Taxonomic notes on the primary types of some species of Centris bees described by some entomologists from the Americas (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

ABSTRACT In this paper are presented notes on the primary types of some species of the oil-collecting bees of the genus Centris Fabricius, 1804 described by Alpheus Packard, Arturo Roig-Alsina, Charles Michener, Flamínio Ruiz, Haroldo Toro, James Crawford, Jesus Santiago Moure, Philip Timberlake, and Roy Snelling. Information on the type status, type locality and depository are provided.

Centris Fabricius, 1804 is a genus of solitary bees widely distributed in America (Moure et al., 2007).Along with its wide distribution on the continent, it is also one of those with the highest specific richness (Vivallo, 2020j, 2022.This great diversity contributed to a profuse, extensive and sometimes complex taxonomic history, which is evidenced by the large number of species described, the number of which are considered valid, and the many synonyms that have been proposed in the last 200 years. Recently, a series of extensive and complete articles on the taxonomy of Centris have been published (Vivallo, 2018(Vivallo, , 2019a(Vivallo, ,b,c, 2020a(Vivallo, ,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j, 2022)), which have contributed to taxonomic stability mainly at specific level.Those papers have also allowed elucidating the real identity of some taxa, as well as recognizing and subsequently describing new species that until now remained unknown to science.The most recent example can be found in the taxonomic revision of the subgenus C. (Melanocentris) Friese, 1901 (Vivallo, 2022), where numerous new species were described, for example C. velutina Vivallo, 2022from Venezuela, C. vulnicura Vivallo, 2022from Brazil, and C. caliginosa Vivallo, 2022 from Peru.
Continuing with the taxonomic study of the species of Centris, in this article the primary types of the species described by the entomologists from the Americas: Alpheus Packard, Arturo Roig-Alsina, Charles Michener, Flamínio Ruiz, Haroldo Toro, James Crawford, Jesus Santiago Moure, Philip Timberlake, and Roy Snelling are studied.All these authors were specialists in other insect groups, making circumstantial inputs in Centris, except for Snelling and Moure who, among them, made the largest number of contributions in the genus.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
All labels are here considered whitish and rectangular, and the data contained on them is black, handwritten or printed.The specific features of the labels, like coloration or type of writing are given in squared brackets ([ ]).Some information on the handwritten labels is difficult to decipher, in these cases the symbol '[?]' was used.The backward slash (\) indicates different labels on the pin of the same specimen.All data contained on the labels was transcribed verbatim.The specimens cited are housed in the following collections: Type data.This species was described based on two males and two females collected in the extreme north of Argentina by the Argentinean entomologist specialist in Lepidoptera Ricardo Néstor Orfila (1911Orfila ( -1967)).The holotype female has the following data label: ARG.Jujuy San Pedro, Termas del Palmar 1600 m IX-1953, R N Orfila [handwritten]\ [red label with black rimmed margin] Centris jujuyana ♀ [handwritten] HOLOTYPUS [printed] sp.n. A. Roig Alsina 2000 [handwritten] (MACN).Type locality.Argentina: Jujuy Province: San Pedro (Termas del Palmar).

Centris vogeli Roig-Alsina, 2000
Centris (Paracentris) vogeli Roig-Alsina, 2000: 189.Type data.This species was described based on a single male collected by the same collector and in the same locality of C. jujuyana.The holotype has the following data label: ARG.Jujuy San Pedro, Termas del Palmar 1600 m IX-1953, R N Orfila [handwritten]\ [red label with black rimmed margin] Centris vogeli sp.n. ♂ [handwritten] HOLOTYPUS [printed] A. Roig Alsina 2000 [handwritten] (MACN).Type locality.Argentina: Jujuy Province: San Pedro (Termas del Palmar).Michener (1918Michener ( -2015) ) was an American entomologist and the most important melittologist of the world.Greatly influenced by his parents, Michener admired the nature (Engel, 2016a).During his adolescence he started studying some of the insects he collected in California with his family, making draws and keys that would later appear in his dissertation and seminal monograph on the comparative morphology of bees (Michener, 1944).Michener admired one of the most proliferous naturalists of his time, Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell (1866Cockerell ( -1948) ) and in 1932, he wrote him asking for help with the identification of some bees (Engel, 2016a).Cockerell responded enthusiastically to the young teenager encourage him to obtain literature to increase his knowledge on that group of insects (Engel, 2016a).Michener kept building his collection and his knowledge on several species of bees and promptly he was able to publish his first article on nest of Dianthidium singulare perluteum Cockerell, 1904[= Dianthidium singulare (Cresson, 1879)] which also included supplemental remarks on the morphology of the male of the subspecies (Michener, 1935).Cockerell invited Michener to spend the summer at his home in Colorado after the latter's junior year in high school.A year later he enrolled at the University of Colorado, Berkeley, graduating with his Bachelor of Science in 1939 and a Ph.D. two years later in December of 1941 (Engel, 2016b).His dissertation was a comprehensive treatment of bee morphology, as well as a revised classification and evolutionary scheme for the group worldwide, although with a particular focus on the identification of the North American fauna (Engel, 2016b).That work was published in 1944 and it revolutionized the study of wild bees, providing the first truly stable system from which to further explore their diversity and evolution (Engel, 2016b).

