formation of the Kazakh ethnic national group) and it left a characteristic stamp on local cultural and political affiliations. The Kazakh Khanate was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries and adopted other forms of governance that reported to Russia. After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks took control over the territory. On 5 December 1936, Kazakhstan was made a constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was named the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.
On 25 October 1990, Kazakhstan declared itself an independent sovereign state, and on 16 December 1991, Kazakhstan proclaimed its independence. At the president's initiative, in December 1997 the capital of Kazakhstan was moved from Almaty in the southeast of the country to Akmola in the north. In May 1998, the name Akmola was officially changed to "Astana" ("capital" in Kazakh). The parliament and government have moved to Astana, but most foreign businesses and some embassies remain in Almaty. The city of Almaty remains the scientific, cultural, financial and industrial center of the country.

Economy
Kazakhstan is rich in natural resources, most notably oil and natural gas, but also coal and minerals, including iron ore, chromium, uranium, copper, nickel, cobalt, gold and many others. 5 In addition, Kazakhstan has considerable agricultural potential for both grain and livestock production. Development of these natural resources has been hindered by the fact that Kazakhstan is considered to be a landlocked country, giving rise to infrastructure and transport cost issues, especially for bulk commodities. Potential export routes are also vulnerable to political and economic instability in neighboring countries. Nevertheless, the abundance of natural resources has attracted considerable interest among international investors, particularly in the oil and gas sectors.
Reforms introduced since 1992 have largely removed price controls and reduced subsidies, reduced the role of the public sector in the economy, encouraged growth in the industrial and service sectors, liberalized foreign trade, reduced tariffs and promoted export growth, eased capital transfer and exchange controls, encouraged foreign investment, strengthened the independence of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan and encouraged moves towards full convertibility of the Kazakhstani tenge ("tenge" or "KZT"), as well as introduced a reformed tax and customs system.
Kazakhstan's economic transition from a command economy within the Soviet Union to a nascent market economy has not been smooth. Since the free float in 1999, and after an initial decline, the tenge has been relatively stable and it slowly appreciated against the US dollar due to an influx of money from a boom in the market for raw materials. The Ministry of Energy is responsible for the execution of subsoil use contracts involving oil and gas and uranium (contracts for other solid minerals have been abolished).
In June 2014, the government created the position of investment ombudsman, i.e., a government official whose purpose is to review and try to resolve investment issues and disputes between investors and the state. The ombudsman is not intended to have any binding powers and can only recommend a solution. The Committee on Investments is supposed to provide administrative assistance to the investment ombudsman. Mr. Zhenis Kassymbek (the Minister of Industry and Infrastructural Development) has been appointed as investment ombudsman.

Investment Protections
In October 2015, the Entrepreneurial Code (as amended) was adopted in Kazakhstan which superseded the Law on Investments. The code retained most of the earlier investment guarantees, such as stability of contracts (with certain exceptions), free use of income, transparency of state investment policy, stability of tax and foreign labor law in relation to priority investment contracts (see Section 2.3 below), reimbursement of losses in the event of nationalization and requisition, and certain others.

State Support for Direct Investment
With the intention of promoting industrialization and diversification of Kazakhstan's economy, the Entrepreneurial Code creates a system of benefits and preferences which supports direct investments in certain areas. These areas include production of certain types of equipment, pharmaceuticals and food, metallurgy, agriculture and construction. The full list of eligible areas is approved by the government. 6 For the purposes of determining eligible investment preferences, investment projects are divided into the following categories: • An ordinary investment project, which is aimed at creation of new and extension and modernization of existing production facilities.
• A priority investment project, which is to be implemented by a local entity in certain limited areas and (i) anticipates investments for the creation of new production facilities in the amount of not less than KZT 5,050 billion (approximately USD 13.3 million); or (ii) anticipates investments for the extension and/or modernization of existing production facilities in the amount of not less than KZT 12,625 billion (approximately USD 33.3 million).
• A special investment project, which is implemented by a Kazakhstani legal entity which (i) has been registered as a participant of a special economic zone; or (ii) has been the owner of a free warehouse; or (iii) has entered into an agreement on industrial assembly of motor vehicles with the government; or (iv) engaged in priority in types of activity approved by the government.
The following investment preferences are available for ordinary investment projects: • An exemption from customs duties (for a period up to five years).
• Exemption from VAT on importation of raw and other materials under the investment contract.
• State in-kind grants, i.e., assets (land plots, buildings, facilities, machines and equipment, computers, measuring and controlling instruments and devices, vehicles (save for automobiles), production and household tools), which are granted for gratuitous use for the duration of the contract; if the investor complies with its commitments, these assets become the property of the investor. The value of these grants cannot exceed 30% of the total planned investment into the fixed assets of the local entity.
The following investment preferences are available for priority investment projects (in addition to those available for ordinary projects): • Tax preferences in the form of corporate income tax, land tax and property tax exemptions (for up to 10 years).
• An investment subsidy of compensation by the government of up to 30% of the costs relating to construction, assembly and acquisition of equipment (the subsidy should be approved by a separate government resolution in each case) for projects providing for investments in the amount of not less than KZT 12.625 billion (approximately USD 33.3 million), except for projects which are aimed at extension and/or modernization of existing production facilities. •

Stability of tax laws
• Stability of labor laws Special investment projects enjoy an exemption from import customs duties and VAT on imported raw materials required for investment projects.
In addition, assistance to contract holders on a one-stop-shop basis from the Committee on Investments with respect to liaising with various state agencies is available for all investment projects.
To receive these investment benefits, a local company must sign an investment contract with the Committee on Investments setting forth the investment commitments of the investor, the duration of the investment project and the benefits granted. The investment contract should be registered by the Committee to be valid.
In addition to these benefits, the Tax Code gives local companies an automatic right to accelerated straight-line tax depreciation of fixed assets (either before they are put into operation or within three years afterwards) when certain conditions are met. The taxpayer is not required to make any specific new investments (other than to acquire the assets) or to enter into an investment contract to obtain this right.
The government has also introduced a number of financial support measures for entities that carry out activities in certain sectors (these largely correspond to the priority types of activity discussed above). The financial support measures include subsidizing interest rates on loans and issuance of state guarantees for bank loans.

Bilateral Investment Treaties
Kazakhstan has concluded bilateral treaties on encouragement and mutual protection of investments with 48 countries. Kazakhstan is also party to a number of multilateral treaties concerning foreign investments (for example, the Energy Charter).
Investment treaties provide a number of guarantees to nationals of member countries, including most favored nation treatment, protection against discrimination, requisition and nationalization and the right to resolve investment disputes by international arbitration in the absence of an arbitration agreement.
Bilateral treaties on the promotion and mutual protection of investments exist with the following countries:

Foreign Investment Restrictions
Certain industries are subject to foreign ownership restrictions whereby a foreign shareholder may not own more than a certain specified percentage of a company. For example, foreign companies may not own more than 20% of the shares in local mass media companies. The WTO accession documents have introduced a number of important changes, including the following: 7 The WTO is an international organization that establishes international trade rules between countries. The WTO has issued a set of international agreements that were negotiated and signed by most countries of the world. The main aim of the WTO is to ensure equal access of national and foreign manufacturers to local markets of goods and services.

WTO and Eurasian Economic Union
(i) Kazakhstan undertook to gradually decrease its customs duties so that the average duty for imported products will be 6.5%.
(ii) Kazakhstan made market access commitments in a number of areas, including financial services, construction, medical services, management consulting, telecommunication and transportation. 8 (iii) Kazakhstani law has been amended to remove preferences for local manufacturers and service providers in certain areas (e.g., state procurement) and softened these preferences in other areas (e.g., procurement by oil and gas and mining companies).
(iv) With specific limited exceptions, Kazakhstan undertook to grant the most favored nation treatment to companies that were established in other WTO member countries and intend to operate (or already operate) in Kazakhstan.
(v) From 1 December 2020, foreign banks and insurance companies will be allowed, subject to compliance with certain requirements, to set up branches in Kazakhstan (currently, banks and insurance companies may only operate in Kazakhstan in the form of a Kazakhstani joint stock company).
(vi) Companies that are established in WTO member countries may send personnel to their Kazakhstani branches and subsidiaries using an intra-corporate transfer procedure which provides for more relaxed labor ratio requirements than those that would otherwise apply.

Eurasian Economic Union
In 2008, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia formed a Customs Union with the primary aim of eliminating interstate customs borders and customs clearances.
With effect from 1 January 2015, the Customs Union was transformed into the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). The EEU aims to promote cooperation among member countries in a number of areas, including harmonization of macroeconomic policies, payment of indirect taxes in mutual trade, customs matters, non-tariff regulations (such as import licenses and certificates of compliance), financial matters, intellectual property, procurement, energy, labor migration and transportation. In addition to Kazakhstan, the current members of the EEU are Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Russia.
The EEU regulations provide for the following, among other things: (i) Customs duties and customs clearance do not apply within the EEU (there is no exemption from import VAT, however), and there is a common customs tariff with respect to third countries. 9 (ii) A number of product permits (e.g., an import license or a certificate of compliance) issued in one EEU country should generally be automatically recognized in the other EEU countries. 9 The Unified Customs Tariff of the EEU established higher average final rates than the rates pursuant to Kazakhstan's WTO accession commitments. To reach a balance in trading such products within the EEU, Kazakhstan took a commitment toward the EEU whereby all products imported to Kazakhstan at lower import customs duty rates should stay within Kazakhstan and cannot be exported to other EEU countries.
(iii) Companies incorporated in one EEU country should, with limited exceptions, enjoy both the national treatment and the most favored nation treatment in the other EEU countries.
(iv) In certain areas (e.g., construction), there will be a single market within the EEU, meaning (among other things) that operational licenses issued to companies in one EEU country will be automatically recognized in the other EEU countries.
(v) Citizens of one EEU country do not need work permits to work in the other EEU countries.
The EEU has four supranational bodies: (i) The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, which consists of heads of members states and is responsible for defining the strategy of the EEU, approval of its budgets, and certain other matters.
(ii) The Eurasian Inter-Governmental Council, which consists of heads of governments members states and is responsible for implementation and control over performance of the EEU Treaty and certain other matters.
(iii) The Eurasian Economic Commission, which consists of representatives of each member state (one per member) and is a standing body implementing the EEU regulations on a daily basis.
(iv) The EEU Court, which consists of two judges from each country and hears disputes among member states relating to EEU regulations and claims by private companies against decisions of the Eurasian Economic Commission.

General
Privatization of state-owned assets is regulated primarily by the Law on State Property. 10 Although the law allows (with certain exceptions) privatization of any types of assets, typically only shares in Kazakhstani companies are privatized.
Privatization of assets owned by the state (as a whole) is carried out by the Committee for State Property and Privatization of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Privatization of assets owned by various regions of Kazakhstan is carried out by regional executive authorities.
Technically, only the sale of assets owned directly by the state (or its regions) is considered to be privatization. A sale of shares by quasi-state entities (i.e., private corporations in which there is a substantial state shareholding) is not considered to be privatization and is governed by the rules adopted by such entities.
In December 2015, the Government of Kazakhstan announced a comprehensive privatization plan for 2016-2020 with the aim of reducing state participation in corporations by 15% across the country (5% in regions) before 2021. As part of this plan, the government approved the list of state-owned companies to be privatized on a priority basis, as well as the list of companies whose shares must be sold by a number of quasistate entities. This plan is currently being implemented.

Privatization Procedure
The most typical forms of privatization are: (i) Electronic trades in the form of either an auction (where all bids are publicly available) or a tender (where bids are confidential), with the winner being determined solely on the basis of the best offered price (ii) "Two-stage procedure" (to be approved by the government) with the involvement of an independent sales consultant, negotiations with potential investors and selection of the winner from shortlisted participants on the basis of the best offered terms (iii) Direct sale in relation to: (a) assets that had previously been leased or transferred into the seller's trust management; and (b) assets that the Government of Kazakhstan decides to sell to a strategic investor The rules applicable to sales by quasi-state entities (e.g., Samruk-Kazyna National Welfare Fund) are more flexible in terms of the possible sale forms and determination of the initial price. However, the usual sale forms and the basic requirements are similar to those that apply in privatization.

Establishing a Legal Presence
To create a legal presence in Kazakhstan, foreign investors may: A representative office is a division of a foreign legal entity and is not entitled to conduct business activities that generate income in Kazakhstan. It can only carry out marketing and advertising activities, as well as other preparatory and auxiliary activities.
A branch is a division of a foreign legal entity which may fulfil all or part of the functions of its parent company, including activities generating income. Both representative offices and branches act on the basis of "Regulations" (similar to a charter or bylaws), and are managed by an individual authorized by the parent company under a power of attorney.
Unlike a Kazakhstani legal entity, the legal form of a branch or representative office does not provide the benefit of limited liability for the parent company for obligations incurred by the branch or the representative office. However, unlike Kazakhstani legal entities, representative offices and branches may make payments to and receive payments from Kazakhstani residents in foreign currencies.

Management and Capitalization
A branch or representative office is managed by a sole head. This is an individual acting on the basis of a power of attorney issued by the parent company. There are no other corporate bodies in a branch or representative office.
No capitalization requirements apply to a branch or representative office.

