Abstracts

INTRODUCTION

The hypertrophy of the skeletal muscle is a result of individual growth in the cross-sectional region of muscle fibers that results in the enlargement of its cross-sectional section, which, on the other hand, is a reflex of the growing number and size of myofibrils and the adaptation of sarcomeres inside the muscle fiber¹1. Meloni VHM. O papel da hiperplasia na hipertrofia do músculo esquelético. Rev Bras Cine Des Hum. 2005;7(1):59-63.. Among the mechanisms that are in charge of controlling the increasing size of the muscle fiber, it is important to consider myostatin, since it is a potent regulator of growth and myoblast differentiation²2. Yamada AK, Verlengia R, Bueno Junior CR. Myostatin: genetic variants, therapy and gene doping. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2012;48(3):369-77..

Myostatin is initially expressed during the formation of the musculoskeletal cell, being known as a growing differentiator-8 (GDF-8), from the superfamily of the tumor growing factor beta (TGF- β). It inhibits the increasing muscle trophism by inactivating the myoblasts and satellite cells³3. McCroskery S, Thomas M, Maxwell L, Sharma M, Kambadur R. Myostatin negatively regulates satellite cell activation and self-renewal. J Cell Biol. 2003;162(6):1135-47.

4. Thomas M, Langley B, Berry C, Sharma M, Kirk S, Bass J, et al. Myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth, functions by inhibiting myoblast proliferation. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(51):40235-43.

5. Gilson H, Schakman O, Kalista S, Lause P, Tsuchida K, Thissen JP. Follistatin induces muscle hypertrophy through satellite cell proliferation and inhibition of both myostatin and activin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;297(1):E157-E64. ^{- 6}6. Lee SJ, Huynh TV, Lee YS, Sebald SM, Wilcox-Adelman SA, Iwamori N, et al. Role of satellite cells versus myofibers in muscle hypertrophy induced by inhibition of the myostatin/activin signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(35):E2353-60..

In the skeletal muscle, myostatin is transcribed as a messenger RNA (mRNA), which codified a precursor protein containing 335 amino acids. In adult rats, myostatin circulates in its a latent form in the blood flow, and it can be activated in an acid environment, similarly to TGF- β. The excessive expression of systemic myostatin among adult female rats induces deep muscle mass and fat loss, without, however, decreasing the absorption of nutrients⁷7. Hamrick MW, McPherron AC, Lovejoy CO. Bone mineral content and density in the humerus of adult myostatin-deficient mice. Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;71(1):63-8.. Also, the decreasing mRNA expression has been identified for myostatin in the skeletal muscle of rats exposed to physical training⁸8. Matsakas A, Bozzo C, Cacciani N, Caliaro F, Reggiani C, Mascarello R, et al. Effect of swimming on myostatin expression in white and red gastrocnemius muscle and in cardiac muscle of rats. Exp Physiol. 2006;91(6):983-94..

There are only a few indicators of myostatin inhibitors in literature, even though they have been considered as probable candidates to genic therapy⁹9. Schuelke M, Wagner KR, Stolz LE, Hubner C, Riebel T, Komen W, et al. Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(26):2682-8.

10. Artioli GG, Hirata RDC, Lancha Junior AH. Terapia gênica, doping genético e esporte: fundamentação e implicações para o futuro. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2007;13(5):349-54. ^{- 11}11. Candena SM, Tomkinson KN, Monnell TE, Spaits MS, Kumar R, Underwood KW, et al. Administration of a soluble activin type II B receptor promotes skeletal muscle growth independent of fiber type. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;109(3):635-42.. Studies suggest that supplementation containing Cystoseira canariensis can promote the loss of body fat mass and gain of muscle mass, once this compound, which is a derivative of brown seaweed, would be connected to myostatin and, apparently, it could reduce the biological effects of this protein¹²12. Ramazanov Z, Jimenez del Rio M, Ziegenfuss T. Sulfated polysaccharides of brown seaweed Cystoseira canariensis bind to serum myostatin protein. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 2003;27(2-3):101-6.