Charles Michener. Charles Duncan
The comprehensive knowledge on bee systematics that Michener had during his years of activity was unmatched.During his life a further 91 species and six genera/ subgenera would come to bear his name (Engel, 2016a).His knowledge was divulged through many scientific articles and books, but also among his students.Some years after his retirement of the University of Kansas where he worked most of his life (Engel, 2016b), he published the first edition of his monumental work "The Bees of the World".The classificatory system proposed in that book was widely accepted by the melittological society and became the start point of taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses performed by students and researchers around the world.Michener passed away in Lawrence, Kansas, in 2015, aged 97.
Michener's Centris bee.As previously mentioned, Michener was a leading expert on bees.He made countless contributions on bionomy, morphology, taxonomy and systematics at different levels of the classification of that group of insects.However, he made a relatively few number of articles citing species of Centris and in only one of them he proposed a new species from Central America.

Centris obscurior Michener, 1954
Centris (Centris) obscurior Michener, 1954: 138.Type data.This species was described from a large series of specimens of both sexes collected on Cornutia grandiflora Steud.(Lamiaceae) at Canal Zone, Panama.The holotype female and a paratype male were found at AMNH, and another couple of paratypes at NMNH.Holotype female with the following data label: Flamínio Ruiz.Serapio Flamínio Ruiz Pereira was a Chilean priest and entomologist .He spent his youth in Bulnes (Ñuble Province, southern Chile), his natal city, entering in the Army in 1909, when he joined the Mercedary Order (Ureta, 1957).Ruiz was fascinated by nature and due this interest he was translated to Santiago (Metropolitan Region) where he was teacher of Biology and Natural Sciences at Colegio San Pedro Nolasco (CSPN) for almost three decades (Ureta, 1957).In that institution he funded a museum where he deposited the specimens that he collected in nature.The main collection of the museum was of insects, turning the Chilean bees his favorite group.
Among the articles written by Ruiz, stand out the first and second parts of "Apidología Chilena", published in 1940 and1942, respectively.In those articles he studied partially the families Colletidae, Megachilidae and Anthophoridae (= Apidae).The families Halictidae and Andrenidae were never studied by him as well as most of the melittofauna from northern Chile, apparently due he did not have the chance to know (Toro, 1986) That specimen was actually a male of C. nigerrima and this explains the supposed relationship between that species with the variety proposed by him.