Registration and Post-Registration Formalities
Representative offices and branches must be registered with the relevant regional department of the Ministry of Justice. The general fee for state registration of a representative office or branch is KZT 16,412.5 (approximately USD 43).
To register a branch or representative office, the parent company must submit the following documents to the registration authorities of the Ministry of Justice: • An application to establish the branch or representative office (according to a standard form) • An apostilled (or legalized) 11 extract from the trade register or an equivalent document certifying that the parent company is a validly existing legal entity under the legislation of its home country • A notarized and apostilled copy of articles of association or an equivalent document of the parent company • A notarized and apostilled copy of the document confirming the tax registration number of the parent company in the country of incorporation (or an equivalent document) In addition, the parent company will need to issue a corporate resolution to establish the branch/representative office, as well as its regulations (bylaws) and a power of attorney to its head. These documents must be notarized and apostilled.
Any document written in a language other than Kazakh or Russian must be accompanied by a notarized translation in Kazakh and Russian.
The registration body is required to complete the registration of the representative office or branch and to issue it a registration certificate ten business days after it submits all the required documents.
Once a newly established representative office or branch is registered, it must comply with certain post-registration formalities, including: • Registration for VAT (if necessary) 12 •

Opening of bank accounts
Branches and representative offices are no longer required to have a corporate seal. In practice, however, the seal is usually obtained anyway.
The overall process (including post-registration procedures) takes approximately one month from the date the documents are submitted to the registration body.

Forming a Kazakhstani Legal Entity
Kazakhstani law recognizes the following types of legal entities: • General partnerships The founding documents of a Kazakhstani legal entity are the foundation agreement (where there is more than one founder) and the charter. In the foundation agreement, the parties (founders) undertake to create a legal entity, set out the scope of their joint activities and the objects of the legal entity, and define the terms and conditions for the transfer of their property, if any, to the legal entity (the agreement should also contain certain other information). The charter of a legal entity, among other things, must specify its name and address, the procedure for the formation and the competence of its managing bodies, reorganization provisions and the procedure for its termination.

Legal Form and Number of Participants
The limited liability partnership is the most frequently used business vehicle in Kazakhstan. An LLP is a partnership with limited liability established by one or more persons or legal entities ("participants").
Despite its name, an LLP is a legal entity which is separate from its founders and has its own liability.
The legal form of an LLP is generally available for any type of business. However, in certain specific areas (e.g., banking and insurance), an LLP cannot be used and a JSC should be used instead.
The charter capital of an LLP is divided into participation interests as set out in the charter and foundation agreement. Participation interests are not securities and are not subject to securities market regulations. As a general rule, the participants in an LLP are not themselves directly liable for the obligations and liabilities of the LLP and bear the risk of losses associated with the activity of the LLP only to the extent of their contributions.
There are no limits on the maximum number of participants in an LLP. Likewise, an LLP can be established by a single participant. However, an LLP may not have as its sole participant another partnership consisting of one person or entity. Other participants in an LLP, with certain limited exceptions, have a preemptive right (right of first refusal) to purchase a participation interest before a participant sells the interest to a third party, at the price offered by the third party.
Anyone intending to acquire a participation interest of at least 50% in an LLP must notify all of the LLP's participants and offer to purchase their interests at a price which is not lower than the price agreed with the potential seller. The other participants may elect to have their interests thus repurchased within a period not exceeding 30 calendar days.

Charter Capital
The charter capital consists of contributions of the founding participants.
The initial charter capital may not be less than 100 times the monthly calculation index ("MCI") 15 on the date when the founding documents are submitted for state registration. Currently, this minimum amount is equivalent to approximately USD 670 (for small businesses, there is no minimum capital amount).
All participants must pay their contributions to the charter capital in full within the period established by a resolution of the general meeting at which the establishment of the LLP was approved. This period may not exceed one year from the date of registration.

Management Structure
The general meeting of participants is the supreme body of an LLP. The LLP must hold a general meeting annually, within three months of the end of each financial year.
The general meeting has exclusive competence with regard to, among other things: • Amending the charter, location and name of the LLP The charter of an LLP can state that other areas fall within the exclusive competence of the general meeting. Regardless of how the competence of the general meeting is defined in the charter, it may consider any matter relating to the LLP. Also, it may cancel any decision of lower corporate bodies on matters relating to internal matters of the LLP.
An LLP must have an executive body (collective or individual), responsible for managing its day-to-day business.
An LLP may also have a supervisory council to supervise and control the activities of the executive body.

Registration Procedure
To establish an LLP, the following documents must be submitted to the relevant branch of the Ministry of Justice or to the Ministry of Justice via the Public Service Center or via the e-government portal: 16 • An application (according to a standard form) • If one of the founders of the LLP is a foreign legal entity, an apostilled (or legalized) extract from the trade register or any other document certifying that the founder is a validly existing legal entity under the legislation of its home country • If one of the founders is an individual, a notarized (and, if notarized outside of Kazakhstan, apostilled) copy of his/her passport • A document confirming payment of the state registration fee An LLP must also have a charter, but it does not need to be submitted for registration purposes.
The fee for state registration of an LLP which is a large or medium-sized business is KZT 16,412.50 (approximately USD 43 as of the date of publication). The fee for state registration of a small-sized LLP is KZT 5,050 (approximately USD 13).
Any documents supplied in a language other than Kazakh or Russian must be accompanied by a notarized translation into Kazakh and Russian.
The appropriate registration body is required to complete the state registration of the LLP and to issue a certificate of state registration to the LLP one business day after all documents are submitted. When an application for the state registration of an LLP that is a medium-sized business is submitted via the e-government portal, the state registration should be completed within one hour of the application being submitted.
Once a newly established LLP is registered, it must comply with certain post-registration formalities, including: • Registration for VAT (if necessary) • Registration of any charter capital contribution by a foreign founder with the National Bank of Kazakhstan (if such contribution exceeds USD 500,000) • Opening of bank accounts Also, even though there is generally no requirement to have a corporate seal, in practice it is usually obtained anyway.
The overall process (including post-registration procedures) takes approximately three weeks from the date the documents are submitted to the registration body.

Legal Form and Number of Participants
A joint stock company is a legal entity which issues shares to raise capital for its activities. As a general rule, the shareholders of a JSC are not liable for the obligations of the JSC and bear the risk of losses only to the cost of their shares.
A JSC may have an unlimited number of shareholders. Shares in a JSC are freely transferable.
Since the shares in a JSC are regarded as "securities" for the purposes of Kazakhstani securities legislation, a JSC is subject to various additional securities legislation requirements that do not apply to an LLP. These apply at the initial registration of the JSC and on an ongoing basis.

Formation of a Joint Stock Company
The founders of a JSC may generally include individuals and legal entities (both Kazakhstani and foreign). The law permits an individual or a legal entity to be the sole founder of a JSC.
The founding documents of a JSC are its charter and the foundation agreement (if there are at least two founders). The foundation agreement terminates after state registration of the share issue.

Charter Capital
The minimum charter capital requirement for a JSC is 50,000 times the MCI (approximately USD 333,500 as of the date of this publication). The minimum charter capital must be paid in full within 30 days of state registration of the JSC.

Shares and Other Types of Securities
A JSC may issue common and preferred shares. Preferred shares may not exceed 25% of the JSC's authorized charter capital.
A common share entitles the shareholder to participate in the general meeting of shareholders and to receive dividends and a portion of the JSC's property in the event of its liquidation. Holders of preferred shares have a priority right to receive dividends before common shareholders at a predetermined guaranteed rate and the right to a portion of the JSC's property remaining after liquidation. However, as a general rule, holders of preferred shares cannot vote at general meetings of shareholders.
With certain limited exceptions, the founders of a JSC may issue a "golden share." The holder of a golden share does not participate in the formation of the charter capital or receive dividends. However, the holder of a golden share has the right to veto resolutions on issues that are specified in the JSC's charter.
A JSC may issue bonds, warrants, options and other types of derivative securities.

Management Structure
The general meeting of shareholders is the supreme corporate body of a JSC. The JSC is required to hold a general meeting of shareholders annually, within five months of the end of each financial year.
The general meeting has exclusive competence over the following, among other things: If there is only one shareholder, it should exercise the functions of the general meeting by adopting written resolutions.
The board of directors manages the JSC's operations except for those matters within the exclusive competence of the general meeting of shareholders.
The JSC's executive body manages the daily affairs of the JSC and can be either a board or a single individual. The executive body implements the decisions of the general meeting of shareholders and the board of directors.
To monitor the financial and business activity of the executive body, the JSC may form an audit commission or elect an internal audit service which is accountable to the board of directors.

Registration
A JSC must be registered with the Ministry of Justice. The fee for state registration of a JSC is KZT 16,412.50 (approximately USD 43 as of the date of this publication).
To register a JSC, the following documents must be submitted to the registration authorities of the Ministry of Justice: • An application (according to a standard form) • A resolution of the founder(s) to establish the JSC • Three notarized originals of the charter of the JSC • If one of the founders is a foreign legal entity, an apostilled (or legalized) extract from the trade register, or any other document certifying that the founder is a validly existing legal entity under the legislation of its home country • If one of the founders is an individual, a notarized (and, if notarized outside of Kazakhstan, apostilled) copy of his/her passport • A document confirming payment of the state registration fee Depending on the type of entity to be established, additional documents may need to be submitted (e.g., a consent of the National Bank is required for setting up a bank).
Any documents supplied in a language other than Kazakh or Russian must be accompanied by a notarized translation into Kazakh and Russian.
Within ten business days after submission of all required documents, the registration body must issue a certificate of state registration of the JSC.
Once a newly established JSC is registered, it must comply with certain post-registration formalities, including: • Registration for payment of VAT (if necessary) • Registration of the share issue with the National Bank of Kazakhstan • Registration of charter capital contributions with the National Bank of Kazakhstan (if such contribution exceeds USD 500,000) • Opening of bank accounts Also, even though there is generally no requirement to have a corporate seal, in practice it is usually obtained anyway.
The overall process (including post-registration procedures) takes approximately two to three months from the date the documents are submitted to the registration body.

Introduction
The securities market in Kazakhstan is regulated principally by the Law on the Securities Market 17 and the Law on Joint Stock Companies. The National Bank of Kazakhstan is authorized by the state to regulate activities on the securities market.
Under the legislation of Kazakhstan, the following constitute securities: •

Shares and bonds
• Derivatives (as defined in law) •

Securities of foreign issuers
•

Mortgage certificates
• Warehouse certificates • Other types of securities

Issue and Placement of Securities
Pursuant to the Law on the Securities Market, securities can be placed only after their issue has been authorized (registered) by the National Bank. Shares can be placed either by subscription (with the price being determined by the company's board of directors) or by conducting an auction.

General Disclosure Requirements
The Law on Joint Stock Companies imposes specific reporting and disclosure requirements on JSCs. Among other things, a JSC is required to publish its annual financial statements in the press and disclose information on major transactions signed by the JSC. JSCs are also required to disclose certain information to their shareholders, including information on share issues, entry into major and interested-party transactions, pledges of 5% or more of the assets of the JSC and participation by a JSC in other legal entities.
In addition, JSCs are required to report to the National Bank on the results of their share placements every six months.

Special Disclosure Requirements
Anyone intending to acquire 30% or more of the shares in a JSC must notify the JSC. Such notification must contain information on the shares to be acquired, their price and certain other information relevant to the proposed acquisition. Following the receipt of such a notice, the JSC has the right to outbid the proposed offer. If the JSC fails to exercise this right and the purchaser continues with the acquisition, the purchaser must, within 30 days from the date of acquisition, publish an offer to the remaining shareholders to purchase their shares at a price not lower than the average market price of the JSC's shares. If the remaining shareholders agree to sell their shares, the purchaser has 30 days in which to pay.

Activities Requiring a License
Legal entities that have obtained a valid license from the National Bank may conduct the following activities on the securities market: • Brokerage • Dealing

Stock Exchanges
There is only one licensed stock exchange in Kazakhstan -the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange. The KASE has more than 150 companies listed on it.
6 Licenses, Permits and Notifications

Introduction
Over recent years, Kazakhstan has undertaken a series of major amendments to its national licensing system. The list of activities requiring special licenses has been shortened and the license application process has been simplified by (i) introducing the "one-stop shop" principle for interaction with the licensing authorities, (ii) imposing a uniform timeframe for issuing licenses; and (iii) implementing an e-license system allowing applicants to obtain licenses online.
On 16 May 2014, Kazakhstan adopted the new Law On Permits and Notifications ("Law on Permits"). 18 The Law on Permits specifies which activities require special state control and authorization.
Regulated activities are subject to the following three-level permit system: (i) High-risk activities require "licenses" (so-called "first category permits").
(iii) Low-risk activities require "notifications" to the relevant authorities.
Generally, foreign entities are subject to the same licensing requirements as local entities.

Applying for a Permit
To apply for a permit, an applicant must submit an application together with other documents specified by law. Generally, the application and required documents should be submitted to the relevant authority via the Public Service Center. It is now also possible to submit documents via the e-government portal. 19 An applicant must also pay a licensing fee (which varies depending on the type of permit).
A permit should be issued within 15 business days although a longer period (up to 30 days or longer in certain limited cases) is allowed for certain activities (e.g., use of atomic energy and import and export of products covered by export control rules).

Consequences of Operating without a Permit
Operating without a permit (or without submitting the mandatory notification) may result in administrative and criminal punishments (e.g., fines and forfeiture of revenues).
In addition, operating without a license constitutes formal grounds for the invalidation of any transactions executed without the proper license.
Further, under the Civil Code of Kazakhstan, operating without the appropriate license could result in compulsory liquidation.

General
On 25 December 2017, Kazakhstan adopted a tax code ("Tax Code"), 20 designed to replace the earlier Tax Code of 10 December 2008. Most provisions of the new Tax Code came into force on 1 January 2018.
In a major address to the nation in 2015 concerning institutional reforms, the President of Kazakhstan made certain recommendations with a view to improving the country's tax system. One of such recommendations was optimization of tax (and customs) policies and procedures. In line with these objectives, the new Tax Code purports to simplify tax administration without increasing the overall tax burden on taxpayers and to revise some of the existing tax preferences and benefits. One of the most important new provisions in the Tax Code is the introduction of the principle of good faith. Pursuant to this principle, (i) a taxpayer is presumed to have acted in 20 Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Taxes and Other Mandatory Payments to the Budget ("Tax Code"), dated 25 December 2017. good faith; (ii) all uncertainties and ambiguities in tax laws shall be interpreted in favor of the tax payer; and (iii) if the taxpayer relied on clarification issued by the tax authority which subsequently was canceled (or amended), the taxpayer would be liable only for the amount of unpaid taxes, without any default interest or penalties.

