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Anthelmintic resistance in Creole horses in the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

[Resistência anti-helmíntica em equinos da raça Crioula no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil]

ABSTRACT

The objective of the study was to evaluate the antiparasitic resistance against horse nematodes in the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The results concerning the tests of anthelmintic efficacy on horses, stored in the database of the Parasitic Diseases Study Group (GEEP) - Veterinary Faculty, at the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), were carried out in the laboratory from 2018 to 2019. Stool samples were received from farms with breeding of adult female and male Criollo horses naturally infected, located in municipalities in the country’s southern region. The antiparasitic agents tested were Triclorfon + Fenbendazole, Closantel + Albendazole, Ivermectin + Praziquantel, Fenbendazole, Ivermectin, Doramectin, Mebendazole and Moxidectin. Techniques such as Gordon and Whitlock, Coproculture and Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test were performed. Of all the antiparasitic drugs tested, it was observed that only treatments with Ivermectin 2% showed desired values. The observed results indicate that resistance to macrocyclic lactones is usual in equine parasites in this Brazilian region, despite the results with isolated Ivermectin.

Keywords:
anthelmintic resistance; equinoculture; FECRT; helminths; vermifuge

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a resistência antiparasitária contra nematodeos de equinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os resultados referentes aos testes de eficácia anti-helmíntica em cavalos, armazenados no banco de dados do Grupo de Estudos de Doenças Parasitárias (GEEP) - Faculdade de Veterinária, da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), foram realizados em laboratório, no período de 2018 a 2019. Amostras de fezes foram recebidas de fazendas com criação de cavalos Crioulos adultos fêmeas e machos naturalmente infectados, localizadas em municípios da região Sul do país. Os agentes antiparasitários testados foram triclorfon + fenbendazol, closantel + ivermectina + praziquantel, fenbendazol, ivermectina, doramectina, mebendazol e moxidectina. Técnicas como Gordon e Whitlock, coprocultura e teste de redução da contagem de ovos fecais foram realizadas. De todos os antiparasitários testados, observou-se que apenas os tratamentos com ivermectina 2% apresentaram os valores desejados. Os resultados indicam que a resistência às lactonas macrocíclicas é comum em parasitas equinos nessa região brasileira, apesar dos resultados com ivermectina isolada.

Palavras-chave:
resistência anti-helmíntica; equinocultura; FECRT; helmintos; vermífugo

INTRODUCTION

In Brazil, the horse market provides financial incomes of approximately R$ 15 billion per year through a population of more than 5 million animals, being 9.2% of this amount located in Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) (Brasil, 2016). In RS, besides linked activities (e.g. leisure, sport, work), equine breeding, especially Criollo horse, is highly related to cultural traditions of native people (i.e. gaúchos) (Costa et al., 2014COSTA, E.; DIEHL, G.N.; SANTOS, D.V. et al. Panorama da equinocultura no Rio Grande do Sul. Secretaria Estadual da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento: Informativo Técnico n.5, 2014. Disponível em: https://www.agricultura.rs.gov.br/upload/arquivos/201612/02101333-inftec-50-panorama-da-equinocultura-no-rio-grande-do-sul.pdf. Acessado em: 30 abr. 2020.
https://www.agricultura.rs.gov.br/upload...
). Horse management in RS is mainly extensive, wherein animals remain in pastures - natural or cultivated - often maintained with high animal density increasing propensity to intestinal parasitism and favoring constant infections by presence of parasites in these pastures (Reinemeyer, 2008REINEMEYER, C.R. Diagnosis and control of anthelmintic-resistant Parascaris equorum. Parasit. Vectors, v.2, p.1-8, 2008.).

Horses are considered one of the most susceptible animals to a wide variety of gastrointestinal parasites, being able to host several species at the same time (Rehbein et al., 2013REHBEIN, S.; MARTIN, V.; RENATE, W. Prevalence, intensity and seasonality of gastrointestinal parasites in abattoir horses in Germany. Parasitol. Res., v.112, p.407-413, 2013.), and endoparasitosis problems which limit considerably the productive performance of these animals. The control of parasitic infections in horses is extremely important to maintain animal health. Nevertheless, parasitic control keeps being based on exclusive and regular use of anthelmintics mainly due to its easy application, purchase, and cost-benefit for breeders (Molento, 2005MOLENTO, M.B. Resistência parasitária em helmintos de equídeos e propostas de manejo. Ciênc. Rural, v.35, p.1469-1477, 2005.).