Centris orellanai Ruiz, 1940
Centris nigerrima var.orellanai Ruiz, 1940: 335.Type data.The holotype female of this supposed variety was originally housed at CSPN and according to José Salamanca, current curator of the museum most likely it was destroyed, as well as much of Ruiz's collection.Based on that information, Vivallo (2013) designated a neotype, providing a redescription based on it.In 2017, during a visit to the bee collection of the AMNH I found a female, mixed with other specimens that match exactly with the information provided by Ruiz in the description of C. orellanai.I am interpreting that female as the true type specimen of C. nigerrima var.orellanai, being here recognized as such.The specimen is in good condition and it has the following data label: [white label with blue rimmed margin] Coll ORELLANA [printed in blue] Pelambres.16 [handwritten] .93. [printed in blue] I 5 [handwritten] CHILE [printed in blue]\ Centris orellanai Ruiz, 1941 [printed]\ [yellow label] PARATIPO [printed]\ [light blue label] HOLOTYPE Centris nigerrima var.orellanai Ruiz, 1940F. Vivallo lab, 2017 [handwritten] (AMNH).
Ruiz mentioned three females and one male but it is not clear if the specimen he chose as holotype had the same information label of the other two females.If the three females shared the same information, then the specimen housed at AMNH could be interpreted as a syntype and not as the holotype of the species.Considering this, along with the unknown whereabouts of the other two females, seems correct, at least until one of the other two missing females is found, to recognize that female as holotype avoiding the designation of a lectotype.Independently of the option chosen, that female belongs to the type series of the species.It is not clear how and when that female was sent to the AMNH.A possibility could be when Haroldo Toro sent a large number of specimens to the AMNH, because the female bears a yellow label of paratype that Toro used to put in his specimens.Type locality.Chile: Coquimbo Region: Los Pelambres.
Haroldo Toro.Haroldo Enrique Toro Gutiérrez was a Chilean entomologist .From his youth, he was interested in teaching, maybe influenced by his mother, a teacher of a school in Chillán, southern Chile (Chiappa, 2003).Toro was a brilliant student of biology and chemical and due his talent and capacities he was incorporated as Professor at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (PUCV).In that institution Toro created the Laboratory of Zoology and teach classes of Zoology and Entomology.In this later area, he made his most important contributions, mainly focused on taxonomy, systematics and bionomy of Chilean bees.He described 144 species, in Andrenidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae and Apidae.Toro is still recognized internationally as the most important Chilean melittologist and I am sure that all his students were proud to have had the opportunity to meet him during their professional training and to have attended one of his classes.Haroldo Toro passed away in Valparaíso, aged 67.
Elizabeth Chiappa.Originally linked to pedagogy in Biology, Elizabeth Chiappa Tapia (1941-2022), was an academic of the Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas of the Universidad de Playa Ancha (UPLA), Valparaíso, Chile.From there, she developed an extensive research career related to the reproductive behavior of bees and wasps from Chile.She was formed by Haroldo Toro who introduced her to the world of insects.In a short time, she moved away from taxonomy and concentrated her studies on ethology, the area where she focused most of her research.Elizabeth Chiappa passed away during the development of this article in Viña del Mar, Chile, aged 81.
Toro & Chiappa's Centris bees.During the decades of 1960 and 1980 Toro and his colleagues at the Department of Zoology of the PUCV made several collecting trips to northern Chile, mainly to the Atacama Desert.In those trips were collected biological samples of diverse groups of organisms which were used in the disciplines of Zoology for graduate and undergraduate students.During those trips to La Tirana and Pica in the Tarapacá Region there were collected the specimens used by Toro and Chiappa to describe a new species and subspecies of Centris.The holotypes of both taxa are currently housed at AMNH.

Centris tamarugalis Toro & Chiappa, 1989
Centris mixta tamarugalis Toro & Chiappa, 1989: 243.Type data.The specimen designated holotype is a male collected in La Tirana, northern Chile, by the Chilean ichthyologist Eduardo De la Hoz Urrejola  In 1970, De la Hoz published an article on the intraspecific variation of the male genitalia in three species of Centris using some specimens identified as C. mixta Friese, 1904 collected during the expeditions of the PUCV to northern Chile.Centris mixta tamarugalis was described 29 years after De la Hoz's paper and at that time the subspecies was not considered different from C. mixta.This means that the research conducted by him was actually based on specimens of C. tamarugalis and not of the former species (Vivallo et al., 2003).