Tax Registration
All Kazakhstani and foreign legal entities that carry out activities in Kazakhstan through a permanent establishment ("PE") must register with the tax authorities (a PE includes a branch, office, place of management, the provision of services in Kazakhstan for a certain period of time, as well as an agent with contract-signing authority). In addition, the registration requirement applies in certain other circumstances (e.g., where a foreign company owns immovable property or opens a bank account in Kazakhstan).

Taxes
Taxes payable in Kazakhstan include corporate and individual income taxes, value added tax, excise tax, subsoil use taxes, social tax, land tax, property tax, vehicle tax, business registration fees, license fees to conduct certain businesses and certain other fees.

Corporate Income Tax
The corporate income tax rate for tax residents is 20% of their worldwide income.
The tax base is gross annual income after allowable deductions and adjustments. Deductions may be subject to specific limitations (e.g., there are certain restrictions on deducting interest and travel and entertainment expenses). Losses can generally be carried forward for tax purposes for up to 10 years.
A nonresident that has formed a PE in Kazakhstan is liable for 20% corporate income tax on income attributable to the PE. In addition, it would need to pay the so-called "branch profit tax" at a rate of 15% of the difference between the annual taxable income of the PE and the corporate income tax paid to the state budget. The profits tax of a branch may be reduced (usually to 5%) under double tax treaties signed by Kazakhstan.

Withholding Tax
A nonresident that does not have a PE in Kazakhstan is generally subject to withholding tax on Kazakhstani source income at the following rates: The Tax Code provides certain important tax benefits on taxation of crossborder transactions.
First, withholding tax will not apply to dividends paid by local companies to foreign shareholders (participants) where (i) as of the date when the dividends are paid, the recipient has owned shares (an interest) in the company for more than three years; (ii) the company paying the dividends has not been involved in oil and gas, mining or other subsoil operations during the period for which dividends are paid; and (iii) not more than 50% of the value of such shares (interest) or share capital of the company paying the dividends derives from the property of local mining or oil and gas companies (or other companies classed as subsoil companies in accordance with the applicable legislation). For the purpose of this exemption, companies that extract underground water and commonly occurring minerals (e.g., sand) for their own needs are not considered subsoil use companies. In addition, the three-year holding period will not be interrupted by a corporate reorganization (e.g., merger) of the shareholder.
The above exemption will also apply to local mining and oil and gas companies. Thus, dividends paid by mining and oil and gas companies to foreign shareholders (participants) will be exempt from the Kazakhstani withholding tax if (i) as of the date when the dividends are paid, the recipient has owned shares (interest) in the company for more than three years; and (ii) within 12 months prior to the dividend payment date, the company has processed at least 40% of extracted minerals using its own processing (enrichment) facilities or facilities owned by its affiliates. 21 Second, a nonresident without a PE in Kazakhstan will not be taxed on capital gains resulting from a sale of shares (an interest) in either local or offshore companies if, as of the date when the shares (interest) are sold (i) the shares (interest) have been owned for more than three years; (ii) the company whose shares are sold is not involved in oil and gas or mining operations (and is not otherwise classed as a subsoil company in accordance with the applicable legislation); and (iii) not more than 50% of the value of such shares (interest) or share capital of the company whose shares are sold derives from the property of local mining or oil and gas companies (or other companies classed as subsoil companies in accordance with the applicable legislation). For the purpose of this exemption, companies that extract underground water and commonly occurring minerals (e.g., sand) for their own needs are not considered subsoil use companies. In addition, the three-year holding period will not be interrupted by a corporate reorganization (e.g., merger) of a shareholder.
The above exemptions do not apply to foreign shareholders registered in countries with a preferential tax regime (according to a list approved by the Ministry of Finance of Kazakhstan). Further, the exemptions do not apply if any of the above conditions are not met.
If the exemptions do not apply, then 15% withholding tax generally will be imposed on dividends or capital gain realized from the sale of shares (for shareholders registered in countries with a preferential tax regime, the applicable rate is 20%). The tax must be withheld by the company paying the dividends or the foreign or local purchaser (for sale of shares). Relevant double tax treaties may provide relief from this tax.

Personal Income Tax
With certain limited exceptions, personal income of individuals is taxed at a flat rate of 10%. Residents pay income tax on their worldwide income (residents are defined as individuals who spend not less than 183 days in Kazakhstan during any consecutive 12-month period). Nonresidents pay income tax on their income from Kazakhstani sources (in certain situations this tax does not apply).
Employers are required to withhold income tax and pension fund contributions from salary payments to employees and transfer them to the budget (see Section 7.8 below). Pension fund contributions are not withheld from salary payments to nonresidents. Kazakhstan has entered into bilateral treaties to avoid double taxation with 53 countries to date. Below is a table listing these countries and indicating the reduced rates of income tax applicable under the treaties for certain categories of income. 22 22 Please note that the reduction of income tax rates under most treaties is allowable only upon satisfaction of certain conditions. For example, the income tax on royalties under most treaties may be reduced only if the recipient is the beneficial owner of royalties. Therefore, the relevant treaty and circumstances must be examined in each case to ascertain whether a certain category of income is subject to taxation at a reduced rate. The application of double tax treaties in Kazakhstan usually requires the foreign company to submit a legalized (apostilled) certificate (or a notarized copy thereof) proving its tax residency in the relevant treaty country to its Kazakhstani counterparty on an annual basis.

Value Added Tax
VAT is charged on the sale of most goods and services in Kazakhstan and on the importation of goods into Kazakhstan. The current rate of VAT is 12%. VAT is chargeable on transactions that take place in Kazakhstan, based on the place of transaction rules.
VAT on a sale must be paid by Kazakhstani legal entities, independent contractors and foreign companies that have a branch or a representative office in Kazakhstan, provided they are registered as payers of VAT. The obligation to register is triggered when the taxable turnover of the taxpayer in Kazakhstan exceeds 30,000 times the monthly calculation index (currently KZT 75,750,000 or approximately USD 197,163 in a calendar year). However, it is possible to register as a payer of VAT on a voluntary basis.
VAT on the importation of goods is payable by importers regardless of their VAT registration status. The rate of import VAT is 12% of the customs value of imported products, which includes customs duties and excises. Export of goods is generally subject to zero rate VAT.
Under the Tax Code, VAT is not imposed on the lease and sale of land underlying residential buildings and residential buildings themselves (with limited exceptions), certain types of financial services, charter capital contributions and the sale of shares (participatory interests). Interest payments under financial leases concluded in accordance with the legislation of Kazakhstan are also exempt from VAT.
Effective from 1 January 2018, only certain categories of taxpayers (e.g., "300 largest taxpayers") are eligible for a VAT refund (i.e., refund of the excess of input VAT over the output VAT). The Tax Code eliminates the right of all other taxpayers for VAT refund (but they will continue to be able to credit the input VAT against the output VAT).

Customs Duties
Kazakhstan imposes customs duties on the import of goods into Kazakhstan at rates that vary depending on the type of imported goods and usually are charged on the customs value of the goods.
The importation of goods from certain countries (e.g., from Russia) is exempt from customs duties pursuant to international treaties that have been ratified by Kazakhstan, subject to compliance with the treaty conditions. For example, no customs duties apply within the EEU, which is currently comprised of Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. Also, within the framework of the EEU, member countries have adopted a common customs code with unified customs rules and a common customs tariff setting, and, with limited exceptions, the same rates of import customs duties.
Further, as discussed, on 30 November 2015, Kazakhstan acceded to the World Trade Organization. In accordance with Kazakhstan's commitments as a WTO member, Kazakhstan will apply import customs duties with respect to certain types of goods at rates lower than those established by the common customs tariff. On 14 October 2015, the Council of the EEU adopted the list of goods that are subject to lower customs duties, which is expected to be expanded gradually in accordance with Kazakhstan's WTO commitments.
Goods imported into Kazakhstan under lower customs duties can be used only in the territory of Kazakhstan and cannot be exported to other member states of the EEU. It is possible, however, to import goods included in the list at the rates of the common customs tariff, in which case the relevant goods will acquire the status of goods of the EEU and, therefore, will be allowed to be exported to other member states of the EEU.

Withholding Obligations, Social Taxes and Charges
An employer must withhold personal income tax (see Section 7.4.3 above) and pension fund contributions (which are charged at the rate of 10% of salary, but do not apply to nonresident employees who do not permanently reside in Kazakhstan) from salaries payable to its employees. These payments are paid at the employees' expense.
An employer is required to pay social tax for each of its employees (both local citizens and nonresidents) on the salaries and other income payable to them. The social tax applies at a flat rate of 9.5% (to be increased to 11% in 2025).
In addition to the social tax, employers must pay contributions to the Social Security Fund for each employee. These social security contributions must be paid by the employer at a rate of 3.5% (5% from 1 January 2025) of the income payable to employees (capped at approximately KZT 297,500 or USD 774. Social security contributions are deductible from the amounts of social tax.
Both the social tax and social security contributions are paid at the employer's expense.
On 1 March 2016, a new Law On Compulsory Social Medical Insurance became effective, under which employers will be required to make compulsory contributions to the Social Medical Insurance Fund for the benefit of their employees. Employers are required to make contributions to the fund at the rate of 1.5% of their employees' salaries, which rate will be increased gradually to 3% in 2022. These payments will be made at the employer's expense.
In addition, contributions to the Social Medical Insurance Fund will have to be made at the employees' expense. These contributions must be made at the rate of 1% of the employees' salaries from 1 January 2020 and 2% of their salary from 1 January 2021.
For the purpose of calculation of these payments to the fund, an employee's salary will be capped at approximately KZT 425,000 or USD 1,106.

7.9
Subsoil Use Taxes 7.9.1 General Prior to 1 January 2009, a subsoil user and the state could enter into either a concession-type subsoil use agreement or a production sharing agreement ("PSA"). The tax treatment of these agreements was different. It is generally no longer possible to enter into a PSA, and a concession agreement is the only type of subsoil use agreement that is available. However, earlier PSAs remain in effect.
Prior to signing, a subsoil use contract must be submitted to the tax authorities for review.

Tax Stability of Subsoil Use Contracts
Pursuant to the Tax Code, the following subsoil use agreements have been stabilized for tax purposes, provided that they contain a tax stabilization clause: (a) PSAs which were entered into prior to 1 January 2009 and which underwent review by the tax authorities; and (b) subsoil contracts approved by the President of Kazakhstan.
No tax stability is available for all other subsoil use agreements, including almost all concession agreements.

Specific Subsoil Use Taxes
Specific subsoil use taxes in Kazakhstan include the following:

Signature Bonus
A signature bonus is a one-off payment to the state for the right to use the subsurface. The initial amounts of this tax are determined in the Tax Code based on estimations of reserves, the economic value of the deposit and certain other factors. The final amount of the signature bonus must be set out in the subsoil use contract.

Reimbursement of Historical Costs
Subsoil users are supposed to compensate the state for expenses related to geological exploration and development of deposits. The amount of expenses to be compensated by subsoil users is determined by the state and stated in a confidential agreement to be entered into between the subsoil user and the state.

Minerals Extraction Tax
Minerals extraction tax ("MET") is generally payable on the average exchange price of the extracted minerals (as quoted by specified publications). The rates of MET currently range from 0% to 18.5% depending on the type of mineral.
For oil and gas companies, the taxable base of the MET is generally the average global price of produced crude oil and gas condensate (as quoted by specified publications). The rates of MET for oil and gas companies currently range from 5% to 18% depending on the amount of oil produced. If oil is sold in Kazakhstan for specified purposes (e.g., to local refineries) the MET is reduced by 50%.

Excess Profits Tax
Excess profits tax is payable annually on the net income under a specific subsoil contract exceeding 25% of cumulative deductions (for corporate income tax purposes) and certain other expenses. The tax rates range on a sliding scale from 0% to 60%. This tax does not apply to mining companies.

Alternative Tax
Certain categories of subsoil users are entitled to pay the alternative tax in lieu of the minerals extraction tax, reimbursement of historical costs and excess profits tax. The tax applies in respect of subsoil users carrying out exploration and production of hydrocarbons on the continental shelf or deep deposits. The rate of the tax ranges from 0 to 30% (of the difference between the gross annual income and allowed deductions) depending on the global oil prices.

Rent Export Tax
Rent export tax is payable by exporters of crude oil, gas condensate and coal, except for companies operating under PSAs. The rates of the rent export tax range from 0% to 32% of the global market price of exported oil (as quoted by specified publications).

Property and Land Taxes
Legal entities annually pay property tax in Kazakhstan at the rate of 1.5% of the average annual balance sheet value for accounting purposes of the real property (e.g., buildings) they own.
Owners of land pay land tax in Kazakhstan on an annual basis. The rates of land tax depend on the category of a particular land plot, its location and quality.