In the last decade, reduction in antiparasitic drug’s effectiveness has become a serious threat to animal health mainly through parasitic resistance, which selects more resistant individuals and eliminate most susceptible ones from a population by a selective pressure factor (e.g. anthelmintic compounds) (Molento, 2005MOLENTO, M.B. Resistência parasitária em helmintos de equídeos e propostas de manejo. Ciênc. Rural, v.35, p.1469-1477, 2005.). Given the importance related to losses caused by parasitic diseases and the lack of a new anthelmintic chemical group for horses, the objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of antiparasitic against equine nematodes in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - where Livestock and horse-related activities are directly related to native traditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was performed by analyzing results from diagnoses made by Parasitic Diseases Study Group (GEEP), at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Brazil, during the years 2018 and 2019, as part of an extension project elaborated to provide scientific basis for landowners decisions regarding horse sanitary management. This work was approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee (CEEA) of the UFPel under registration number 7888 and was carried out in accordance with the rules and relevant regulations to animal care. Stool samples from 235 animals were used, received from 12 farms (numbered from 1 to 12, Table 1) with Criollo horses breeding, adults, males and females, naturally infected and located in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Included properties were from Camaquã (30º 51' 04" S; 51º 48' 44" W), Pelotas (31º 46' 19" S; 52º 20' 33" W), Capão do Leão (31° 46' 3'' S; 52° 26' 55'' W), São Lourenço do Sul (31º 21' 55" S; 51º 58' 42" W), Arroio Grande (32º 14' 15" S; 53º 05' 13" W) and Rio Grande (32° 1' 60'' S; 52° 5' 55'' W) municipalities.

All applied extensive properties have similar management systems with high stocking rates (> 1 animal unit per hectare), being pastures (native and/or exotic) the main forage source for animals and carrying out antiparasitic treatment every three months with active principles rotation. The drugs used in this study were administered orally according to recommended doses by manufactures of each product, based on animal weight. Antiparasitic agents tested were: Triclorfon + Fenbendazole 10% (22.5mg/kg + 7.5mg/kg), Closantel 10% + Albendazole 5% (20mg/kg + 5mg/kg), Ivermectin 1% + Praziquantel 7.5% (0.2mg/kg + 2.5mg/kg), Fenbendazole 10% (7.5mg/kg), Ivermectin 2% (0.2mg/kg), Doramectin 1% (0.2mg/kg), Mebendazole 2% (10mg/kg) and Moxidectin 2% (0.2mg/kg). There was no influence on our part in the choice of anthelmintics used in each property, only the antiparasitic management of each one was followed. All properties had a veterinarian responsible for antiparasitic management and they requested the effectiveness test.

Fecal samples were analyzed using the technique proposed by Gordon and Whitlock (1939GORDON, H. MCL.; WHITLOCK, H.V. A new technique four counting nematode eggs in sheep faeces. J. Counc. Sci. Ind. Res., v.12, p.50-52, 1939.) and the result was expressed in eggs per gram of feces (EPG). In the parasitological analysis, the characteristics of the eggs were analyzed according to Hoffmann (1987HOFFMANN, R.P. Diagnóstico parasitismo veterinário. Sulina: Porto Alegre, 1987). The evaluation of the efficacy of treatments was based on the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), according to which assess helminth egg count per gram of feces before and after treatment (Coles et al., 1992COLES, G.C.; BAUER, C.; BORGSTEEDE, F.H. et al. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet. Parasitol., v.44, p.35-44, 1992.). FECRT is the main method to detect parasitic resistance and, to be considered effective, treatment must reduce the EPG count by at least 95% (Molento, 2005MOLENTO, M.B. Resistência parasitária em helmintos de equídeos e propostas de manejo. Ciênc. Rural, v.35, p.1469-1477, 2005.). Stool samples were collected on the day of treatment and 14 days after the use of anthelmintics to quantify eggs. In addition, before and after treatment, coproculture (Roberts & O’Sullivan, 1950ROBERTS, F.H.Z.; O’SULLIVAN, J.P. Methods for egg counts and larval cultures for strongyles infesting the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. Aust. J. Agric. Res., v.1, p.99-102, 1950.) was performed to generate third-stage larvae (L3) for Strongylidae species differentiation. Morphological characteristics of Cyathostomins were performed according to Santos et al. (2018SANTOS, D.W.; MADEIRA DE CARVALHO, L.M.; MOLENTO, M.B. Identification of third stage larval types of cyathostomins of equids: an improved perspective. Vet. Parasitol., v.260, p.49-52, 2018.) and large strongyles were identified based on Bevilaqua et al. (2000BEVILAQUA, C.M.L.; RODRIGUES, M.L.; CONCORDET, D. Identification od infective larvae of some common nematode strongylids of horses. Rev. Méd. Vét., v.12, p.989-995, 2000.).