Centris moldenkei Toro & Chiappa, 1989
Centris moldenkei Toro & Chiappa, 1989: 246.Type data.This species was described based on a large series of specimens of both sexes collected in northern Chile, visiting flowers of Prosopis tamarugo F. Phil.(Fabaceae).The holotype male was collected by Toro and it is currently housed at AMNH.The specimen bears the following data label: I Region La Tirana 20-X-1988 H. Toro [handwritten] James Crawford.James Chamberlain Crawford (1880Crawford ( -1950) ) was an American entomologist.For many years Crawford was an active member of the Entomological Society of Washington, acting as recording secretary and member of its editorial committee (Gahan et al., 1951).In 1904, he joined the Bureau of Entomology as special field agent, studying the cotton insects in Texas, United States.While in that city, Crawford published a number of papers focused on taxonomy of Hymenoptera.Some years later he was brought to Washington and appointed as curator of the Division of Insects in the United States National Museum staying in that institution until 1917.During that time, he specialized in the taxonomy of hymenopteran insects publishing numerous papers in different journals and magazines.He passed away in Bethesda, Maryland, United States, aged 70.
Crawford's Centris bees.In Centris Crawford described one species and one variety from Central America, based on specimens collected in Costa Rica.The contribution made by this author was failed, because both taxa are currently considered junior synonyms.He also failed in mentioning which specimens were the holotypes or citing any additional data to recognize them.In the type series of both taxa found at NMNH there is a single specimen of each series labeled as "Type", while the others bear a label of "cotype".This procedure is found in the species of Centris bees described by Cockerell (see Vivallo, 2020c) and whose primary types are also deposited in NMNH.Considering this, I am interpreting that Crawford made both descriptions based on single specimens, therefore, holotypes.
Type data.This species was proposed based on three females collected at Guácimo, Limón Province, Costa Rica between June 19 th and 21 st .Two of these specimens were found at NMNH.The holotype bears the following data label: Guacimo Costa Rica [handwritten]
Type data.This variety was described based on four females collected in San José, on May 15 th and 25 th , and on June 1 st .The holotype has the following data label: San José Costa Rica A third specimen that apparently belongs to the type series was also found at NMNH.This female bears a red label with the word "cotype".However, it was collected on 13 th and not on 15 th as explicitly cited by Crawford.Considering this fact, there are two possibilities: it could be recognized as a non-member of the type series or, as a true member but with its collecting date erroneously cited in the article.The specimen has the following data label: Costa Rica Cent.Am.
The current condition and depository of the missing paratype is currently unknown.Type locality.Costa Rica: San José Province: San José.
Jesus Santiago Moure.Jesus Santiago Moure (1912Moure ( -2010) ) was a Brazilian religious trained in philosophy, natural sciences, physics, and mathematics (Urban & Melo, 2010).Always an admirer of nature, he was interested in insects during his youth, beginning his studies in beetles and later in bees, being the latter group where he spent much of his professional career (Silva, 1992).Moure was one of the most important melittologists of the 20 th century, publishing more than 220 articles mainly focused on bees from the Neotropical region.He described 484 species and 218 genera, most of which are currently considered valid (Urban & Melo, 2010).Moure passed away in Batatais, Brazil, aged 97.
Moure's Centris bees.Moure contributed actively on the taxonomy of Centris bees.He described 25 species, 21 of them currently considered valid, and he is the main author of the subgeneric arrangement of the genus (see Moure, 1945Moure, , 1950)).Moure resolved several taxonomic problems about the identity of some species, mainly those described by European entomologists, like Giovanni Gribodo (Moure, 1960a), Johan Christian Fabricius (Moure, 1960b) and Maximilian Perty (Moure, 1960c).He had a special attraction to Centris bees, mainly by the beauty of its species, and several times he expressed it saying that it was one of his favorite groups of bees, along with stingless and orchid bees.

Centris adunca Moure, 2003
Centris (Heterocentris) adunca Moure, 2003a: 266.Type data.This species was described based on two females collected in Venezuela and Brazil.The holotype was collected by the German entomologist Dieter Wittmann in the Venezuelan Amazon, while the paratype was collected by the Brazilian ecologist Elder Ferreira Morato in Reserva Catuaba, Acre State, Brazil.Both specimens are housed at DZUP.Type locality.Venezuela: "nascente do Rio Orinoco, Culebra".

Centris confusa Moure, 1960
Centris (Melanocentris) confusa Moure, 1960b: 128.Type data.This species was described based on specimens of both sexes collected in southeastern Brazil.The holotype female and paratypes of both sexes were sent to the MZUSP, but not type specimens are currently housed there.According to the original description, the rest of the paratypes were distributed in DZUP, MNHP, MNRJ, NHMUK, NMNH and OUMNH, however, they were not found in the last five collections.Type locality.Brazil: São Paulo State: Jundiaí.