Special Economic Zones and Investment Benefits
A special economic zone ("SEZ") 24 may be established by the President of Kazakhstan (based upon a recommendation of the government) with the aim of accelerating the development of Kazakhstani regions and attracting investment and technology to those regions.
The SEZ regime generally provides tax benefits to companies carrying out certain eligible types of activity in the territory of the SEZ (including the installation of computer software, the creation of information technologies, and the production of textile and knitted products). The benefits generally include the following: • An exemption from corporate income tax • An exemption from land and property taxes • An exemption from customs duties and levies for certain eligible goods imported into the SEZ which facilitate the aims of the SEZ Companies operating within the SEZ are required to maintain separate accounting in respect of income generated from eligible types of activities within the SEZ and other non-SEZ related income. The exemption from corporate income tax and other tax benefits will apply only in respect of income generated from eligible types of activities within the SEZ.
Each SEZ has its own eligible types of activity approved by the government.
The following entities are not eligible for the tax benefits of an SEZ: subsoil users; entities producing excisable goods; and certain others.
Companies operating within an SEZ enjoy tax stability, i.e., such companies will be protected from adverse changes in tax legislation that remove or modify any of the benefits discussed above. Tax stability will apply for the duration of an agreement for carrying out operations within the SEZ, but not more than ten years.

Small Business Benefits for SMEs
With certain limited exceptions, legal entities with an income not exceeding approximately KZT 60,695,950 or USD 157,980 over a tax period and less than 30 employees are entitled to pay corporate income tax and social tax at the aggregate rate of 3% of their income. Other tax benefits are available for small and medium-sized enterprises which meet certain criteria.

Transfer Pricing
On 5 July 2008, Kazakhstan adopted a transfer pricing law ("Transfer Pricing Law"), 25 which took effect on 1 January 2009. The Transfer Pricing Law superseded the country's earlier transfer pricing law. 26 This Transfer Pricing Law applies to international business transactions and to certain types of domestic transactions. Transfer pricing control applies in Kazakhstan regardless of whether the parties to a particular transaction are related.
If the tax or customs authorities determine that there is a deviation between the transaction price and the prevailing market price, they may adjust the transaction price accordingly and assess unpaid/underpaid taxes and impose fines and penalties.
The Transfer Pricing Law provides for the following methods of determining market price: In line with BEPS Action 13, the Transfer Pricing Law contains rules for transfer pricing documentation incorporating a master file, local file and country-by-country reporting of revenues, profits, taxes paid and certain aspects of economic activity. While the country-by-country reporting has been implemented with retroactive effect from 2016 and currently applies to two national companies, 27 the requirements in respect of submission of the master file and local file became effective on 1 January 2019. In particular, Kazakhstani members of multinational groups will be required to provide tax authorities with certain information (using templates for master file and local file) if they have had controlled transactions and their revenue (or the revenue of the group) exceeds certain thresholds.

Foreign Exchange
In general, Kazakhstan's foreign currency regulations are not overly restrictive. The Currency Law 28 is the main piece of legislation governing foreign exchange transactions, and currency regulation is generally implemented by the NBK.

Residents
More stringent currency regulations apply to "residents" than to "nonresidents." One of the principal restrictions is that all payments between residents must be in tenge (with certain limited exceptions). Among other things, residents are generally required to deposit any receipts from foreign currency transactions in their accounts at authorized banks and financial institutions in Kazakhstan.
With certain limited exceptions, residents are required to notify the NBK of the following transactions: • Opening bank accounts outside Kazakhstan (this requirement does not apply to individuals, who can open bank accounts at foreign banks without any restriction and the need to notify the NBK). 28 The Law On Currency Regulation and Currency Control, dated 13 June 2005, as amended. The Currency Law will be superseded by the new Law On Currency Regulation and Currency Control dated 2 July 2018 which will become effective on 1 July 2019 ("New Currency Law").
• Acquisitions by residents of securities issued by foreign issuers if the purchase price exceeds USD 100,000 (this requirement does not apply to direct investments, i.e., acquisitions of 10% or more of the shares or participatory interests in foreign companies, which require registration with, rather than notification of, the NBK).
• Acquisitions by nonresidents of securities issued by local issuers if the purchase price exceeds USD 500,000 (except for direct investments, which require registration with the NBK).
Also, residents must register the following transactions with nonresidents with the NBK (with certain limited exceptions) provided that the payment by a nonresident to a resident exceeds USD 500,000 or the payment by a resident to a nonresident exceeds USD 100,000: • A loan or commercial credit for a term exceeding 180 days • Making a security deposit (for currency control purposes, security deposits are considered loans) • Payment for exclusive intellectual property rights and transfers of money and other property to perform obligations under a joint venture agreement • Direct investments, i.e., an acquisition of 10% or more of the shares or participatory interest of legal entities

Nonresident Legal Entities
For foreign currency purposes, nonresidents include foreign legal entities, their branches and representative offices, as well as all other entities that do not fall under the definition of "residents." Foreign exchange regulations are substantially less restrictive for these entities.
(Under the New Currency Law, the definition of "residents" is expanded to included branches and representative offices of foreign legal entities if they form a permanent establishment for tax purposes of Kazakhstan. Branches automatically form a permanent establishment under the Tax Code, whereas representative offices typically do not create a permanent establishment. Therefore, from 1 July 2019, foreign branches generally will be deemed to be currency residents and will be unable to transact with local counterparties in foreign currency.)

Individuals
The approach for resident individuals is slightly more relaxed than that for resident legal entities. However, individuals cannot make payments for business-related transactions without opening an account with an authorized local bank. Resident and nonresident individuals may purchase foreign currency on the domestic foreign currency market without limitation. Residents and nonresidents importing or exporting foreign or local currency (cash) in excess of USD 10,000 (or the equivalent thereof) must submit a customs declaration for the entire amount of money being imported/exported. This requirement does not apply to the import/export of cash within the territory of the EEU, i.e., within the territories of Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus and Armenia. In other words, residents and nonresidents may import cash from one EEU country into another Customs Union country without any limitation and without submitting a customs declaration.

E-commerce
Kazakhstan has adopted extensive regulations governing business on the internet, including "Rules for Carrying Out Electronic Commerce, Including The Ministry of National Economy, acting primarily through its Committee for Regulation of Natural Monopolies, Protection of Competition and Consumers' Rights ("Committee"), regulates issues pertaining to ecommerce and approves regulations on carrying out e-commerce. The Committee, among other things, oversees compliance with advertising regulations and regulates consumer product and product safety issues, including products sold through the internet. The Ministry for Investments and Development of Kazakhstan ensures compliance with the requirements of the Informatization Law with respect to ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of electronic databases used in e-commerce.
The E-Commerce Rules (as well as certain other legislation, such as the Civil Code) expressly allow concluding contracts electronically (except for contracts that require notarial certification or state registration). A contract can be concluded by means of exchanging electronic documents authenticated by a qualified electronic signature (an electronic key registered with a special certifying center), or by exchanging electronic messages. A contract in electronic form is deemed concluded from the moment the offeror receives acceptance from its counterparty within the timeframe specified in the offer.
The offer and acceptance must contain essential terms of the contract, while other terms of the contract may be incorporated by reference to a separate electronic document (e.g., terms and conditions, privacy policy, etc.) located in the relevant information system. The party that uploaded such separate document must ensure unrestricted access to that document during the term of the contract.
Currently, there are no specific rules that explicitly govern advertising on the internet. Such advertising is subject to the general rules applicable to other advertising channels, including prohibition of false/unethical advertisement and rules relevant to advertisement of particular products (e.g., restricted advertisement of gambling, tobacco and alcohol).
Generally, adverts in Kazakhstan must be distributed in Kazakh and Russian, but this restriction does not apply to advertising on the internet. Employment contracts must be in writing and must conform to the minimum prescribed standards.

Freedom to Employ
Generally speaking, foreign and domestic companies may hire employees directly, without the use of employment agencies. However, the Law on Employment 30 requires that the local employment center be notified of the dismissal of staff in certain cases (e.g., staff redundancy). Local employment centers are territorial subdivisions of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population.

Employer's Obligations
An employer must comply with a number of obligations toward its employees, including the provision of a workplace that complies with the regulations. In addition, an employer must insure its employees against work-related accidents.

Employment Term
Employment agreements may be concluded for a fixed or indefinite term. Fixed-term agreements may not be executed for less than one year (except if the work is of a short-term nature or it is necessary to replace temporarily absent employees or the employee is hired for a particular project). A fixed-term employment agreement may be extended two times, each for a fixed term of not less than one year. Further extension will make the employment of indefinite term.
An employment agreement may establish a probationary period that may not exceed three months (six months for a number of managing positions). An employment agreement may be terminated by sending the employee a notification stating the reasons for dismissal at any time before the probation ends.

Dismissal
Kazakhstan does not follow the dismiss-at-will concept and dismissing an employee can be difficult. An exception is CEOs, who can be dismissed by a resolution of the owner (or shareholders) of a company.
An employer has three options to terminate an employment agreement: (i) termination by mutual consent; (ii) termination at the employee's initiative; or (iii) termination at the employer's initiative.
Termination by mutual consent usually requires the employer and employee to execute a termination agreement. Executing a termination agreement helps mitigate the risk of an employee filing a successful claim in court to be restored to his or her former position.
In the case of termination at the employee's initiative, an employee should give the employer one month's prior written notice.
For termination at the employer's initiative, the Labor Code provides special conditions and restrictions. An employer can only dismiss an employee at its own initiative if there are serious grounds such as habitual absence, theft, repeated disciplinary violations or intoxication. However, some exceptions to this include: liquidation of the employer (this option does not apply to the liquidation of a branch or representative office); staff redundancy; inability to perform the duties required by the position; refusal to accept changes in the conditions of employment proposed by the employer; and disclosure of confidential information relating to the employer. If the reason for dismissal is liquidation of the employer or staff redundancy, an employer must pay employees compensation of an average month's wages. Additionally, an employer is entitled to dismiss an employee who has reached the pension age. Compensation set by the employment contract or collective agreement or act of the employer should be paid to the employee and the employee should be notified at least one month in advance.

Minimum Wage and Salary
Generally, a salary amount is negotiated by an employer and employee. However, a salary cannot be lower than the minimum monthly salary set by the authorities on an annual basis. The minimum monthly salary for 2019 is KZT 42,500 (approximately USD 115).

Working Hours
The regular working week is five days (40 hours). The aggregate amount of permitted overtime is limited to 12 hours a month, overtime on any given day is limited to two hours, and the maximum annual overtime hours should not exceed 120 hours. Overtime work, as well as work at night and on official holidays, must be paid for at a rate of at least 150% of the regular wage.

Holidays
There are nine official holidays in Kazakhstan. The minimum paid annual leave is 24 calendar days (excluding official holidays). Additional vacation days should be provided for (i) employees working in dangerous or hazardous conditions; and (ii) employees who are physically disabled.

Sick Leave
Employees are compensated for temporary illness/incapacity to work up to 15 MCI (approximately USD 100) per month as sick leave compensation, to be paid by the employer.

Maternity and Childcare Leave
Maternity leave for up to 126 (or in some cases, 140) days is paid by the State Fund of Social Insurance, based on an employee's average monthly salary. An employee is also entitled to three years of unpaid childcare leave. Employers must provide an employee with maternity leave and childcare leave.

Cost of Employment
Employers are required to pay social tax and social security contributions as described in Section 7.8 above.

Withholding Obligations
Employers are obliged to withhold individual income tax and pension fund contributions for their employees (see Section 7.8 above).

Payment in Foreign Currency
Technically, there is a contradiction between the Labor Code, which requires salaries to be paid in local currency, and the currency control regulations that allow transactions between residents and nonresidents to be made in foreign currency. Before April 2016, the National Bank of Kazakhstan (the currency control regulator) interpreted this contradiction in a way supporting the position of the currency control regulations and considered it possible to use foreign currency in relations between a representative office or a branch of a foreign legal entity and their employees, as well as between local entities and foreign national employees. However, in April 2016, the bank changed its position and currently the contradiction between the Labor Code and currency control regulations is interpreted in the opposite way, so that the salary should be paid in local currency in all cases.

Vacancies
Pursuant to the Labor Code, an employer must notify the local labor department of any vacancies within three business days of their opening. The labor department can then send applicable candidates to be interviewed for the positions. The employer must interview these candidates and inform the labor department of its decision within five business days.

Work Permits
As a general rule, employers (including resident legal entities and branches and representative offices of foreign legal entities) engaging foreign employees in Kazakhstan must obtain a work permit for each foreign employee. A business visa does not provide an exception to this rule since a foreign employee with a work permit should have a work visa and not a business visa. Therefore, an employer should enter into an employment agreement with a foreign employee only after obtaining a work permit.
A permit is not required for the following: 1) the heads of representative offices or branches of foreign legal entities; heads of local companies with 100% foreign participation; 2) employees who are on business trips in Kazakhstan for a term not exceeding 120 days during one calendar year; 3) heads of companies that have entered into contracts with the Government of Kazakhstan for a sum of over USD 50 million or investment contracts in priority areas; 4) Russian, Belarusian and Armenian citizens; and 5) certain others.
If (i) a foreign entity sends personnel for more than 120 days to work for a counterparty based in Kazakhstan; and (ii) the foreign entity does not have a legal presence in Kazakhstan, then the local counterparty must obtain the relevant work permits.
Permits are divided into four categories: Permits are issued to a particular person (as opposed to a position) for one year. Category 1 work permits can be extended an unlimited number of times.
The procedure for obtaining work permits consists of the following steps: • The employer should submit to the local labor department an application and supporting documents consisting of the following: o Information on the ratio of local to foreign employees (which should not be less than 70% local employees to 30% foreign employees among managing employees (director, deputies and heads of departments)) o Copies of the passport of the employee o Notarized and apostilled copies of diplomas, certificates of education and other documents confirming the educational level of the employee o Notarized and apostilled copies of the labor record book or other documents confirming the experience of the employee in this field with written confirmation of work experience on paper with the letterhead of the previous employer or other confirmation documents recognized in Kazakhstan

•
The local authorities will review the documents within seven business days and make a decision to issue the work permit or refuse to issue it. By the end of the next business day, the local authorities should notify the employer of its decision.
• If a work permit is granted, the employer, within 10 business days, must provide the local authorities with a document confirming payment of the state fee for issuance of the work permit (up to approximately USD 1,400).
• Within the next two business days, the authorities issue the work permit.
Please note that, in practice, the process may take longer than required by the law. It is usual for the process to take up to two months.