RESULTS

Each treatment efficacy is presented in Table 1, wherein it was observed that only treatments with Ivermectin 2% (0.2mg / kg) showed efficacy within the desired level. In properties “8” and “9”, where this active ingredient was used without association with another drug, they obtained an efficiency of 95% and 98.9% respectively. In parasitological analysis, only morulated eggs characteristic of parasites from Strongylidae family were observed in all samples. Results from coproculture before and after treatment are shown in Table 2, revealing that in all properties wherein anthelmintic drugs were resistant, there was presence of Cyathostomins.

Table 1
Properties, active principles tested, doses used and their respective efficacy rates

Table 2
Results of coprocultures performed before and after treatment, according to the anthelmintic drug used in each property

DISCUSSION

In properties “8” and “9” treatments with Ivermectin 2% were effective and these results are similar to those obtained by Godeski et al. (2017GODESKI, A.; PEDRASSANI, D.; SZCZERBOWSKI, C.E. Eficácia de anti-helmínticos em equinos da raça Crioula no município de Major Vieira/SC. Rev. Acad. Ciênc. Anim., v.15, p.59-66, 2017.) that obtained 100% efficacy in horses treated with Ivermectin (0.2mg/kg, orally) in three farms in Major Videira, Santa Catarina state. In a farm located in Uberlândia city, Minas Gerais state, Barbosa et al. (2018BARBOSA, F.C.; OLIVEIRA, W.J.; COSTA, P.C. et al. Eficácia anti-helmíntica da ivermectina em equinos: exames coproparasitológicos e hematológicos. Cienc. Anim. Bras., v.9, p.1-12, 2018.) found 99.7% effectiveness on the 14th day after Ivermectin dosage. Currently, Ivermectin is the most widely used drug in horses and still maintain good effectiveness levels (Canever, 2012CANEVER, R.J. Diagnóstico da resistência anti-helmíntica em cíatostomineos de equinos por meio de testes in vivo e in vitro. 2012. 99f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Veterinárias) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR.), although some reports of resistance have been described years ago (Molento et al., 2008MOLENTO, M.B.; ANTUNES, J.; BENTES, R.N. et al. Anthelmintic resistant nematodes in Brazilian horses. Vet. Rec., v.162, p.384-385, 2008.; Traversa et al., 2009TRAVERSA, D.; SAMSON-HIMMELSTJERNA, G.V.; JANINA, D. et al. Anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomin populations from horse yards in Italy, United Kingdom and Germany. Parasit. Vectors, v.2, Suppl.2, S2, 2009.), after almost three decades of widespread. One of the main reasons for the delay in the resistance development in this compound can be explained by its chemical property that has no action on encysted larvae in the intestinal mucosa, considered as a large refugee population (Kaplan, 2002KAPLAN, R.M. Anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of horses. Vet Res., v.33, p.491-507, 2002.).

Godeski et al. (2017GODESKI, A.; PEDRASSANI, D.; SZCZERBOWSKI, C.E. Eficácia de anti-helmínticos em equinos da raça Crioula no município de Major Vieira/SC. Rev. Acad. Ciênc. Anim., v.15, p.59-66, 2017.) evaluated Moxidectin efficacy after 14 days of treatment with a reduction of 100%. Among drugs used to control parasites in horses, this is the only one with some action against encysted cyathostominaes, currently recommended for controlling this group with high efficacy rates (Barbosa et al., 2018BARBOSA, F.C.; OLIVEIRA, W.J.; COSTA, P.C. et al. Eficácia anti-helmíntica da ivermectina em equinos: exames coproparasitológicos e hematológicos. Cienc. Anim. Bras., v.9, p.1-12, 2018.). However, reduced efficacy of Moxidectin against cyathostominaes has already been reported in Brazil (Canever, 2012CANEVER, R.J. Diagnóstico da resistência anti-helmíntica em cíatostomineos de equinos por meio de testes in vivo e in vitro. 2012. 99f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Veterinárias) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR.) like our result (81% in property “12”). Recently, Vera et al. (2020VERA, J.H.S.; FACHIOLLI, D.F.; RAMIRES, L.M. et al. Eficacy of ivermectin, moxidectin and febendazole in equine in Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep., v.20, 2020.) analyzed the effectiveness of Ivermectin, Moxidectin and Febendazole in 10 properties located in São Paulo state, Brazil. According to the authors, they were the three most common anthelmintic drugs available on market for horse treatment. In their study, Moxidectin and Ivermectin had satisfactory rates (i.e. above 95% of efficiency) in all farms, indicating that macrocyclic lactones (Ivermectin and Moxidectin) are still highly effective in the studied region.