Centris danunciae Moure, 2002
Centris (Ptilocentris) danunciae Moure, 2002b: 159.Type data.Moure (2002b) proposed this species using two females and one male collected by the Polish botanist Felix Woytkowski (1892-1966) at Huanta, southern Peru.At the age of 37 Woytkowski arrived in Peru where he travelled throughout most of the country.During his more than 35 years of activity, he studied insects and plants sending samples and information on specimens to botanists and entomologists (Gurney, 1976).The holotype was caught on 2 April 1941 and it is deposited, as well as the paratypes, in the DZUP.Type locality.Peru: Ayacucho Department: Huanta "2400m".

Centris decipiens Moure & Seabra, 1960
Centris (Ptilotopus) decipiens Moure & Seabra, 1960: 115.Type data.This species was proposed based on specimens of both sexes collected in Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo States, southeastern Brazil.The holotype female and one paratype male were housed at MNRJ and both are currently destroyed.The holotype had the following data label: Centris dichrootricha (Moure, 1945) Hemisiella dichrootricha Moure, 1945: 408.Type data.This species was proposed based on two females collected at Rio Jamari, northern Brazil by the Polish amateur naturalist Alexandre M. Parko (?-1945).Parko was a professional collector and he lived and worked actively in northern Brazil, making a considerable collection of reptiles, amphibians, mammals and insects (Iack-Ximenes et al., 2005).He died tragically on August 1 st , 1945 in a disaster with a Brazilian ship in the Amazonian Solimões River.The holotype and the paratype are housed at DZUP.Type locality.Brazil: Rondônia State: Porto Velho: Rio Jamari.Moure, 1960 Centris (Centris) dirrhoda Moure, 1960b: 121.Type data.This species was described based on several specimens of both sexes collected in Jamaica, Greater Antilles.According to the original description, the holotype female is housed at NHMUK, however, it was not found in that collection.Type locality.Jamaica: Surrey County: Kingston.As mentioned above, the description of this species was based only on females.Nevertheless, a male specimen labeled "alotipo" was housed at MNRJ.The specimen is currently destroyed and it had the following data label: Type data.Moure (2003b)  Type data.This species was described based on a single male specimen collected by the English entomologist and ecologist Anthony Raw in Goiás State, Midwest Brazil.

Centris flavifrons canescens Moure, 1969
Centris (Centris) flavifrons canescens Moure, 1969: 122.Type data.This subspecies was described based on females collected by the American entomologist Herbert Ferlando Schwarz   Type data.This species was proposed based on a female collected by the American dipterologist specialist in malaria Thomas Henry Gardiner Aitken  at Trinidad and Tobago, and a male collected in Ciudad Bolívar, northeastern Venezuela.The holotype female, as well as the paratype male, are housed at DZUP.Type locality.Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad Island: "Rio Grande Forest".

Centris willineri Moure, 2000
Centris (Paracentris) willineri Moure, 2000: 152.Type data.Moure (2000)    was one of the most prolific American entomologists of the 20 th century.He was employed by the United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Entomology for conducting research in biological control of pest insects (Hurd et al., 1982).Between 1914 and 1924 he was associate entomologist at the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Experiment Station in Honolulu, where his research dealt primarily with biological control using parasites and predators (Hurd et al., 1982).After he leaved Hawaii, he moved to California where he was appointed associate entomologist in the Department of Biological Control at the Citrus Experiment Station of the University of California, Riverside.He stayed there until his retirement in 1950 (Hurd et al., 1982).Timberlake had an extensive knowledge of the taxonomy of parasitic Hymenoptera as well as of native bees.During his stay in Riverside, he made numerous collecting trips especially in southern areas of the state, including the deserts.Encouraged by the renowned naturalist Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell, Timberlake continued his collecting activities and increasing his collection of bees.Cockerell deposited a very sizeable collection of North American bee types in the California Academy of Sciences which were used by Timberlake in his taxonomic studies (Hurd et al., 1982).
During his period of activity, Timberlake described and named about 800 species of bees, including other species in other insect groups.His insect collection contained about 500,000 specimens of which about 150,000 were Hymenoptera (Hurd et al., 1982).His large bee collection served as the foundation for the collection now housed in the University of California's Entomology Research Museum, containing some 4 million total specimens.Timberlake passed away in Riverside, California, in 1981, aged 97 (Hurd et al., 1982).
Timberlake's Centris bees.Despite his large knowledge on North American bees, Timberlake published a single paper including species of Centris (Timberlake, 1940).In that article, he cited the species that occur in California, providing some notes on their distribution and floral hosts.In the same article, he described two new species which are currently considered valid.The primary types of both are currently housed at CAS.