Foreign Labor Quotas Requirements
Under the Law on Employment and other labor legislation, the number of work permits available for foreigners is subject to a quota, first introduced in August 2000. The quota for 2019 is 380,000 work permits, which is around 4.2% of the employable population.

11
Property Rights

Introduction
The Land Code 32 permits private ownership of land and is relatively favorable to foreign investors, permitting foreign individuals and foreign legal entities to acquire certain interests in land.

Limitations on Land Ownership
Kazakhstani law recognizes, among others, the following types of interests in land: right of ownership, right of permanent land use, right of temporary land use and easements.
Essentially only Kazakhstani citizens and local legal entities 33 may privately own plots of farmland. However, foreign legal entities and foreign citizens can own land designated for industrial and residential use, and can lease all 32 The Land Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, dated 20 June 2003. 33 Local legal entities with foreign ownership exceeding 50% cannot own farmland.
other categories of land. However, foreign legal entities cannot lease farmland.
The Land Code prohibits private ownership of certain types of land, e.g., land allocated for specially-protected territories and public use in inhabited localities.
Land use rights may either be permanent, 34 or temporary, 35 alienable or inalienable, subject to payment, or free of charge. A land user may sell, mortgage or otherwise dispose of its land use rights received from the state (limitations apply to farmland). Land use rights may be mortgaged or encumbered in other ways. However, in all cases, the title to land held under land use rights (as opposed to privately owned land) belongs to the state, and it cannot be sold or otherwise disposed of by the title holder without the consent of the state. However, a land use holder may "buy out" its land use rights from the state and will then have the right to dispose of its rights to that land plot without the state's prior consent (although it must notify the state about the disposal). In the event of a right holder's liquidation, its legal successor will keep the land use rights until they expire. The holder of the land use rights must pay rent to the state on the basis of a land use agreement (usually on a quarterly basis). Normally rent is determined on the basis of rates established by the state registry, which depend on the land's category and value.

Land Transfers
Generally, under local law, title to a land plot and title to the structures located on it are inseparable, and one cannot exist without the other. 34 Only state legal entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan can hold land under the right of permanent use. 35 Temporary land use rights may be short-term (up to five years) or long-term (from five to 49 years).
Most real estate rights and transactions with real estate (including land ownership rights and rights to use land for a period equal to or exceeding one year) must be registered with the registration authorities within the Ministry of Justice. 36 Rights to immovable property only come into force after they are registered. If an agreement documenting a transaction is notarized, any party to that agreement can apply for registration or the registration can be carried out by the notary. But if the transaction is not notarized, both parties must appear before the registration authorities. In the former case, the parties usually agree which party will be responsible for registration. If the responsible party fails to register the relevant right, the courts can order it to do so. Failure to register within the time period specified in the law triggers administrative sanctions.

Buildings and Apartments
Foreign companies can own nonresidential and residential buildings and apartments. Under local law, 37 foreign citizens can own nonresidential premises (except for certain strategic objects) and those holding a Kazakhstani residence permit can own both nonresidential and residential premises. Rights to real estate (including buildings and apartments), including rights to use/lease buildings/apartments for a period equal to or exceeding one year and related transactions, must be registered with the applicable registration authorities under the Ministry of Justice. Kazakh. This is the official language of administration, legislation, court proceedings and record-keeping. However, the Russian language may be used officially on an equal basis with Kazakh.
Written agreements executed between Kazakhstani parties must be in both Kazakh and Russian. Written agreements between a Kazakhstani party and a foreign legal entity or a foreign individual must be in Kazakh and a language chosen by the parties. In practice, Russian is the language of choice used for most contracts and Kazakh is not commonly used. Current government policy, however, is to promote the use of Kazakh.
Letterheads, signs, announcements, advertisements, price lists, price tags and other visual information must be in Kazakh and Russian, and, where necessary, may be in other languages.

Labeling
Under Kazakhstani labeling requirements, importing and selling certain goods without certain minimum information (i.e., name of goods, country of origin, date of production, and name of the applicable standard) in both Kazakh and Russian are prohibited.

Civil Legislation
Kazakhstan is a civil law, not a common law, country. As such, the law is statute-based, not judge-made. The courts do not apply precedents, but interpret and apply the rules of the Constitution, laws, subsidiary legislation and international treaties. International treaties override domestic legislation (except for the Constitution) in the event of discrepancies. Laws are interpreted strictly. Where there is no relevant law governing a specific matter, the courts apply the provisions of analogous laws and, in the absence of any analogous laws, apply the general principles and spirit of the law.
The Civil Code 39 is the foundation of civil legislation in Kazakhstan. The Civil Code (which consists of both a General Part and a Special Part) is the systemized and codified law that is used as the legal basis for regulating all property-related and personal non-property-related relationships between citizens, legal entities and the state.
The General Part of the Civil Code sets out the basis for the regulation of corporate entities, ownership rights, transactions, securities and obligations. It also guarantees the right to freedom of contract and grants guarantees against arbitrary interference in private matters and freedom of entrepreneurial activity. Under the Civil Code, foreign investors enjoy the same rights and obligations as citizens and legal entities of Kazakhstan, unless otherwise provided by legislative acts.
The Special Part of the Civil Code deals with specific types of contracts such as sale and purchase, leases, loans, commission agreements, agency agreements, insurance agreements, etc. In addition, the Special Part regulates intellectual property, inheritance matters, non-contractual damages and sets out conflict-of-laws rules. Franchising Law 41 and the Bankruptcy Law 42 ). However, in the event of any discrepancies between such laws and the Civil Code, the latter will, as a general rule, prevail.
With certain limited exceptions, the Civil Code permits a contract between a Kazakhstani company and its foreign counterparty to be governed by foreign law. In contrast, contracts between two Kazakhstani companies must be governed by Kazakhstani law.
14 Banking and Insurance

Description of the Banking System
The banking industry in Kazakhstan is regulated by the Law on Banks and Banking Activities, 43 and the Law on the National Bank, 44 among other laws.
Kazakhstan has a two-tier banking system. The National Bank of Kazakhstan is the first-tier and the remaining banks (except for the Development Bank of Kazakhstan which has special legal status) are the second-tier.
The NBK is the central bank of Kazakhstan. It is an independent legal entity with a charter capital of not less than KZT 20 billion and it reports to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The president appoints the chair of the NBK with the consent of the Senate (upper chamber of parliament) and the deputy chairs upon the recommendation of the chair. president approves the NBK's annual reports and has the right to demand any information relating to its activity.
The principal task of the NBK is to control inflation. The NBK is empowered to develop and conduct credit and monetary policy, organize the functioning of payment systems, conduct currency regulation and currency control and ensure the stability of the financial system.
Among other supervisory functions, the NBK has the following responsibilities regarding banks in Kazakhstan: to issue permits for their creation; to issue banking licenses; to approve prudential requirements for their activities (e.g., capital adequacy requirements; credit limits and limits on certain types of transactions); and to inspect their operations.
As of 1 December 2018, there were 28 second-tier banks registered in Kazakhstan including one state-owned bank, the Housing Construction Savings Bank of Kazakhstan, 45 one Islamic bank (Al-Hilal) and 14 banks that are wholly owned or controlled by nonresidents (e.g., Citibank Kazakhstan).The regulated capital of all commercial second tier banks was KZT 3835.4 billion and the assets were KZT 24876.8 billion.

Licensing
All banking activities, including the acceptance of deposits, maintenance of correspondent accounts, cash operations, money transfers, discounting operations, and loans are subject to licensing by the NBK.

Standards for Banks
The NBK establishes requirements for banks -including minimum capital requirements and capital adequacy requirements -and supervises them.
Currently, the minimum amount of share capital and regulatory (own) capital for newly established banks is KZT 10 billion.
Most of the principles elaborated by the Basel Committee on Banking Regulation and Supervision, including the Basel III capital and liquidity requirements, are being implemented by the NBK through its various regulations. Banks prepare their financial statements in accordance with international accounting standards (IFRS).
The appointment of senior management is subject to approval by the NBK. Senior managers and other bank personnel are also subject to certain mandatory standards.

Shareholding in Banks
Any acquisition of 10% of the voting shares in a Kazakhstani bank requires prior approval by the NBK. Foreign shareholders holding 10% or more of a bank's shares must meet a required minimum rating. Companies established in certain listed countries (e.g., the British Virgin Islands) are prohibited from owning any shares in Kazakhstani banks. Shareholders of a financially weak bank who have 10% or more of the voting shares may be required by the NBK to take certain actions to improve the bank's financial position. Shareholders with 25% or more of the voting shares are obligated to recapitalize the bank if there is a capital shortfall.

Deposit Guarantee System
All second-tier banks (except Islamic banks) that have a license to accept deposits and open and maintain bank accounts of individuals must provide collective insurance of individual deposits. This insurance is referred to as the "mandatory deposit guarantee system." All Kazakhstani banks which hold a license to accept deposits must participate in the system. However, only a certain amount of individual savings is covered by this system.

Liquidation and Reorganization of Banks
Banks may be reorganized or liquidated by a court order or a bank's voluntary decision. However, voluntary reorganization or liquidation requires the NBK's permission. If a bank is insolvent, it will be liquidated under specific bank liquidation rules, rather than under the generally applicable bankruptcy legislation.
According to legislation, banks can restructure their liabilities with the permission of the NBK and under court supervision. As a result, three Kazakhstani banks (BTA Bank, Alliance Bank and Temir Bank) have been successfully restructured in recent years.

Non-banking Activity of Banks
Banks may carry out strictly limited types of non-banking activities, including acting as brokers and dealers. This is also subject to licensing by the NBK.

Insurance
The main statute regulating the insurance industry in Kazakhstan is the Insurance Law. 46 Subject to limited exceptions, the property interests of a legal entity in Kazakhstan and interests of a Kazakhstani resident individual can only be insured by a licensed resident insurer. The NBK issues licenses for insurance activity and establishes minimum capital requirements and prudential standards for insurers, including solvency and financial stability standards.
Kazakhstani resident insurers may reinsure risks with nonresident reinsurers, either directly or through foreign brokers.
Nonresident insurance (reinsurance) companies may open representative offices without the NBK's approval (although these representative offices cannot carry out any business activity in Kazakhstan). However, they must notify the NBK about opening the office. From 16 December 2020 nonresident insurance (reinsurance) companies will be allowed to establish branch offices in Kazakhstan upon compliance with certain conditions and obtaining NBK approval. Nonresident legal entities and individuals (except legal entities registered in certain offshore jurisdictions, such as the British Virgin Islands) may own shares in local insurance companies. This restriction does not apply to insurance companies that are subsidiaries of foreign insurance (reinsurance) companies with an international credit rating of "BBB" or better.
Insurance brokerage is subject to licensing by the NBK but the activity of insurance agents is not. Special conditions and rules are established for resident and nonresident individuals and legal entities holding 10% or more of the voting shares of a local insurance company.

15
Intellectual Property

Introduction
In 1992-93 Kazakhstan began to implement a national system for registering and protecting intellectual property rights. Intellectual property rights in Kazakhstan include all rights to industrial property (including inventions, industrial designs, utility models, company names, trademarks, service marks and appellations of origin of goods), copyright and related rights, selection achievements and topologies of integrated circuits.

State Authority for Intellectual Property Rights
The principal government agency regulating matters pertaining to copyrights, inventions, utility models, industrial designs, selection achievements, trademarks, service marks and appellations of origin is the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan (which has a department of intellectual property rights).
Registration of intellectual property rights is carried out by a specifically designated state-owned entity which is supervised by the Ministry of Justice ("National Institute of Intellectual Property" State Republic Enterprise ("IP Institute")).

Registration
Kazakhstan is a "first to file" and not a "first to use" jurisdiction, meaning it is important to register in Kazakhstan as soon as possible to protect industrial property rights (such as trademarks, inventions, utility models and designs).

Inventions, Utility Models, Industrial Designs and Selection Achievements
Patent protection is given to an invention if it is new, involves an inventive step and is industrially applicable. A patent for an invention is granted for 20 years. In certain cases, patents can be extended for a term not exceeding five years.
A utility model is granted five years of patent protection if it is new and industrially applicable. This term may be extended for three years.
An industrial design is given 15 years of patent protection if it is new and original. The patent can be extended for five years.
A selection achievement is granted patent protection if it is new, distinct, uniform and stable. The duration of the patent ranges from 25 to 35 years and may be extended for another 10 years.
Patent owners can assign or license patents to individuals or legal entities. However, any assignment or license agreement must be registered with the IP Institute to be valid.
Infringement of patents entails civil, criminal and administrative sanctions.

Trademarks, Service Marks and Appellations of the Origin of Goods
The right to a trademark or service mark is based on registration with the IP Institute, but may also be protected without national registration under international treaties to which the Republic of Kazakhstan is a party. Trademark and service mark registration is granted for 10 years and is renewable every 10 years. The assignments or licenses for trademarks and service marks must be registered with the IP Institute to be valid.
Legal protection is given to appellations of the origin of goods based on registration with the IP Institute. A registered owner may not grant licenses for the use of an appellation of the origin of goods.
Violation of trademarks and appellation of origin rights entails civil, criminal and administrative punishment.

Copyrights and Related Rights
The Copyright Law protects works of science, literature and art (copyrights), as well as performances, phonograms, and TV and radio broadcasting or cablecast organizations (related rights). Copyright protection is granted to an author without registration or other formalities. An author can assign rights to use his or her copyrighted work. Copyright applies during an author's lifetime plus 70 years.

Computer Programs and Databases
Computer programs and databases are protected under the Copyright Law. The production and distribution of infringing copies of computer programs, unlawful alteration of existing programs and unlawful access to legally protected computer information may give rise to civil and criminal sanctions.

Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
A number of state authorities protect and enforce intellectual property rights, including courts, customs and justice authorities.
The customs authorities maintain a special register of intellectual property rights. Owners of certain intellectual property objects (e.g., trademarks) can ask the customs authorities to include these objects in this register. This allows the customs authorities to suspend imports of any products bearing those registered objects for 10 business days. The customs authorities then alert the right holder of the import to give it a chance to challenge it or request interim relief. If the owner does nothing in the 10day period, the customs authorities will lift the suspension.
The justice authorities are responsible for initiating seizures of counterfeit products.
16 Antimonopoly Regulation The Committee maintains the register of "natural monopolies" and approves natural monopolists' tariffs. Certain asset and share acquisitions involving natural monopolies require written approval of the Committee.
The Committee also regulates the competitive behavior of companies that are not natural monopolists.
In particular, the Committee supervises companies operating in the socalled "publicly important markets" (e.g., the retail electricity market, operating centralized electricity trades, retail gas market, airport services and railway services) and monitors prices of these companies.

Dominant Position
The Committee is also responsible for market analysis and control over companies holding dominant positions in markets.
Under the Entrepreneurship Code, 52 a legal entity may be treated as holding a dominant position if its market share equals or exceeds 35% of the relevant market.
In addition to the market share, certain other factors must be taken into account in declaring an entity with a 35%-50% market share a dominant entity. Such factors include market powers which enable the entity to fix the prices of goods in the relevant market at its own discretion and generally to determine, for an extended period of time, the conditions for marketing its goods and to set barriers preventing its competitors from entering the market.
Companies whose market share is below 35% can also be considered dominant in certain cases. For example, each of three companies whose combined market share equals or exceeds 50%, or each of four companies whose combined market share equals or exceeds 70% of the market, can be declared dominant.

Merger Control
The Committee is responsible for enforcing merger control regulations, and the following transactions are subject to its oversight: (i) Reorganization of a company by way of merger or absorption (ii) Acquisition by a person, company or group of more than 50% of the voting shares in a company in which the acquirer previously had no shares or had less than 50% of the voting shares (iii) Acquisition of the main production assets or intangible assets of a company if the total balance sheet value of the transferred assets exceeds 10% of the overall value of the main production assets and intangible assets of the transferring company (iv) Acquisition by a person or a company of rights allowing the acquirer to control the business activities of the company or to perform the functions of its managerial body (v) Election or appointment of an individual to the boards of directors or management boards of two or more entities For the transactions in Paragraphs (i)-(iii) above, prior written approval of the Committee is required. For other transactions (listed in Paragraphs (iv) and (v) above), the Committee only needs to be notified.
All of the transactions listed above require the Committee's pre-approval if the total value of the worldwide assets or the annual turnover of the companies involved is above 10 million times the MCI (approximately USD 66.5 million).
However, a transaction within one group of companies does not require approval even if the above conditions are met.
The Entrepreneurship Code uses the principle of extraterritoriality of Kazakhstani antimonopoly rules. This means that the actions of companies and individuals conducted outside Kazakhstan are subject to the antimonopoly provisions of the Entrepreneurship Code if (i) these actions directly or indirectly affect companies, their shares or their assets in Kazakhstan; or (ii) these actions result in the restriction of competition in Kazakhstan. 53

Protection from Unfair Competition
The Entrepreneurship Code lists types of activities which constitute unfair competition, including: • Using trademarks or packaging without authorization

Liability for Violating Antimonopoly Legislation
Violations of antimonopoly legislation (including acts of unfair competition, a failure to obtain approval of a merger when required, a failure to obey the orders of the competition authorities, or monopolistic activity) may entail civil, administrative and criminal sanctions. Abuse of dominance and anti-competitive agreements or actions are punishable by fines of up to 10% of the income received from the illegal activity in addition to potential confiscation of all such income.
Fines may not be applied in certain circumstances, such as when an offender has informed the Committee of the offense itself and cooperated with any investigations.

17
Product Liability

Product Liability
The Civil Code and the Consumer Protection Law 54 govern product liability.
The law obliges sellers and manufacturers to ensure that the products they manufacture and sell comply with quality requirements, and to provide consumers with full and reliable information regarding the products.
If there is a defect in a purchased product, a consumer may select between a refund, a decrease in the purchase price, the elimination of defects free of charge, compensation of expenses for eliminating defects and replacement of the product.
In addition, a consumer has the right to claim compensation of losses in connection with the defective product. Such a claim may be submitted within two years from the date of delivery.
If a seller fails to provide full and reliable information regarding a product, and such failure results in: (i) purchasing a product that does not have the features necessary for the consumer, the consumer has the right to terminate the contract and claim compensation; (ii) the impossibility of using the purchased product for its intended purpose, a consumer is entitled to demand that due information be provided within three days of purchasing the product (if the relevant information is not provided within this period, a consumer is entitled to terminate the contract and claim compensation of losses); and (iii) damage to a consumer's health, safety or property, the consumer will be entitled to claim compensation.
A consumer has the right to require the replacement of a purchased product with a similar product within 14 days of the purchase -no questions asked. If a similar product is not available, the consumer may demand a refund.

Certification
Certain types of products which are manufactured in or imported into Kazakhstan must comply with the EEU's and Kazakhstan's standards of quality and must have a certificate of conformity to such standards.
The testing of certain types of products and subsequent issuance of certificates of conformity to the EEU standards can be performed in any country of the EEU and such certificates are recognized by the other countries of the union. Kazakhstan can also recognize certificates of conformity issued in foreign countries on the basis of the relevant international agreements with such countries.
18 Regulation of Industry 18.1 Oil and Gas

Introduction
Subsoil resources such as oil and gas are the exclusive property of the state. However, rights to use the oil & gas resources may be granted to local and foreign individuals and legal entities on the basis of a subsoil use contract concluded with the Ministry of Energy. Subsoil use rights are granted following different procedures: auction or direct negotiations with the national oil and gas company.

Oil and Gas Legislation
The primary legislative act regulating the oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan is the Subsoil Code. 55 However, a number of other legislative acts regulate specific aspects of subsoil use.
The Subsoil Code sets out the basic framework for oil and gas operations in Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstani As a result of the 2007 amendments to the old Subsoil Law, the state has the right to demand amendments to the terms and conditions of a contract when the subsoil user's operations result in a substantial change in economic interests (or present a threat to the national security) of the Republic of Kazakhstan. If a subsoil user does not accept these amendments, the competent governmental body can unilaterally terminate the contract. In addition, the competent body can, at the government's initiative, unilaterally withdraw from a subsoil use contract if the actions of a subsoil user significantly change the economic interests of Kazakhstan and thus create a threat to Kazakhstan's national security. It should be noted, however, that these 2007 provisions apply only to socalled "significant and strategic" deposits of natural resources. The current list of "strategic" fields was adopted in 2018 and includes 137 deposits of oil, gas, condensate and uranium including all of the major oil and gas fields.
Under the 2008 amendments, production-sharing agreements were eliminated from the list of contracts that could be executed with the state.
To date, only exploration and production arrangements have been allowed (for further details, please refer to Section 18.1.3 below). However, production-sharing agreements executed before the adoption of these amendments remain in effect.
The Subsoil Law adopted in 2010 replaced the old Subsoil Law and Oil Law. Among other things, the new 2010 Law (i) eliminated combined exploration and production contracts (except for a limited number of exceptions); (ii) provided more detailed procedures for seeking and obtaining waivers of preemptive rights and approval for transfers of subsoil use assets; and (iii) introduced the concept of operatorship.
In 2014 the Subsoil Law was further amended to introduce, among other things, new procedures for awarding exploration rights. Under these procedures, exploration rights for certain unexplored areas could be granted in a simplified procedure without holding a competitive tender.
In 2015 the Subsoil Law was amended to bring it into compliance with the terms on which Kazakhstan joined the World Trade Organization (e.g., in connection with preferences to be granted to local suppliers of goods, works and services).
The Gas Law was adopted in 2012. 58 The Gas Law introduced general regulation of gas supply, transportation, storage and sales, the status of the national gas operator, the state's priority right, and other matters pertaining to gas market regulation.
In 2012 Kazakhstan also adopted a new Main Pipelines Law, 59 which regulates matters related to construction, exploitation, services and other main oil and gas pipeline issues.
On 27 December 2017, Kazakhstan adopted a new Subsoil Code. 60 The Subsoil Code came into effect upon expiry of six months from the date of its first publication (i.e., on 29 June 2018). The Subsoil Code introduced a number of substantial changes to regulation of the subsoil use area, including procedures for grant, transfer, termination of subsoil use rights, allocation of powers between regulators, regulation of operational activity and other matters. Previously issued subsoil use contracts and licenses will remain effective, but certain provisions of the Subsoil Code have retrospective effect.

Contracts
The government approved the so-called "program on management of the state subsoil fund" (which, among other things, contains information about territories available for granting and methods by which the subsoil use rights can be granted). Organizations wishing obtain subsoil use rights for oil and gas deposits should submit an application on initiation of an auction to the Ministry of Energy. The national oil and gas company can apply for obtaining subsoil use rights on the basis of direct negotiations.
The Subsoil Code allows the following types of contracts for the oil and gas deposits: The exploration period under combined exploration and production contracts can be up to six years. For offshore oil deposits and deposits with complex structure, this term may be up to nine years.
In the event that natural resources are discovered, the exploration period may be extended for additional three years (six years -for offshore oil deposits and deposits with complex structure) to assess their commercial value.
Production contracts are concluded for 25 years. A contract for production at a deposit with large and unique reserves may be concluded for up to 45 years. A production agreement may be extended for the period of up to 25 years.
Specific terms of a contract can be determined by the parties in accordance with applicable laws. Every subsoil use contract must reflect conditions listed in the Subsoil Code. In addition, subsoil use contracts should reflect provisions of the Model Subsoil Use Contract. 61 While the general idea of a model contract is to set forth a framework that can be modified to meet a transaction's specific requirements, the Subsoil Code provides that deviations from the model contracts are possible to the extent envisaged by the code.
The contract must also be registered with the Ministry of Energy. It becomes effective from the date of registration.

Local Content Requirement
The law requires all oil and gas companies operating in Kazakhstan under licenses or contracts to organize tenders for most goods, works and services that they procure in Kazakhstan, and to give preference to local goods, works and services. Usually the local content requirements for 61 Order of the Minister of Energy dated 11 June 2018 On the Approval of Model Contracts for Subsoil Use.
personnel, goods, works and services (expressed in specific percentages/ratios) must be spelled out in a subsoil contract. However, in view of Kazakhstan joining the World Trade Organization, it is envisaged that subsoil use contracts executed after 1 January 2015 should not contain any obligations of subsoil users to procure goods from local manufacturers. The requirement for a minimum level of local works and services was retained, but the minimum level cannot exceed 50%. Also, it is established that discounts which subsoil users should grant to local manufacturers of goods will be removed after expiry of the relevant subsoil use contracts or 1 January 2021, whichever occurs earlier (although discounts to be granted to the providers of works and services should remain).

The new Rules for Purchasing by Subsoil Users and Their Contractors of Goods, Works and Services Used for Operations on Exploration and
Production of Oil and Gas and Production of Uranium approved by the Order of the Minister of Energy dated 218 May 2018 replaced previous rules. These rules contain more detailed regulations for buying goods, works and services, aimed at supporting local manufacturers.

Exports of Oil and Gas
Despite Kazakhstan's substantial oil and gas reserves, the production and export of hydrocarbons have been constrained by Kazakhstan's landlocked position and its significant dependence on domestic and Russian transportation infrastructures for export routes.
In general, to gain access to a main pipeline system, Kazakhstani oil producers have to reconcile shipment schedules with those of the national pipeline operator, Kaztransoil JSC. Due to the limited capacity of Kazakhstan's pipeline system, access to the pipeline is granted in proportion to a particular oil producer's share of the total amount of oil to be produced in Kazakhstan in a given year.
There are currently three main operating export pipelines. Two lead to the West through Russia and one leads to China.
Of the pipelines going through Russia, the Atyrau-Samara pipeline connects Kazakhstan to the Russian export network, while the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) pipeline connects the Tengiz field with the Russian port of Novorossiysk on the Black Sea (this pipeline is largely privately owned). Russia retains the right to suspend and impose restrictions on the flow of Kazakhstani oil from the Atyrau-Samara pipeline into Russia's transportation network, and Russian enterprises generally have priority access to Russian export terminals.
The new Kazakhstan-China pipeline became operational in the middle of 2006. It is 3,000 kilometers long and is expected to initially its capacity was up to 10 million tons of oil per year (with expansion to 20 million tons per year).
An additional export route reportedly under consideration is a subsea, trans-Caspian pipeline connected to the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline. On 24 January 2007, state-owned oil and gas company KazMunaiGaz JSC signed a memorandum of understanding on the establishment of the Kazakhstan Caspian oil transportation system, which will export oil from the Kashagan and Tengiz fields across the Caspian Sea to Europe via the route Eskene-Kuryk-Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan. Further, on 14 November 2008, KazMunaiGaz JSC and the Azerbaijan State Oil Company signed the Agreement on the Main Principles of Implementation of the Trans-Caspian Project. On 2 October 2009, the Agreement on Cooperation in Preparing a Feasibility Study for the Trans-Caspian Project was signed. Initially, the pipeline system is expected to transport 25 million tons of oil annually which will eventually be increased to 38 million tons. The commissioning of the project into operation is associated with oil production at the Kashagan oil field which, after a number of delays, finally started at the end of 2016. However, construction of the pipeline has not started yet. In any event, the growing volume of oil production (including the Kashagan oil) requires the consideration of additional transportation routes.