However, tests with Febendazole showed values below 95% of effectiveness in eight of 10 properties, presenting similar results to the present study. Rodrigues et al. (2020RODRIGUES, M.; ROSA, G.M.S.; CARVALHO, C.N. et al. Diagnóstico de resistência parasitária em equinos da Fazenda Escola Santa Rita, (Urcamp, Alegrete-RS). SALÃO INTERNACIONAL DE ENSINO, PESQUISA E EXTENSÃO, v.1, 2020, Alegrete. Anais... Alegrete: UNIPAMPA, 2020.) found that animals treated with Fenbendazole showed, on average, a reduction of only 36% in the EPG count in a farm in Alegrete city, RS, similar to the property “7” result (Table 1). The presence of resistant Febendazole cyathostomins was already expected in our study due to Febendazoles resistance reported in several countries, including Brazil (Canever, 2012CANEVER, R.J. Diagnóstico da resistência anti-helmíntica em cíatostomineos de equinos por meio de testes in vivo e in vitro. 2012. 99f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Veterinárias) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR.; Molento et al., 2008MOLENTO, M.B.; ANTUNES, J.; BENTES, R.N. et al. Anthelmintic resistant nematodes in Brazilian horses. Vet. Rec., v.162, p.384-385, 2008.; Canever et al., 2013). Maintenance of benzimidazoles anthelmintic efficacy become even more important in relation to the effect of cross-resistance leading parasites population resistant to all molecules of this class (Vera et al., 2020VERA, J.H.S.; FACHIOLLI, D.F.; RAMIRES, L.M. et al. Eficacy of ivermectin, moxidectin and febendazole in equine in Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep., v.20, 2020.).

Rodrigues et al. (2020RODRIGUES, M.; ROSA, G.M.S.; CARVALHO, C.N. et al. Diagnóstico de resistência parasitária em equinos da Fazenda Escola Santa Rita, (Urcamp, Alegrete-RS). SALÃO INTERNACIONAL DE ENSINO, PESQUISA E EXTENSÃO, v.1, 2020, Alegrete. Anais... Alegrete: UNIPAMPA, 2020.) found that Doramectin showed an average reduction of 96% of eggs that differed from our study wherein efficiency was 13.3% (property “10”). The Doramectin used is an injectable antiparasitic with a wide spectrum with endo and ectoparasitic activities, suitable for bovine, swine and ovine. Currently, according to the inserted package of the drug, there is no recommendation to use in horses and there are few studies available regarding its efficiency, including dose and form of application. However, in a study by Pérez et al. (2002PÉREZ, R.; CABEZAS, I.; GODOY, C. et al. Pharmacokinetics of Doramectin and Ivermectin After Oral Administration in Horses. Vet. J., v.163, p.161-167, 2002.) considering its pharmacokinetic characteristics and anthelmintic efficacy over the main parasites of horses, showed that oral administration can be an alternative for the treatment and control of horse parasitic diseases. On the other hand, unsatisfactory levels have already been reported after deworming with Doramectin in horses (Madeira de Carvalho et al., 2007).