13. Willoughby DS. Effects of heavy resistance training on myostatin mRNA and protein expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(4):574-82. ^{- 14}14. Williams M. Dietary Supplements and Sports Performance: Herbals. JISSN. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2006;3(1):1-6.. However, no studies approaching the effect of this supplementation on the resistance and muscle strength of rats have been found. Its importance for muscle mass control is in accordance with the need to develop studies focused on strength loss situations, be it due to lack of use or the absence of protein filaments inside the myofibrils, or be it due to some specific diseases, syndromes or aging¹⁵15. Krivickas LS, Walsh R, Amato AA. Single muscle fiber contractile properties in adults with muscular dystrophy treated with MYO-029. Muscle Nerve. 2009;39(1):2-9. ^{, 16}16. LeBrasseur NK, Schelhorn TM, Bernardo BL, Cosgrove PG, Loria PM, Brown TA. Myostatin inhibition enhances the effect of exercise on performance and metabolic outcomes in aged mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(9);940-8..

The objective of this study was to verify the possible effect of the supplementation with Cystoseira canariensis, associated or not to swimming, on body mass and traction force of the gastrocnemius muscles in female rats.

METHODOLOGY

Animals

This study was characterized as being randomized and experimental. Twenty-eight female Wistar rats were used. They were 45 days old, with body mass of approximately 250 g, coming from and maintained in the Central Bioterium of UNIUBE. The animals were kept under a light regime (10 hours, bright, 14 hours, dark) and controlled temperature (25ºC). They were divided in four groups: control (C, n=7), without swimming or supplementation; supplementation (S, n=7), with supplementation; supplementation associated with swimming (SSw, n=7); they underwent the exercise protocol and received supplementation in the period; and swimming (Sw, n=7) - these were only submitted to the swimming protocol.

In order to conduct this study, according to the guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee, all of the principles proposed by some authors and ratified by UNESCO were obeyed. In 1978, UNESCO elaborated the Declaration of Animal Rights. The experiment was in accordance with all of the necessary precautions to avoid the suffering of each animal¹⁷17. Russell WMS, Burch RL. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. London: Methuen;1959. ^{, 18}18. Zimmermann M. Ethical Guidelines for Investigations of Experimental Pain in Conscious Animals. Pain. 1983;16(2):109-10.. The project was approved by the Commission of Animal Experimentation of UNIUBE (Process n. 028/2009).

Treatment and exercise protocol

Animals in groups S and Ssw were treated with 20 mg of the Myoblast^TM supplement, which contains Cystoseira canariensis, diluted in water, in a daily dose for 8 weeks, six days a week.

Animals were trained with moderate chronic aerobe exercise (swimming), three times a week, on alternate days, for eight weeks, based on a protocol adapted from several authors¹⁹19. Takeda N, Ohkubo T, Nakamura I, Suzuki H, Nagano M. Mechanical catecholamine responsiveness and myosin isoenzyme pattern of pressure-overloaded rat ventricular myocardium. Basic Res Cardiol. 1987;82(4):370-4. ^{, 20}20. Pestana PRD, Alves AN, Fernandes KPS, Silva Junior JA, França CR, Martins MD, et al. Efeito da natação na expressão de fatores regulatórios miogênicos durante o reparo do musculoesquelético de rato. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2012;18(6):419-22.. The temperature of the water was maintained between 30º and 35ºC, being changed daily. During the swimming period, time increased progressively. On the first day, it lasted 15 minutes; on the second day, 15 other minutes were added, and so on, successively, until the total time of 45 minutes. During the swimming activity, which was conducted in a tank measuring 1.5x0.90x0.70 m, the animal had overload (5% of body mass) attached to its tail.

Studied variables

Body mass

Throughout the eight weeks of treatment, body mass values of the animals were verified weekly, in order to prepare the load that would be attached to the tail and to assess the probable weight gain. After the eight weeks, animals were euthanized with anesthetic overdose.

Muscle tissue analysis

Traction trial

The traction trial consisted of the collection of the set right femur-gastrocnemius, calcaneus of female rats. The universal testing machine EMIC^(r) - model DL3500, from the Laboratory of Odontology Material Research, at Universidade de Uberaba, equipped with a load cell of 50 kgf, was used to execute the mechanical trial. The machine was directly connected to a microcomputer equipped with software that was able to obtain accurate load and stretching values. A special device was used to fixate and conduct the muscle traction trials, so that the muscle origin and insertion could be preserved.

The parameters adopted for the trial were: preload of 0.30 kgf, trial velocity of 10 mm/min; load limits and stretching of 8.00 kgf and 25 mm, respectively. After the conduction of each trial, the place of muscle fiber rupture was observed. For each load increase applied to the muscle, there was a resulting stretching value, which enabled the construction of graphics showing load versus stretching, by using the software Microsoft Excel Xp Professional^(r).