Centris rhodomelas Timberlake, 1940
Centris rhodomelas Timberlake, 1940: 139.Type data.This species was described based on two females and sixteen males collected in different places of California.The holotype is currently housed at CAS and three male paratypes at AMNH.The holotype female was collected by the American entomologist Richard Mitchell Bohart (1913Bohart ( -2007) ) at Mariposa in June 18 th 1938 and has the following data label: [white label with black lateral margins] Mariposa Calif.\ R. M. Bohart Collector [printed]\ Centris rhodomelas Timb.Types [handwritten]\ [red label] Holotype [printed] C. rhodomelas [handwritten]\ California Academy of Sciences Type No. [printed] 14807 [handwritten] (CAS).
Paratype male with the following data label: [white label with black lateral margins] Mariposa Calif.VI.18.38 [handwritten]\ [yellow label] Paratype [printed] C. rhodomelas [handwritten]\ Centris rhodomelas Timb.Timb.♂ [handwritten] (AMNH).Type locality.United States: California State: Mariposa.Snelling (1934Snelling ( -2008) ) was an American entomologist who studied ants, wasps and bees.Born of Cherokee Indian heritage in 1934 in Turlock, California, he was basically a self-taught entomologist.Snelling was curator and collections manager in the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History.In that institution he developed most of his research work, remaining there between 1963 and 1993, when he retired.Snelling was very prolific studying ants and he was much respected among the myrmecological society.He also published articles on wasps and bees, mainly from desert areas of the United States and Mexico (Trager, 2008).Snelling became interested in insects, mainly on bees and wasps when he was a kid living in the San Joaquin Valley, California.This early interest became his first article on wasps published in 1953, when he was barely out of high school (Trager, 2008).Although from the beginning he was interested in the nesting biology and other aspects of behavior of aculeate Hymenoptera, his main contributions were on systematics; like most systematists he was an active and enthusiastic collector (Trager, 2008).

Roy Snelling. Roy Robert
His work on bees, mostly on taxonomy, led to 45 publications that appeared from 1954 to 1997, focused on different taxa.For the genus Hylaeus Fabricius, 1793 (Colletidae), he published numerous papers, with emphasis on the North American and African species.For the genus Centris and its allies, his publications included revisions of North and Central America.He was also interested in the cleptoparasitic subfamily Nomadinae (Apidae) but in this group his contributions were relatively modest (Trager, 2008).While on an ant expedition in Kenya, Snelling passed away, aged 73.
Snelling's Centris bees.Among his articles on bees, Snelling published five on Centris species between 1956 and 1988.In those articles he made taxonomic revisions of the species of the genus that occur in North and Central America, describing several new species, proposing new synonymies and citing new distribution records and floral hosts.In that series of publications, Snelling's knowledge on Centris bees is perceived to be growing, being the article published in 1984 his most extensive and complete.That publication became Snelling's most famous contribution in the genus, being widely used for the identification of North American species.Despite its relevance, unfortunately that paper contains several errors, mainly related to the fact that Snelling did not study most of the type specimens of the species he cited.This fact led him to identify erroneously some species, as well as proposing new synonymies that are currently considered incorrect.
In total, Snelling described 23 species in Centris, four of them currently synonymized.His last contribution in the genus was the description of C. gavisa Snelling, 1988 from Cerro de La Neblina, southern Venezuela.