Power
The Kazakhstani electricity market is liberalized and generators are separated from transmission, distribution and retail supply.
The main players in the power sector are: • Power-generating organizations ("PGOs") (producers or importers of power) • Power supply organizations ("PSOs") (distribution and supply companies) • P-transferring organizations ("PTOs") (transmission companies) The Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan ("MoE") is the key regulator in the electric power sector. The Committee for Regulation of Natural Monopolies, Protection of Competition and Consumers' Rights ("Committee") is the key regulator of natural monopolies and regulated markets.

Generation
Thermal power plants account for the largest share of electricity generation. The state-owned company, Sumruk Energy JSC, controls most of the thermal power facilities in Kazakhstan.
Hydroelectric power plants ("HPPs") are the second largest electricity producers in Kazakhstan. Two of the three biggest HPPs located in the Eastern Kazakhstan Region were operated by a US power company until October 2017 under a long-term concession agreement with the Government of Kazakhstan.
There is also a number of combined heat & power plants (CHPs).
There are currently no nuclear power stations operating in Kazakhstan. The only nuclear power plant (the 350 MWT plant in Aktau) was shut down in 1999.
Finally, renewables represent a rapidly rising share in Kazakhstan's power sector, mainly due to the recently introduced incentives aimed at stimulating and developing renewable energy sources, which are discussed in more detail below.
It is to be noted that the power sector in Kazakhstan is still subject to special tariff regulations. At present, there are different types of tariffs that apply to PGOs (e.g., "maximum tariffs for electricity", "maximum tariffs for capacity services" and "individual tariffs for capacity services").

Transmission
Transmission of electricity via electricity networks has been unbundled from the generation, distribution and supply of electricity. At the moment, transmission is generally carried out by the state-owned operator of the national grid (JSC KEGOC) and regional operators of regional grids (Regional Electricity Companies or RECs). KEGOC is also responsible for centralized dispatch management. Power transmission is treated as a natural monopoly activity and is subject to the tariff regulations and other restrictions set forth in the Law On Natural Monopolies.

Distribution and Supply
Distribution is carried out via PSOs. Most of these companies are privately owned. PSO businesses require a special permit (license) which is issued by the local antimonopoly authorities. As of today, there are 302 companies that have licenses for the distribution and supply of power.
Generally, tariffs of PSOs are not regulated by the government except in cases where PSOs hold a dominant position in the market.

Tariff Regulation
Companies providing services of central dispatch, transmission and distribution of electricity, as well as the generation and distribution of heat, are considered natural monopolies and their tariffs are set by the regulator. While electricity generation is not a natural monopoly, the state also regulates generators' tariffs by setting the maximum sales price for generators (it may allow some generators to sell at higher prices on a caseby-case basis).
Currently, the electricity market is an "energy-only" market, where generators are only paid for the energy they supply to the market (per kWh). Starting from 2019, Kazakhstan has introduced a "capacity" market model, and the current single energy tariff will be separated into an energy charge and a capacity charge, with a single purchasing agency for capacity. The state will set the maximum prices for electricity and capacity, but may allow newly built generators and generators undergoing modernization to charge higher capacity charges (so-called "individual tariffs for capacity services").
It is yet to be seen how the capacity market will operate in practice.

Renewable Power
The new legal framework recently adopted in Kazakhstan established certain incentives for operating and developing renewable energy sources in Kazakhstan (i.e., wind, solar, geothermal, biomass/biogas power plants and hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of less than 35 MWt).
Specifically, according to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Supporting the Use of Renewable Energy Sources dated 4 July 2009, the Government of Kazakhstan guarantees that the power produced by renewable power plants will be bought by fully state-owned company, Accounting and Finance Center LLP ("AFC"), based on specially approved fixed tariffs under 15-year power supply arrangements.
The fixed tariffs were approved by the Government of Kazakhstan in June 2014. They are much higher than the maximum tariffs approved for traditional power plants in Kazakhstan and are subject to annual adjustment for inflation.
Also, tariffs for the power produced by renewable power plants may be determined as result of auction if the power plants executed power supply agreements with the AFC after July 2017.
To be entitled to execute an agreement with the AFC to sell power at prices fixed by the government, the renewable power plant must be registered as such with the MoE.
Power plants can be included on this list only after the ministry receives technical conditions to connect the power plant to the power grid, evidence of land plot allocation and expert approval of the plant's design documentation. These documents and statutory documents of the company that owns the power plant should be attached to the application, the template for which was approved by the MoE. In this application, among other things, the power plant must provide information about (i) its capacity; (ii) estimated commencement of power production and operational life; and (iii) technical characteristics of the equipment used by the power plant.
The above scheme makes renewable energy projects more investorfriendly and, currently, a number of major market players and investment institutions are considering investments in this area of the power sector. While the relevant framework was adopted only very recently, there are a number of on-going renewable energy projects in Kazakhstan (mostly solar and wind).

Telecommunications
The primary statutes regulating the field of telecommunications are the Communications Law, 62 Licensing Law 63 and National Security Law. 64 The National Security Law provides restrictions on foreign ownership: • Foreign individuals and foreign legal entities are prohibited from owning (directly or indirectly) more than 49% of long distance or international telecommunications service providers that, in turn, own terrestrial telecommunication lines (cable buses, optical cable and radio-relay networks) without the consensus of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
• Foreign individuals and foreign legal entities are prohibited from owning (directly or indirectly) more than 20% of television or radio broadcasting companies.
• Foreign individuals and foreign legal entities are prohibited from managing or operating any trunk lines in Kazakhstan.
International landline, intercity landline, satellite and cellular telecommunication services are subject to mandatory licensing. The licenses are issued by the Telecommunication Committee ("Telecommunications Committee"). Kazakhstan's Interdepartmental Commission for Radio Frequencies is a local state telecommunication authority responsible for allocating the frequency spectrum. All other telecommunication services are subject to mandatory notification addressed to the Telecommunication Committee.
The Telecommunications Committee also issues permits to use allocated radio frequencies. Such permits are issued for one year and may be extended annually for any number of additional one-year terms. The use of radio frequencies by telecommunication organizations requires a regular annual payment.
According to the Communication Law, frequencies may be allocated on the basis of a tender. However, the Telecommunications Committee is authorized to allocate frequencies by itself. Frequencies for TV and radio broadcasting can be allocated only on the basis of a tender.
The Tax Code and the Communications Law provide that telecommunication companies pay the annual charge for the use of radio frequencies.

Construction
Construction activities are heavily regulated in Kazakhstan and require various permits and approvals. The primary legislative act regulating construction is the Law on Construction. 65 Most stages of construction are subject to coordination with and approval by governmental authorities. These stages are:

Maritime Industry
Although Kazakhstan is considered a landlocked country, it is one of the five littoral countries of the Caspian Sea.
The maritime industry in Kazakhstan is primarily governed by the Shipping Law. 69 The Shipping Law sets out certain requirements for any foreign shipping company intending to perform maritime transportation services in Kazakhstan. First, a foreign company (with very limited exceptions, such as where it is a party to a production-sharing agreement or a contractor or subcontractor of such party) must create a local subsidiary (setting up a local branch or representative office is not sufficient).
Secondly, a foreign company must register its vessel(s) in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan has a dual maritime registration system, which means that a vessel can be registered in Kazakhstan either "permanently" if it is owned by a local company (in limited cases this can also be a foreign company) or "temporarily" if ownership of a vessel is retained by a foreign company and the vessel is chartered by a local company on a bareboat basis.
Each vessel operated in Kazakhstan must have certain documents onboard that are prescribed by Kazakhstani law and international treaties to which Kazakhstan is a party (such as the classification certificate, the certificate of seaworthiness and the certificate allowing it to sail under the flag of Kazakhstan). Technical examination and classification of a vessel must be carried out by a specially designated state-owned entity or by a foreign classification society approved by the relevant state authority.

Pharmaceuticals
18.6.1 General

Legislation
The primary law regulating the pharmaceuticals industry at national level is the Kazakhstani code On the Health of the Population and System of Healthcare, adopted 18 September 2009, as amended ("Health Code").
In addition, the Agreement on Common Principles and Rules for the Treatment of Medications within the EEU, signed on 23 December 2014 and which entered into effect on 6 May 2017, establishes a common market of medications throughout the EEU and governs, among other things, marketing authorization, manufacturing, distribution and pharmacovigilance of medications in the EEU.

Regulation
The regulatory body governing the healthcare system and pharmaceutical market in Kazakhstan is the Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan ("MOH").

Registration of Medicines
Various medical products including medicines, medical devices and medical equipment must be registered in Kazakhstan for manufacture, sale or use in Kazakhstan. Registration of medical products is within the competence of the MOH. It is also possible to obtain registration valid at the EEU level from the competent authority of any EEU member state (by way of a mutual recognition or decentralized procedure) 70 to sell and use medical products simultaneously in Kazakhstan and other states of the EEU.
Certain items are exempt from the registration requirement, such as medicines prepared in local pharmacies and medicinal substances produced in accordance with international guidelines known in the industry as Good Manufacturing Practice.
Registration requires a prior expert evaluation by the National Center for Expert Examination of Medicines, Medical Equipment and Medical Devices to ensure a product's compliance with Kazakhstani quality, safety and effectiveness standards.
All medicines registered in Kazakhstan (both imported medicines and medicines produced in Kazakhstan) and certain medical products are subject to quality and safety assessments by the National Center for Expert Examination of Medicines, Medical Equipment and Medical Devices.

Licensing
Certain pharmaceutical activities require a license from local executive bodies (e.g., the Department of Entrepreneurship and Industrial-Innovative Development of regional akimats). These activities include the manufacture and pharmacy production of medicines and medical devices, retail and wholesale of medicines as well as import and export of certain medical products. On the other hand, some activities (including retail and wholesale of medical devices) are subject to simple notification requirement and do not require a license. 71 70 Both options (i.e., the national and the EEU registration) should work until 31 December 2020. After 31 December 2020, registration of medical products at national level will be superseded by registration at EEU level. 71 But the MOH must be notified before these activities can be started.
Only pharmacies can sell medicines and medical products on the retail market.

Promotion
Advertising or promotion of medicines is subject to certain restrictions specified in the Health Code and should be preapproved. Prescription medicines may only be advertised in specialized medical and pharmaceutical printed publications.

Price regulation
All pharmaceutical products procured via state tenders are subject to price regulation in Kazakhstan. The MOH on annual basis sets a maximum price at which medical institutions can purchase products through tenders to provide free medical care to population. The main criteria considered for setting the maximum prices are prices registered by manufacturers for their respective products and wholesale mark-ups determined on the basis of the registered price on a regressive scale.
On 28 December 2019, Kazakhstan amended the Health Code to, among other things, extend price regulation to all medicines and medical devices marketed in Kazakhstan. The relevant amendment aimed at elimination of pharmaceuticals price volatility in different regions of the country will become effective from 9 April 2019.

Judicial Reform
During the 1990s, Kazakhstan's judicial system was extremely weak and ineffective. Courts, particularly at the local level, were not given sufficient resources by the state and judges were poorly trained and underpaid. This resulted in many worrying court decisions (particularly on complex commercial matters) as well as allegations of corruption.
The government began a program of serious judicial reform in 2000, which has improved the country's judicial system. These improvements include the formation of a Judicial Administration Committee under the Supreme Court, the establishment of judicial ethics commissions, increases in judicial salaries, the raising of minimum qualifications for judges and the formation of specialized courts. While many problems persist, top officials of the Presidential Administration, the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Justice appear dedicated to continuing the program of judicial reform, and particularly dedicated to increasing the independence of the courts, improving the qualifications of judges and providing greater resources to local courts.
In continuation of this judicial reform, in 2014-2015 additional measures were introduced to decrease the number of court cases considered by the courts (which will have a positive impact on the quality and judicial technique of the judgments) and make the court system more transparent and simple. The measures included introduction of (i) a detailed dispute settlement procedure; (ii) a simplified court procedure, which allows courts to resolve disputes without conducting formal court hearings; and (iii) state duty for filing appeals against judgments of 1.5% of the claimed sum for the cassation stage of review. The total number of court instances was also decreased from four to three together with some other measures described below.

Court Structure and Competence of Kazakhstani Courts
The basic provisions regulating the structure and activities of the judiciary are stated briefly in the Constitution and more extensively in the Law on the Judicial System, 73 the Civil Procedural Code 74 and the Criminal Procedural Code. 75 The Kazakhstani court system consists of three levels: the Supreme Court of Kazakhstan; local regional courts and courts with equivalent regional court status (e.g., the Almaty City Court, Astana City Court, Shymkent City Court); and local city and district courts.
District (city) courts are usually courts of first instance and they hear most civil cases. Regional courts (and city courts that are equivalent to regional courts) function as courts of appeal for district court decisions.

