Abstract

Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor globally (¹1. Booth RA. Minimally invasive biomarkers for detection and staging of colorectal cancer. Cancer Letters 2007; 249: 87–96, doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12... ,²2. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61: 69–90, doi: 10.3322/caac.20107.
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107... ). The high incidence of CRC and CRC-related deaths has been a great threat to public health. In spite of the improvement of diagnosis and treatment of CRC, it remains a severe disease. Progression of CRC is a multi-step process involving the deregulation of several oncogenes and tumor suppressor gene, which might be used as diagnostic and therapeutic targets (³3. Arends MJ. Pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2013; 21: 97–102.). However, the precise mechanisms of these genes in CRC are poorly understood and novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers need to be discovered.

With the advances in next generation sequencing technologies, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified as a new class of non-coding RNA. LncRNA is longer than 200 nucleotides with no protein-coding capacity (⁴4. Gutschner T, Diederichs S. The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA Biol 2012; 9: 703–719, doi: 10.4161/rna.20481.
https://doi.org/10.4161/rna.20481... ). Mounting evidence suggests that aberrant lncRNA expression participate in a variety of biological processes, such as embryogenesis, stem cell pluripotency, cell growth and the occurrence of malignancies, through regulating gene expression at several levels (⁵5. Saxena A, Carninci P. Long non-coding RNA modifies chromatin: epigenetic silencing by long non-coding RNAs. Bioessays 2011; 33: 830–839, doi: 10.1002/bies.201100084.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201100084... ,⁶6. Wang K, Chang H. Molecular Mechanisms of Long Noncoding RNAs. Mol Cell 2011; 43: 904–914, doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.08.018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.08... ). Notably, lncRNA might be correlated with patients' prognosis and serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for disease. In CRC, various lncRNAs have been identified to be abnormally expressed and related to disease progression (⁷7. Dou J, Ni Y, He X, Wu D, Li M, Wu S, et al. Decreasing lncRNA HOTAIR expression inhibits human colorectal cancer stem cells. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8: 98–108.). For example, Niu et al. (⁸8. Niu H, Hu Z, Liu H, Hu G, Yang B, Wu S, et al. Long non-coding RNA AK027294 involves in the process of proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37: 10097–10105, doi: 10.1007/s13277-015-4350-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-4350-... ) found that lncRNA AK027294 was strongly expressed in CRC and closely correlated with cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. TUG1 was found to indicate a poor prognosis for CRC and promote metastasis by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (⁹9. Sun J, Ding C, Yang Z, Liu T, Zhang X, Zhao C, et al. The long non-coding RNA TUG1 indicates a poor prognosis for colorectal cancer and promotes metastasis by affecting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Transl Med 2016; 14: 42, doi: 10.1186/s12967-016-0786-z.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-0786-... ). In addition, Xie et al. reviewed the CRC-associated lncRNAs published recently, including CCAT1, H19, HOTAIR, UCA1 and PTENP1 (¹⁰10. Xie X, Tang B, Xiao YF, Xie R, Li BS, Dong H, et al. Long non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 22: 901–906.). However, no robust tumor markers have been yet identified.

Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) was a novel lncRNA identified to be up-regulated in several cancer cells, such as human osteosarcoma cell, nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell, and human endometrial carcinoma (¹¹11. Gong Z, Zhang S, Zeng Z, Wu H, Yang Q, Xiong F, et al. LOC401317, a p53-regulated long non-coding RNA, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HNE2. Plos One 2014; 9: e110674, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110674.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... –¹³13. Wen Z, Xu L, Shouzhen W, Yan Z, Huan P, Wei C. Microarray expression profile of lncRNAs and the upregulated ASLNC04080 lncRNA in human endometrial carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 46: 2125–2137.). Moreover, SNHG12 played important roles in cancer cell proliferation and migration. However, the exact expression pattern of SNHG12 in CRC and its clinical significance remains unclear. In the present research, we discovered that SNHG12 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and cells for the first time. We further detected the effect of SNHG12 on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and the related proteins expression in CRC cells.