Centris aethiocesta Snelling, 1984
Centris (Centris) aethiocesta Snelling, 1984: 18. Type data.This species was proposed based on several specimens of both sexes collected in Panama, Costa Rica and El Salvador.The holotype female was collected by the American entomologist David Ward Roubik (1951-) at Isla El Rey, Panama flying around Dioclea megacarpa Rolfe (Fabaceae).The type is housed at LACM.Paratype female with the following data label: 11.00 min [handwritten]\ #50 [handwritten]

Centris agameta Snelling, 1974
Centris (Acritocentris) agameta Snelling, 1974: 37. Type data.This species was proposed based on male specimens collected by the ornithologist Charles Vaurie  and his wife entomologist Patricia

Centris agiloides Snelling, 1984
Centris (Melanocentris) agiloides Snelling, 1984: 27.Type data.Snelling (1984) described this species using specimens of both sexes collected in Heredia and Cartago Provinces, Costa Rica.The specimen chosen as holotype was collected by the American biologist and pioneer of the exploration of the rain forest canopy Donald R. Perry at Finca La Selva, near Puerto Viejo, Heredia, and is currently housed at LACM.Of the series of paratypes, three were found at ZMB and one at MNHP, as follows: Paratype female with the following data label: COSTA RICA, Heredia Prov.: Finca La Selva.ca.500 ft.
Type data.