Afterwards, the following mechanical properties were analyzed: load at maximum limit; stretching at maximum limit; and rigidity²¹21. Matheus JPC, Milani JGPO, Gomide LB, Volpon JB, Shimano AC. Análise biomecânica dos efeitos da crioterapia no tratamento da lesão muscular aguda. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2008;14(4):372-5.

22. Carvalho LC, Polizello JC, Padula N, Freitas FC, Shimano AC, Mattiello-Sverzut AC. Propriedades mecânicas do gastrocnêmio eletroestimulado pós-imobilização. Acta Ortop Bras. 2009;17(5):269-72.

23. Abdalla D, Bertoncello D, Carvalho LC. Avaliação das propriedades mecânicas do músculo gastrocnêmio de ratas imobilizado e submetido à corrente russa. Fisioter Pesq. 2009;16(1):59-64. ^{- 24}24. Kodama FY, Camargo RCT, Job AE, Osaki GAT, Koike TE, Camargo Filho JCS. Propriedades mecânicas do músculo de ratos adultos e idosos, exercitado pós-imobilização. Acta Ortop Bras. 2012;20(4):218-22..

Statistical analysis

The ANOVA test was used for the simultaneous analysis of groups, and the Tukey-Kramer test was used to compare both groups; a significance level lower than 5% was adopted.

RESULTS

A significant difference was observed for body mass gain between the groups treated with supplementation and supplementation associated with swimming, with lower values for the latter (Table 1).

In Table 1, values referring to load limit (LL) and maximum stretch limit (MSL) presented by the gastrocnemius muscle of the animals were observed. At the end of the experimental period, higher MSL values were observed for the SSw group, in comparison to the Sw group. Concerning LL, the SSw group presented higher values than experimental groups C, S and Sw. Rigidity value was significantly lower for the group that only swam, compared to the group that only received supplementation. For this property, no significant differences were found between the other groups.

DISCUSSION

The objective of this study was to verify the possible variation in body mass and in the gain of resistance of the gastrocnemius muscle, among female rats in the traction test after a period of physical training with or without a supplementation containing a myostatin inhibitor. Even though literature presents relevant work related to genic therapy and therapeutics to increase muscle mass¹¹11. Candena SM, Tomkinson KN, Monnell TE, Spaits MS, Kumar R, Underwood KW, et al. Administration of a soluble activin type II B receptor promotes skeletal muscle growth independent of fiber type. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;109(3):635-42. ^{, 25}25. Oliveira RS, Collares TS, Smith KR, Collares TV, Seixas FK. The use of genes for performance enhancement: doping or therapy? Braz J Med Biol Res. 2011;44(12):1194-201., no studies were observed that identified the variation of body mass in animals treated with myostatin inhibitor. It is worth to mention that the aerobe exercise protocol was used, what would favor body mass loss. The myostatin inhibitor seems to have an anabolic effect on animals, which may have had strong action when not being associated with any therapy.

The myostatin inhibitor used in this work contained Cystoseira canariensis, a polysaccharide deriving from brown seaweeds which with a complex group of macromolecules. This would facilitate its connection with myostatin and, consequently, the inactivation of this protein. There are also records that these polysaccharides regulate some growing factors and cytokines, such as fibroblast growth factors, interferon, and some enzymes belonging to the family of TGF- -b¹²12. Ramazanov Z, Jimenez del Rio M, Ziegenfuss T. Sulfated polysaccharides of brown seaweed Cystoseira canariensis bind to serum myostatin protein. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 2003;27(2-3):101-6. ^{, 26}26. Lee SJ, McPherron AC. Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(16):9306-1..

In a study conducted with humans by Willoughby¹³13. Willoughby DS. Effects of heavy resistance training on myostatin mRNA and protein expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(4):574-82., who used supplements containing Cystoseira canariensis combined with physical exercise, it was not possible to observe increasing strength and muscle mass, when compared to the group that performed training without supplementation. The amount used in this study could have been enough to generate such changes in female rats, unlike the mentioned study, since the growth mechanism of the skeletal muscle is similar both for humans and rats.

The implication of this study may be extended to cases in which there is the need to maintain muscle mass in specific diseases, which lead to strength loss²⁷27. Sumner CJ, Wee CD, Warsing LC, Choe DW, Ng AS, Lutz C, et al. Inhibition of myostatin does not ameliorate disease features of severe spinal muscular atrophy mice. Hum Mol Gen. 2009;18(17):3145-52.