Material and Methods

Patients and specimens

Human primary CRC tissues and their paired adjacent tissue were obtained from 60 patients at the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University. These patients did not receive local or systemic treatment before the operation. All of the tissues were stored at –80°C. An experienced pathologist assessed the differentiation grade, pathological stage, grade and nodal status. All subjects submitted the written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University.

Cell culture and transfection

All human colonic cancer cell lines including SW480, LOVO, HCT116, HT29 and the human colonic epithelial cells HCoEpiC were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO₂ incubator.

The SNHG12 expression vector, pcDNA-SNHG12, was synthetized and constructed by Ribobio (China). siRNA-SNHG12 (si-SNHG12) which targets SNHG12 was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Cells were transfected with pcDNA-SNHG12 or siRNAs using Lipofectamine2000 (Life Technologies, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions.

Quantitative real-time PCR

Total RNA was extracted from tumor tissue samples or cultured cells using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen Inc., USA). Two micrograms of total RNA was reverse transcribed to obtain cDNA using Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase (M-MLVRT; Promega, USA). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed with 1 μL of cDNA using SYBR green real-time Master Mix (Takara, Japan) on Applied Biosystems 7500 Sequence Detection system (ABI, USA). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal control to normalize the data. The primers for SNHG12 and GAPDH were as followed: for SNHG12, (forward) 5′-TCTGGTGATCGAGGACTTCC-3′, and (reverse) 5′-ACCTCCTCAGTATCACACACT-3′; for GAPDH, (forward) 5′-ACACCCACTCCTCCACCTTT-3′ and (reverse) 5′-TTACTCCTTGGAGGCCATGT-3′. Real time PCR was performed in triplicate, and the relative expression of SNHG12 was calculated using 2^-ΔΔCT method.

Western blot analysis

Total proteins were extracted from cells and protein concentrations were determined using the BCA Protein Assay kit (Takara). Proteins were separated on 12% sodium lauryl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (PVDF; Millipore, USA). After blocked with 5% non-fat skimmed milk powder at 37°C for 2 h, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies: anti-cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (anti-CDK4) antibody (1:5000, Abcam, UK), anti-CDK6 antibody (1:5000, Abcam), anti-CCND1 antibody (1:5000, Abcam), anti-Caspase 3 antibody (1:5000, Abcam), anti-p-AKT antibody (1:500, Abcam) and GAPDH diluted at 1:2000 (Abcam) for 1 h at 37°C. The second antibody was anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase (HRP, 1:4000; Santa Cruz, USA). Proteins were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence as described by the manufacturer (Beyotime, China).

MTT assay and soft agar colony formation assay

The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was carried out to detect the cell viability of SW480 cells with pcDNA-SNHG12 or HT29 cells with si-SNHG12 at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h of the transfection. The transfected CRC cells (2×10⁴ cells) were seeded on 6-well plates and were washed with PBS, then incubated in MTT solution (5 mg/mL, 100 μL; Invitrogen Inc., USA) for 3 h. After 3 h, 100 μL of solubilization buffer was added to each well. The absorbance of samples at 450 nm was measured using the Thermo Plate microplate reader (Rayto Life and Analytical Science Co. Ltd., Germany).

For the colony formation assay, 800–1500 cells were placed in a 6-well plate and maintained in complete culture medium containing 0.3% agar layered on top of 0.6% agar at 37°C in the presence of 5% CO₂ for 16 days. We evaluated the colonies containing at least 50 cells. The data of five randomly scored fields were used for statistics.

Flow cytometry technology to detect cell cycle and cell apoptosis

For the detection of cell cycle, SW480 cells with pcDNA-SNHG12 or HT29 cells with si-SNHG12 were harvested after 48 h of transfection. Propidium oxide was used to stain cells with the BD Cycletest Plus DNA Reagent Kit (BD Biosciences, USA). The quantitation of cell cycle distribution was performed with FACScan cytometry (Becton Dickinson, USA). The percentage of the cells in G0-G1, S, and G2-M phases were counted and compared.

An Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate propidium iodide (FITC/PI) apoptosis detection kit (Life Technologies, USA) was used to detect cell apoptosis. SW480 cells with pcDNA-SNHG12 or HT29 cells with si-SNHG12 were harvested after 48 h of transfection and washed twice with 1× PBS. Cells were incubated with Annexin-V and PI at room temperature for 15 min in the dark. Then, samples were analyzed by a FACScan (Becton-Dickinson) flow cytometry. Signals Annexin-V−/PI−, Annexin-V+/PI−, and Annexin-V+/PI+ indicated living, early, and late apoptotic cells, respectively. Each experiment was performed in triplicate, and data are reported as means±SD.

Animal experiments

All animal experiments were performed according to the guidelines approved by the China Association of Laboratory Animal Care. Twelve female 6-week-old BALB/c nude mice were obtained from Vital River Co. Ltd. (China) and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions. HT29 cells were transfected si-NC or si-SNHG12 and then injected subcutaneously into the hind limb of BALB/c nude mice (5×10⁶ cells/mouse; n=6 for each group). The tumor size was measured every 7 days for a total period of 28 days and estimated using the equation length×(width)²×0.5. The weight of the tumor on the 28th day was measured.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0 software (SPSS, USA). The measured parameters are reported as means±SD. The Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical data and the Kruskal-Wallis method was used to analyze continuous data. The differences between groups were estimated by the Student's t-test. A P value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

SNHG12 was upregulated in CRC tissues and cell lines

The level of SNHG12 in CRC tissues and the adjacent normal tissues were detected by qRT-PCR. As shown in Figure 1A, higher level of SNHG12 was observed in CRC tissues compared to that in normal tissues. qRT-PCR was also conducted to determine the level of SNHG12 in CRC cells (SW480, LOVO, HCT116, HT29) and the control cells HCoEpiC. SNHG12 was significantly up-regulated in these CRC cells compared to that in the control (Figure 1B). In addition, the highest level of SNHG12 was found in HT29 cells and SW480 cells expressed the lowest SNHG12.

To detect the clinical significance of SNHG12 expression in CRC, 60 patients were divided into SNHG12 high expression group (n=30) and SNHG12 low expression group (n=30) according to the cutoff value, which was defined as the median of the cohort. As demonstrated in Table 1, high expression of SNHG12 in CRC patients was significantly correlated with advanced tumor stage (P=0.007) and large tumor size (P=0.004). In addition, tumors with high expression of SNHG12 were associated with worse overall survival in CRC patients (P<0.001; Figure 2). The 5-year survival rate of SNHG12 high expression group reached 33.3% and the rate in low expression group was 70%. These data indicated that SNHG12 may act as a potent biomarker for predicting prognosis in CRC patients.

SNHG12 promoted proliferation of CRC cells

To investigate the function of SNHG12 on the cell proliferation of CRC cells, SW480 cells or HT29 cells were transfected with pcDNA-SNHG12 or si-SNHG12, respectively. The result of qRT-PCR showed that the expression of SNHG12 was greatly up-regulated in SW480 cells transfected with pcDNA-SNHG12 and down-regulated in HT29 cells transfected with si-SNHG12 (Figure 3A and B). Cell viability of pretreated SW480 cells and HT29 cells were detected by MTT assay. The results showed that overexpression of SNHG12 significantly promoted the cell viability of SW480 cells and SNHG12 knockdown inhibited the cell viability of HT29 cells (Figure 3C and D). The result of colony formation assays indicated that colony formation was significantly promoted by SNHG12 overexpression and remarkably inhibited by SNHG12 knockdown (Figure 3E and F). These data indicated that SNHG12 promoted the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells.

SNHG12 promoted cell cycle of CRC cells

To explore the effect of SNHG12 on the cell cycle of CRC cells, flow cytometric analysis was performed. As shown in Figure 4A and B, SNHG12 overexpression significantly reduced the number of SW480 cells in the G0/G1 phase and increased the number of SW480 cells in the S phase, which suggested that the cell cycle progression of SW480 cells transfected with pcDNA-SNHG12 was promoted. On the other hand, SNHG12 knockdown inhibited the cell cycle progression of HT29 cells transfected with si-SNHG12 (Figure 4C and D).