DISCUSSION
Although at first it may seem irrelevant, the detailed transcription of the labels of the type material is essential to unequivocally recognize the specimen or specimens that were used to describe a certain species.
In many cases, only through this procedure is possible to detect errors or inconsistencies between the information contained in the original descriptions and on the labels of the primary types, allowing in many cases, to confirm or not the identity of a species in particular.This point is especially important in those cases where the species were described based on syntypes, which ended up being distributed in different collections.Probably the best and most emblematic example of this can be observed in the species described by Friese (see Rasmussen & Ascher, 2008;Rasmussen & Vivallo, 2014;Vivallo, 2019c, whose primary types or type series are found in different museums in Europe and the United States.
It is also interesting to mention that several of the specimens that were used to describe the species studied here were not collected by entomologists specializing in bees, but rather by ecologists, botanists, ornithologists, and zoologists in general.This demonstrates the interactivity that exists between scientists from different areas, which sometimes as a result of their own research, end up providing valuable material for other specialists, in this case, entomologists who had the opportunity to contribute to the knowledge of the biodiversity of bees of the genus Centris.
. Ruiz passed away in Santiago, on 8 November 1942, aged 59.Centris bee.Ruiz proposed about fifteen new species and varieties of Chilean bees, among them, C. nigerrima var.orellanai Ruiz, 1940.This supposed variety of C. nigerrima (Spinola, 1851) was described based on females collected by the agricultural engineer Baldomero Orellana (1892-?), former Director of the Escuela Práctica de Agricultura of Santiago in Los Pelambres, an open pit copper mine located at 3,600 m.a.s.l. in the mountains of the Coquimbo Region, northern Chile.The male identified by Ruiz as belonging to this variety was collected in Punta de Lobos, O'Higgins Region, southern Chile at sea level.
was a Brazilian doctor, entomology enthusiast and friend of Moure for several years.Seabra had a private collection of more than two million insects, mainly Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, his favorite group.He transferred his collection to the MNRJ with the assistance of his colleague and friend the Uruguayan coleopterist specialist in longhorn beetles Miguel Ángel Monné (1938-).In Centris Moure and Seabra described together six species.Favízia Freitas de Oliveira is a Brazilian melittologist specialist in stingless bees, and Blandina Felipe Viana is a Brazilian ecologist specialist in pollination.With them, Moure described a new species of Centris.Marina Siqueira de Castro is a Brazilian biologist, specialist in ecology applied to environmental management.With her, Moure described a single new species of Centris.
The presence of specimens with that coloration in populations of species where this structure is blackish has been observed in other members of the genus, for example in C. dentata Smith, 1854.The holotype of C. melanosara was collected by the German Entomologist Petr Wolfgang Wygodzinskyin Viçosa, southwest Brazil and is housed at DZUP.Type locality.Brazil: Minas Gerais State: Viçosa.Moure (1969) described this species based on females collected in Guyana.The holotype was collected in April 15 th 1968 by J. Darlington and is housed at DZUP.Moure & Seabra (1962) proposed this species based on five specimens of both sexes collected by the Brazilian coleopterist Moacyr Alvarenga (1915-2010) in Goiás and Mato Grosso States, Midwest Brazil.Alvarenga was an Air Force officer, a job that permitted him to travel around Brazil collecting in numerous places never collected before or since.He collected a large number of Brazilian insects that are now deposited in museum collections worldwide, mainly in DZUP.The holotype male of C. tetrazona was housed at MNRJ and is currently destroyed.The specimen had the following data label: [light yellow with black rim] Moure (1943), [printed] VI.II[handwritten], 1935 [printed]\ Herbert F. SchwarzColl [printed]\ [red label with black rim] PARATYPUS[printed]Centris flavifrons canescens ♀[handwritten]Pe J SMoure 19 [printed]68[handwritten](AMNH).Type locality.Colombia: Valle del Cauca Department: Cali.Centris hoplopoda Moure, 1943Centris hoplopodaMoure, 1943: 160 (Junior synonym of C. trigonoides  Lepeletier, 1841).Type data.Moure (1943)described this species based on a couple of male specimens collected in Brazil.The holotype was collected at Batatais, São Paulo State, and the paratype at São José do Tocantins, Tocantins State.Both specimens are deposited at DZUP.Type locality.Brazil: São Paulo State: Batatais.Centris melampoda Moure, 2003 Centris (Ptilotopus) melampoda Moure, 2003b: 422.Centris melanosara Moure, 2003 Centris (Melacentris) melanosara Moure, 2003b: 422 (Junior synonym of C. discolor Smith, 1874).Type data.This species was described based on a single female specimen of C. discolor with orange metasoma.Centris (Aphemisia) plumbea Moure, 2002b: 260.Type data.This species was described based on a couple of specimens of each sex collected by the German-Peruvian malacologist and entomologist Wolfgang Karl Weyrauch (1907−1970) in Tingo María, central Peru.During his period of activity, Weyrauch worked as entomologist at the Estación Experimental Agrícola de La Molina in Lima, Peru.He was also professor of Zoology and Genetics at the Museo Nacional de Historia of the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos in Lima, and professor of Agricultural Zoology at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Lima.The holotype female is housed at DZUP.Type locality.Peru: Huánuco Department: Tingo María.Centris pulchra Moure, Oliveira & Viana, 2003 Centris (Centris) pulchra Moure, Oliveira & Viana, 2003: 570.Type data.This species was described based on specimens of both sexes collected by the Brazilian ecologist Blandina Felipe Viana at Abaeté, northeastern Brazil.The holotype female was caught on flowers of Waltheria cinerescens A. St. Hil.(Malvaceae) and is housed at DZUP.Type locality.Brazil: Bahia State: Abaeté.only known by its type specimen currently housed at DZUP.Type locality.Colombia: Meta Department: Villavicencio "Soratoma".Unfortunately, this is an unknown locality located in Colombia.Moure et al. (2007) cited it as "Soratama" in Risaralda department, which is an error.Centris spilopoda Moure, 1969 Centris (Centris) spilopoda Moure, 1969: 113.Type data.Centris (Ptilotopus) tetrazona Moure & Seabra, 1962: 8. Type data.COLEÇÃO CAMPOS SEABRA [printed]\ [light yellow label with black rim] S. ISABEL do MORRO I. BANANAL Goiás Brasil VI-1961 M. Alvarenga leg.[printed]\ [red label with red rim] HOLOTIPO [printed]\ [light yellow label] Variantes de côr da pilosidade da C. (Ptilotopus) scopipes Friese [handwritten in blue ink] (MNRJ, destroyed).Type locality.Brazil: Tocantins State: Santa Isabel do Morro.Centris torquata Moure & Seabra, 1962 Centris (Ptilotopus) torquata Moure & Seabra, 1962: 5.
described this species using a single male collected by the Argentinean Jesuit priest and prestigious entomologist Gregorio Julio Williner (1909-?) at La Paz, Bolivia.The holotype is housed at DZUP.Type locality.Bolivia: La Paz Department: La Paz.This species was described based on three females collected by the Brazilian ecologist Marina Siqueira de Castro in northeastern Brazil.The specimens were collected on flowers of Chamaecrista amiciela (H.S. Irwin & Barneby) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae).The holotype and one paratype are housed at LABE/EBDA.Another paratype is at DZUP.Type locality.Brazil: Bahia State: Milagres.Before the formal description, specimens of this species were cited by Vogel & Machado (1991) under the same name.Those specimens were identified by Moure as a new species who informally named them as "C.xanthomelaena".