28. Bogdanovich S, Perkins KJ, Krag TO, Whittemore LA, Khurana TS. Myostatin propeptide-mediated amelioration of dystrophic pathophysiology. FASEB J. 2005;19(6):543-54. ^{- 29}29. Qiao C, Li J, Jiang J, Zhu X, Wang B, Li J, et al. Myostatin propeptide gene delivery by adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vectors enhances muscle growth and ameliorates dystrophic phenotypes in mdx mice. Hum Gen Ther. 2008;19(3):241-54.. Bogdanovich et al. ³⁰30. Bogdanovich S, Perkins KJ, Krag TO, Khurana TS. Therapeutics for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Current approaches and futures directions. J Mol Med (Berl). 2004;82(2):102-15. tested myostatin inhibition in vivo in mdx mice, and results revealed increasing weight, mass, size and absolute muscle strength, with significant decrease in muscle degeneration. They concluded that myostatin blockade offers treatments for diseases associated with muscle loss, for instance, Duchenne muscle dystrophy. The expression of the GDF-8 gene is similar in muscle tissues of patients with two types of muscle dystrophy (Duchenne and Becker), with different levels of clinical compromise³¹31. Costa CS. Estudo da expressão do gene GDF-8 em tecido muscular de camundongos distróficos mdx e nas distrofias Xp21 humanas [Dissertação de Mestrado]. São Paulo: Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002. 79p..

In a recent study, a swimming protocol was applied (45 minutes, twice a day, for 4 weeks) to rats submitted or not to a diet with high fat level. Animals who swam and were not under a special diet presented significant reduction in the mRNA expression for myostatin in the analyzed gastrocnemius muscle, in comparison to the group that did not exercise; but the result was not repeated when groups who received a fat-rich diet were compared³²32. Bueno PG, Bassi D, Contrera DG, Carnielli HM, Silva RN, Nonaka KO, et al. Post-exercise changes in myostatin and actRIIB expression in obese insulin-resistant rats. Mol Cell Endocrin. 2001;339(1-2):159-64.. The swimming protocol used in this study may have been potentialized by the use of a supplement with Cystoseira canariensis.

These findings indicate a higher maximum load supported by the muscles of rats that received supplementation, be it compared to groups C or Sw. For the S group, it is possible that the mass gain also contributed with the increasing resistance to the conducted traction test. However, the group that swam and received supplement had gained less body mass, but presented with resistance to the maximum load when compared to the Sw group, not differing from the C group.

In relation to maximum stretch limit, groups that received supplementation (isolated or associated with swimming) were the ones that presented higher values. When it is possible to observe that the muscles stretch more with the load at the maximum limit, it becomes more rigid, which is a reflection of the elastic phase of the muscle. This occurred with the group that received only the supplementation. This result is a positive indication of the action of Cystoseira canariensis on the muscle, once higher values were also observed for the maximum load in these muscles, making them more resistant to lesion and/or rupture. This resistance has been observed by other authors by other authors, and it indicates that the traction trial is a form of analysis to preserve the physiological aspects of the muscle²⁴24. Kodama FY, Camargo RCT, Job AE, Osaki GAT, Koike TE, Camargo Filho JCS. Propriedades mecânicas do músculo de ratos adultos e idosos, exercitado pós-imobilização. Acta Ortop Bras. 2012;20(4):218-22. ^{, 33}33. Järvinen M, Einola SA, Virtanen EO. Effect of the position of immobilization upon the tensile properties of the rat gastrocnemius muscle. Arch Phisys Med Rehabil.1992;73(3):253-7. ^{, 34}34. Carvalho LC, Shimano AC, Picado CHF. Estimulação elétrica neuromuscular e o alongamento passivo manual na recuperação das propriedades mecânicas do músculo gastrocnêmio imobilizado. Acta Ortop Bras. 2008;16(3):161-4..

The fact that the gastrocnemius muscle of animals who received Cystoseira canariensis presented better results for the studied mechanical properties indicates a possible change in the structure of this muscle among female rats, which could not be confirmed due to the lack of histological analysis - a limitation of this study. However, supplementation proved to be efficient during these eight weeks of treatment when it comes to the performance of the muscle facing the imposition of the traction load.

CONCLUSION

The supplement containing myostatin inhibitor seems to have an anabolic effect on the muscle of the animals, including in the contribution for body mass gain. Also, associated or not to swimming, it promotes increasing resistance to the maximum load, in the traction test, in the gastrocnemius muscle of younger female rats, which becomes a positive indication for the improving muscle performance.

REFERENCES

Publication Dates

History