Flora of Espírito Santo: Hiraeoide and Malpighioide clades (Malpighiaceae)

Abstract This is a taxonomic treatment of four genera and eight species of the hiraeoide and malpighioide clades (Malpighiaceae) in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Hiraea and Mascagnia are the most diverse genera, with three species each, followed by Amorimia and Lophopterys, with one species each. Two species are listed as threatened: H. bullata and M. velutina. The main characteristics that can be used to identify the genera in Espírito Santo are epipetiolar or interpetiolar stipules, the indumentum on the branches, the inflorescence type, the number of elaiophores, and characteristics of the mericarps. Morphological descriptions, identification keys, taxonomic notes, geographic distribution maps, and photographic plates are provided for the species.


Introduction
In Espírito Santo, the fifteenth most speciesrich family is Malpighiaceae.There are 129 species and 23 genera of Malpighiaceae in the state, which occur mainly in dense ombrophilous forest (Almeida & Mamede 2014;Dutra et al. 2015).This family of angiosperms has the highest number of threatened species in the state (68 spp.), especially because of their restricted distributions (Dutra et al. 2019;Fraga et al. 2019).Studies involving Malpighiaceae have been carried out for over 15 years in the state, including new records, descriptions of new species, notes and additional information about species (Amorim 2003;Almeida et al. 2013Almeida et al. , 2015Almeida et al. , 2018;;Almeida & Amorim 2015;Almeida 2017;Francener et al. 2018), a list of species that occur in Espírito Santo (Almeida & Mamede 2014), a synopsis of Stigmaphyllon (Almeida & Mamede 2016) and a taxonomic treatment for the Flora do Espírito Santo project of the genera Banisteriopsis and Byrsonima, and the Barnebyoid and Bunchosioid clades (Almeida & Mamede 2020;Alves et al. 2021; Barros et al. 2022).In the present work, we contribute the treatment of the Hiraeoid and Malpighioid clades to the Malpighiaceae florula.2001, 2005;Almeida 2018) and by consulting nomenclatural types of each binomial in person or using virtual herbaria.
Geographic distribution data were obtained from the labels of the examined specimens, and the classification of phytophysiognomies follows Garbin et al. (2017): dense ombrophilous forest (covering sloped forests in mountainous regions and tabuleiro forests in wet coastal lowlands), open ombrophilous forest, seasonal semideciduous forest, pioneer formations (heath, restingas, a set of coastal vegetations on marine sandy deposits of the Quaternary, mangroves), and ecological refuge (represented by montane grasslands in the Serra do Caparaó).Maps were prepared using the software ArcGis 9.2 (ESRI 2010), shapefiles were obtained from IBGE (2015) and geographic coordinates were taken from the exsiccata labels or inferred using the geoLoc tool (<http://splink.cria.org.br/geoloc>).The "Lista Nacional de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas de Extinção" (CNCFlora 2019) and "Lista das Espécies Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo" (Fraga et al. 2019) were consulted to identify threatened species.

Identification key to the species of
Mascagnia velutina is endemic to Brazil and occurs in seasonal semideciduous forests and ombrophilous forests in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo (Almeida et al. 2020).In Espírito Santo, it is known from only two collections in dense ombrophilous forest (Fig. 9), on rocky outcrops and in secondary forest.It is regarded as endangered by Fraga et al. (2019).It has been collected with flowers in October and with fruits in February.Mascagnia velutina is distinguished from the remaining species of Mascagnia in Espírito Santo by the velutinous indument on the branches and leaves.
Figure 1 -a-e.Hiraea bullata -a.flowering branch; b. detail of stipules; c. abaxial surface of a leaf; d. flower in frontal view; e. winged mericarp in side view (photographs by A.Popovkin).

Figure 5
Figure 5 -a-d.Lophopterys floribunda -a.flowering and fruiting branch; b. detail of the abaxial surface of a leaf; c. flowers in side view; d. winged mericarps in frontal and side view (Photographs by G. Shimizu).

Figure 8
Figure 8 -a-d.Mascagnia cordifolia -a.detail of interpetiolar stipules; b. detail of the adaxial surface of a leaf; c. inflorescence; d. flower in frontal view (Photographs: M.O.O.Pellegrini).
(Anderson 2005: e00302022.2023Januaryand with fruits in January and February.Mascagnia cordifolia is distinguished from the remaining species of Mascagnia in Espírito Santo by the orbicular leaves and lax thyrses.A study focused on the Mascagnia cordifolia group(Anderson 2005) sampled a single specimen from the state of Espírito Santo and found that its indument is not as dense and erect as that in other populations of this species.Local name: mucunã-borboleta.