Over the years resistance to antiparasitic drugs has been increasing and it seems that no new class of drugs is under development to use in horses in a short and medium term (Matthews, 2014MATTHEWS, J.B. Anthelmintic resistance in equine nematodes. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resistance, v.4, p.310-315, 2014.), reinforcing the importance of strategic anthelmintic control programs. Early resistance detection can maintain effectiveness of certain drugs, avoiding suspension of active principles for many years. Even knowing this, the diagnosis of resistance or reduced efficacy of anthelmintics still remains poorly performed in the field as we could see in the evaluated properties in our study, wherein this monitoring has not been adopted. The horses from our study were treated every three months and different active principles were used in each deworming. Although the rapid rotation of active principles is suggested to prevent parasite resistance, no evidence was found to support it, furthermore this practice can mask the occurrence of resistance (Torres-Acosta et al., 2012). Moreover, Kaplan et al. (2004KAPLAN, R.M.; KLEI, T.R.; LYONS, E.T. et al. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistant cyathostomes on horse farms. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., v.225, p.903-910, 2004.) suggest that the greater frequency of antiparasitic treatments, the greater likelihood of drug-resistant cyathostominaes emergence.

As an alternative, drug associations have been used to control resistant parasites by increasing the effectiveness of antiparasitic treatments. When adopting treatments with associations of drugs, it is possible to maintain the recommended dosages for each drug and combine bases belonging to different chemical groups, with different action mechanisms. These differences make it difficult to adapt parasitic genotypes to treatments (Pink et al., 2005PINK, R.; HUDSON, A.; MOURIÈS, M.A. et al. Opportunities and challenges in antiparasitic drug discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., v.4, p.727-739, 2005.). Our results, however, showed that the used drug associations were not effective (properties "1" to "6") which probably indicates that the parasitic populations of these properties have been largely exposed previously to the chemical molecules tested in this study. Association of Closantel + Albendazole, in horses, is not quite common, due to its reduced clinical safety margin and resistance to these compounds were reported in Brazil (Borges et al., 2010BORGES, F.A.; NAKAMURA, A.Y.; ALMEIDA, G.D. et al. Eficácia de formulações anti-helmínticas comerciais em equinos no município de Douradina, Paraná. Cienc. Anim. Bras., v.11, p.618-622, 2010.), corroborating our results.

Regarding the combined use of Ivermectin + Praziquantel, despite results variation, no property obtained satisfactory rates with the drug, indicating anthelmintic resistance in these populations. This can be explained by the previous use of some other macrocyclic lactone, causing a cross reaction between the drugs. Still, it must be considered that Praziquantel is a broad spectrum anthelmintic against species of cestodes and trematodes, not influencing the action of Ivermectin. In contrast, in the properties where Ivermectin itself was effective, there was no use of other macrocyclic lactones previously, and there was no manifestation of the cross reaction (Molento, 2004MOLENTO, M.B. Resistência de helmintos em ovinos e caprinos. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., p.82-87, 2004.; Molento et al., 2008).

The combination of Triclorfon + Fenbendazole, despite the little use due to the narrow safety margin of Triclorfon causing episodes of colic was not effective as well. According to Lyons et al. (1990LYONS, E.T.; DRUDGE, J.H.; TOLLIVER, S.C. et al. Anthelmintic resistance in equids. RESISTANCE OF PARASITES TO ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS PARASITOLOGY, 7., 1990, Paris. Proceedings… Paris: [MSD-AGVET], 1990. p.67-80.) the first organophosphate marketed was Triclorfon, with activity on Gasterophilus spp., Ascarids and Oxyuris equi, but not over Strongylides. Great efforts must be made to preserve the effectiveness of a few drugs that remain effective. Now and in the future, dewormers must be considered as highly valuable and limited resources. The only realistic strategy for a sustainable parasite control is to develop new non-chemical approaches that aim to lessen the need for treatment and to use anthelmintics in a more rational way (Coles & Molento, 2008MOLENTO, M.B.; ANTUNES, J.; BENTES, R.N. et al. Anthelmintic resistant nematodes in Brazilian horses. Vet. Rec., v.162, p.384-385, 2008.). Therefore, the performance of coprological tests is essential for monitoring the effectiveness of active principles in each property, providing a correct and effective approach to parasite control.

CONCLUSION

The observed results indicate that resistance to macrocyclic lactones is usual in equine parasites in this Brazilian region, despite the results with isolated Ivermectin.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the owners and veterinarians who sent the samples for diagnosis, for the partnership and confidence in our work.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    21 June 2021
  • Date of issue
    May-Jun 2021

History

  • Received
    23 Nov 2020
  • Accepted
    11 Mar 2021
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária Caixa Postal 567, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2041, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2042 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
E-mail: abmvz.artigo@gmail.com