Judges
District, specialized inter-district and regional court judges are appointed by the president based on a recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council. Supreme Court judges are appointed by the Senate from among nominees the president has selected based on recommendations of the Supreme Judicial Council. 77 The Supreme Judicial Council is an independent body that selects candidates for positions as Supreme Court judges as well as judges of regional courts on a competitive basis and recommends them for appointment. The Supreme Judicial Council consists of a chair (appointed by the president), chairpersons of the Constitutional Council and the Supreme Court, the general prosecutor, the minister of justice, deputies delegated by the Senate, judges and other persons appointed by the president.
Judges are appointed for life. The chairpersons of district and regional courts and the Supreme Court, as well as the chairpersons of the collegiums of a region and the Supreme Court, are appointed for five-year terms.
The procedure for appointment of judges of the AIFC Court is determined by the AIFC. Under the AIFC Rules, judges of the AIFC Court shall be appointed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan upon the proposal of the Governor of the AIFC. Further, Kazakhstani legislation delineating the jurisdiction of local courts over cases concerning the enforcement of foreign arbitration awards is still contradictory.
In Kazakhstan, arbitration proceedings are mainly governed by the Law On Arbitration. 78 The Law On Arbitration applies to both (i) disputes involving foreign parties; and (ii) disputes between residents of Kazakhstan, which are permitted to be resolved by "arbitration courts" in Kazakhstan. These "arbitration courts" are not state courts, but various private arbitration tribunals roughly analogous to private arbitration tribunals in Western countries.
Generally, this law is in line with the main principles of UNCITRAL Model Law and regulates every stage of the arbitration proceedings. The law also provides a mechanism for challenging and enforcing these awards in state courts. 79 However, the Law On Arbitration sets forth several restrictions for the arbitration settlement of arbitration disputes involving state authorities and state companies. It also prohibits arbitration for (i) disputes involving natural monopolists and their customers; (ii) disputes arising out of nonpecuniary relations connected with an individual's health or safety, the sanctity of personal and family secrets and a person's right to their name; and (iii) disputes relating to insolvency or bankruptcy.
The law also prohibits state bodies, state enterprises, banks, companies holding dominant positions and natural monopolists from establishing arbitration courts.

Mediation and other Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
In 2011, Kazakhstan adopted a Mediation Law. 81 Under the Mediation Law, parties have the right to resolve the following types of disputes through mediation if they agree to do so: (i) civil, labor, family and other types of disputes involving individuals and legal entities; and (ii) disputes concerning certain minor criminal offenses and misdemeanors. However, mediation cannot be used for disputes involving state organizations or incapacitated persons.
Under the Mediation Law, parties have the right to execute a mediation agreement at any time prior to or after the initiation of a legal action. If the parties execute a mediation agreement during civil court proceedings, the court will suspend the trial until the end of mediation. If the parties resolve the dispute through mediation and execute a settlement agreement, the court proceedings will be terminated.
Generally, mediation procedures must be completed within 30 calendar days (or 60 calendar days at the parties' request). If mediation results in a settlement, the parties must execute an agreement identifying (i) the parties and subject of the dispute; (ii) the mediator involved; and (iii) the agreed settlement terms (including the consequences for any failure to comply with this arrangement).
If one of the parties refuses to comply with the executed settlement agreement, the other party can seek to enforce the agreement in a state court.
Further, in 2015, a participatory procedure was introduced into the Civil Procedural Code. This procedure implies negotiations between parties and their counsels held during court proceedings before the judgment is issued. The procedure ends with a binding agreement to be approved by the court as a settlement agreement. There are both state and private court marshals (bailiffs).

Recognition and
Private court marshals act under a special license from the Ministry of Justice and in general have the same powers and authorities as state court marshals, with several exceptions, including the right to conduct enforcement proceedings against the state and organizations, 50% of which belongs to the state and its affiliates.
State court marshals are usually overloaded with work, and working closely with the court marshals' (bailiffs') office is crucial for facilitating expedient enforcement.

Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Court Judgments
Kazakhstani courts will enforce a foreign court judgment based on a treaty between Kazakhstan and the relevant foreign country or the principle of reciprocity.
Kazakhstan has entered into several bilateral and multilateral treaties to facilitate recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments. 83 However, none of those treaties are with Western European or North American countries.
20 The Environment

Introduction
Environmental protection in Kazakhstan is regulated by the Environmental Code. 84 It is generally believed to be close to international standards of environmental regulation.

Regulatory Bodies
The Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan ("ME") is the principal state authority for environmental protection. It issues environmental permits and licenses, and establishes limits for environmental emissions among other things.
The tax authorities are responsible for collecting payments for environmental contamination and emissions.

General Environmental Requirements
Individuals and legal entities that affect the environment are subject to state oversight. The ME exercises this oversight by organizing state environmental inspections.
Various aspects of business activity are subject to environmental requirements. For example, a positive state environmental expert evaluation must be obtained before any project that may harm the environment begins. Enterprises engaged in potentially environmentally hazardous activities must obtain environmental insurance.
Violation of state environmental requirements entails civil, administrative and criminal liability for individuals and legal entities.

Environmental Authorizations
All individuals and legal entities that produce atmospheric discharges, sewage, solid consumption or industrial waste must obtain an environmental permit from the ME or its local subdivisions. Under the Environmental Code, there are two types of environmental permits: (i) Permits for environmental emissions (ii) Complex environmental permits Emissions permits are more common. They are issued for the period until the relevant technologies used by a holder or the terms of use of natural resources change, but not more than ten years. Once an emissions permit expires, it is necessary to reapply to the ME for its renewal.
On the other hand, a complex environmental permit can be issued for an indefinite term to environmental users who comply with the best available environmental technologies. A complex environmental permit is valid until the technologies applied or environmental use conditions specified in the environmental permit change. The Government approved a list of facilities eligible for complex permits on 23 January 2015. 85 In addition, separate environmental licenses are required for individuals and legal entities involved in: • Environmental design or standardization for certain types of activity  88 The State Procurement Law expressly excludes from its remit national management holding companies, national holding companies, national management companies, national companies, their affiliates, the National Bank, its subordinate entities, entities forming its structure, entities where the National Bank holds 50% of shares or more and their affiliates. These entities must purchase goods, works and services under separate procurement rules (such as the procurement rules approved by the National Welfare Fund "Samruk-Kazyna" and procurement rules approved by the National Bank). However, such procurement rules are similar to the state procurement rules in most respects.
As a general rule, state procurement can only be carried out through a tender. Tenders are organized by a special commission formed by the purchaser. The tender process consists of several stages (including the publication of a tender announcement and review of bids) and is completed with the conclusion of a state procurement contract with the winner of the tender. Currently, the authorized body for state procurement is the Committee for State Procurement of the Ministry of Finance. Among other functions, this committee maintains a register of entities that must comply with state procurement rules.

Procurement in Subsoil Use Operations
Similar restrictions for the purchase of goods, works and services apply to companies engaged in oil and gas and mining activities. In particular, subsoil use companies must conduct a public tender to purchase the goods, works and services necessary for their operations. In certain cases (e.g., if the needed goods and services are produced by only one supplier), the Procurement Rules 89 allow purchases to be made without a tender.
The law usually obliges subsoil users to give preferences to local companies which qualify as local manufacturers of goods, works and services. However, as discussed above, some of these preferences were removed in connection with Kazakhstan joining the World Trade Organization.

Procurement Rules Applicable to Natural Monopolies
Legislation provides special procurement rules for entities operating within a natural monopoly. According to the Natural Monopolies Law, 90 natural monopolists must comply with such special procurement rules if its tariffs for the relevant regulated services have been approved on the basis of the expense method. Under the general rules, in such case, purchases should be done through an open tender with the possibility to use other methods of procurement for goods, services and works (e.g., purchase from one source) only if this is directly provided by law.

Samruk-Kazyna Procurement Rules
Under the Law on the National Welfare Fund, 91 the national welfare fund "Samruk-Kazyna" and the companies it owns 50% or more of the shares of, either directly or indirectly, must comply with special procurement rules approved by the Samruk-Kazyna board of directors. Although the Samruk-Kazyna procurement rules are similar to the state procurement rules in most respects, they allow greater flexibility.

Other Procurement Rules
Certain other state entities and state-owned companies are subject to their own procurement rules. For example, as mentioned above, the National Bank and its subordinate and affiliated entities are subject to separate procurement rules approved by the National Bank. 92 Further, procurement of pharmaceuticals within the guaranteed free medical care conducted by SK-Pharmacia LLP and public healthcare institutions is governed by the pharmaceutical procurement rules. 93 Certain other national holding and management companies have their own procurement rules developed on the basis of standard procurement rules approved by the government. Kazakhstan's anti-corruption legislation identifies several crimes of corruption, among the most serious of which are the provision and receipt of bribes to government officials. These crimes are interrelated and usually cannot be committed without one another. Kazakhstan's anti-corruption legislation also penalizes commercial bribery of managers of private companies (e.g., kickbacks).
Kazakhstan does not have anti-bribery regulations with extraterritorial application similar to the US FCPA or the UK Bribery Act. However, Kazakhstan's anti-bribery regulations can apply to bribery of foreign officials committed outside Kazakhstan if a bribe-giver was not punished in the country where the bribery was committed.
While the enforcement of the anti-corruption legislation is still one of the government's top priorities, prosecution for corruption offenses is limited. In most cases, anti-corruption legislation is not enforced against high-level officials.
In years with confiscation of property and other sanctions. However, currently in Kazakhstan only individuals (not legal entities) are subject to criminal liability.
For bribery of government officials, legal entities are subject to administrative punishment. Legal entities may be penalized by a monetary penalty amounting to approximately USD 5,000, or by double the initial penalty for repeated violations.

Government Officials
Generally, Kazakhstan's anti-bribery restrictions apply to government officials, namely to "individuals carrying out state functions and persons equated to them." Such government officials include officials carrying out state functions on behalf of centralized state agencies, local municipal bodies and the armed forces, and also the following government officials: 98

Members of parliament and local legislatures
• Judges • Government officials of law enforcement agencies and special services • Individuals elected or appointed to local executive bodies • Managers of wholly owned state entities or of so-called "quasistate entities" (i.e., entities affiliated with the state) Accordingly, provision of benefits to the above officials is generally prohibited in Kazakhstan, and may amount to a criminal or administrative offense if the benefits were provided in exchange for, or in connection with, the state functions of the relevant officials. 98 Please note that the list is not exhaustive.
In Kazakhstan, criminal or administrative liability may apply irrespective of whether the relevant bribe-giver is a local or foreign entity.

Facilitating Payments, Hospitality
Kazakhstani anti-corruption laws do not provide any specific exceptions for facilitating payments (e.g., modest payments to a public official to influence that official to perform an act he or she is legally required to perform) or gifts provided in accordance with the generally accepted norms of courtesy and hospitality.
Thus, as a general rule, providing such facilitating payments or gifts may lead to liability under the Criminal or Administrative Codes. There are certain limited exceptions to this general rule. For instance, in certain cases, government officials may be allowed to accept invitations to participate in international scientific, professional and other similar forums at the expense of organizations, and during such forums, the officials may be permitted to accept certain limited gifts (benefits). 99 However, since the exceptions are very narrow and specific, they should be applied carefully in practice.
23 Personal Data

General
The processing of personal data in Kazakhstan is regulated by the Law On Personal Data and Protection Thereof dated 21 May 2013, as amended ("Personal Data Law"), and certain regulations adopted further to the Personal Data Law. 99 Please note that this exception does not apply to managers of wholly owned state entities or managers of so-called "quasi-state entities." The Personal Data Law applies to all individuals, organizations (whether private or state-owned) and state authorities engaged in data collection, processing and disclosure of such data within Kazakhstan.
The Personal Data Law also applies to transnational companies with subsidiaries, branches or representative offices in Kazakhstan that process the personal data of their employees, contractors and customers at a central location abroad.

Definition of "Personal Data"
"Personal data" is defined as any information (in paper, electronic or other tangible form) relating to an identified or identifiable natural person ("Data Subject").
Thus, under the Personal Data Law, personal data includes a person's name, identification card (passport) details, date of birth, address, family, education, profession, income and other information by reference to which the person can be identified and separated from other persons.

Basic Requirements for Data Processing
A summary of the main requirements of the Personal Data Law is as follows: (a) With the exceptions listed in item (f) below, personal data may be collected, processed and disclosed only with the prior written consent of the Data Subject.
(b) Employers should notify employees of their intention to process their personal data.
(c) An organization should clearly define the purposes for which it collects, processes and discloses personal data.
(d) Repeated consent from the Data Subject is required for the disclosure of personal data if there has been a change in the purpose for which the data was originally collected (e) A Data Subject may generally withdraw his or her consent to the use, processing and disclosure of personal data at any time, but such withdrawal should not breach existing legislation.
(f) Personal data may be collected, processed and disclosed without the consent of the Data Subject in specific cases provided in the Personal Data Law, including in case of law enforcement agencies carrying out their activities; state authorities using the personal data (which must be depersonalized) for statistical purposes; disclosure of personal data when this is required by legislation, etc.
(g) An organization holding personal data may provide access to such data to third parties in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Data Subject's consent given to such organization pursuant to item (a) above.
(h) An organization must refuse to provide access to personal data to third parties if such third parties do not agree or cannot ensure the use and processing of personal data in accordance with the requirements of the Personal Data Law.
(i) A Data Subject has the right to request access to his or her personal data previously collected by an organization, i.e., request information on how the organization has used the personal data collected, the list of third parties to whom the organization has disclosed the personal data, etc.

Transborder Flow of Personal Data
Personal data may be transferred to countries outside Kazakhstan only if they guarantee protection of personal data. Thus, personal data may, in principle, be transferred to countries outside Kazakhstan if such countries have appropriate legislation guaranteeing personal data protection. (To date, it is unclear how it will be determined if a particular country has adequate personal data protection legislation.) There are a limited number of exceptions to this rule: specifically, personal data may be transferred to a country that does not guarantee protection of personal data if, among others, the Data Subject has specifically consented to the transfer of personal data, or if the transfer of data is required as a matter of law as a result of an overwhelming public interest or to protect the legal rights or health and safety of citizens, etc.
Telecommunication operators are prohibited from transferring information about their subscribers (e.g., mobile users) abroad, except in cases when the operator provides services to subscribers travelling outside of Kazakhstan.

Consequences of Noncompliance
It is an administrative and criminal offense to collect, process and disclose personal data without the consent of the Data Subject or otherwise in breach of the Personal Data Law. The penalties for such an offense include financial penalties (generally, penalties of up to USD 6,572 for organizations and USD 32,860 (or corrective works) for officers of organizations).
In addition, an individual who suffers harm as a result of an organization breaching the Personal Data Law may have the right to take civil action against said organization and seek damages.

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