SNHG12 inhibited apoptosis of CRC cells

To investigate the effect of SNHG12 on the cell apoptosis of CRC cells, SW480 cells were transfected with pcDNA-SNHG12 or pcDNA for 48 h, then stained with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI), followed by detection using flow cytometry. The results showed that SNHG12 overexpression can obviously suppress cell apoptosis of SW480 cells (Figure 5A and B). In addition, SNHG12 knockdown induced cell apoptosis of HT29 cells transfected with si-SNHG12 (Figure 5C and D).

SNHG12 promoted the expression of cell cycle-related proteins and suppressed the expression of caspase 3

To explore the molecular mechanisms by which SNHG12 contributes to cell cycle and cell apoptosis of CRC cells, we performed western blot to detect the protein level of cell cycle progression-related molecules, including CDK4, CDK6), cyclin D1 (CCND1) and cell apoptosis-related molecule caspase 3. CDK4, CDK6 and CCND1 were found to be up-regulated in SW480 cells transfected with pcDNA-SNHG12 (Figure 6A) and down-regulated in HT29 cells transfected with si-SNHG12 (Figure 6C). The result of western blot showed that lower protein level of caspase 3 was observed in SW480 cells transfected with pcDNA-SNHG12 (Figure 6B). SNHG12 knockdown enhanced the protein level of caspase 3 in HT29 cells (Figure 6D). As it is well known that PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays vital roles in regulating cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis, we asked whether SNHG12 could also regulate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. As shown in Figure 6E and F, overexpression of SNHG12 significantly promoted the expression of phosphorylated AKT, while SNHG12 knockdown inhibited the expression of phosphorylated AKT.

SNHG12 knockdown inhibited tumor growth in vivo

To detect the effect of SNHG12 knockdown in vivo, a nude mouse xenograft model of HT29 cells was established. HT29 cells were transfected with si-NC or si-SNHG12 and subcutaneously inoculated into the nude mice (n=6 for each group). As shown in Figure 7A and B, SNHG12 knockdown inhibited tumor growth significantly after inoculation for 28 days. In addition, the tumor weight on 28th day in mice inoculated with HT29 cells transfected with si-SNHG12 was significantly smaller than that of the controls (Figure 7C). Results in vivo indicated that SNHG12 knockdown inhibited tumor growth.

Discussion

In this study, we observed increased levels of SNHG12 in CRC tissues and in CRC cells including SW480, LOVO, HCT116, HT29. High expression of SNHG12 in CRC patients was significantly correlated with advanced tumor stage and large tumor size. In addition, tumors with high expression of SNHG12 were associated with worse overall survival in CRC patients. The results of MTT assay and colony formation assay indicated that SNHG12 promoted proliferation of CRC cells. In addition, SNHG12 overexpression boosted cell cycle progression of SW480 cells transfected with pcDNA-SNHG12 and SNHG12 knockdown inhibited the cell cycle progression of HT29 cells transfected with si-SNHG12. SNHG12 also inhibited cell apoptosis of CRC. We further found that SNHG12 increased the expression of cell cycle-related proteins and suppressed the expression of caspase 3. SNHG12 knockdown inhibited the tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that SNHG12 promoted cell growth and inhibited cell apoptosis in CRC cells and might be a potent biomarker for predicting prognosis in CRC patients.

To date, accumulating evidence has suggested that the dysfunctional activities of lncRNAs might be associated with tumor initiation and progression of CRC, which further promotes the application of lncRNAs as cancer diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers (¹⁴14. Prensner JR, Chinnaiyan AM. The emergence of lncRNAs in cancer biology. Cancer Discov 2011; 1: 391–407, doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0209.
https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-... ,¹⁵15. Enfield KS, Pikor LA, Martinez VD, Lam WL. Mechanistic roles of noncoding RNAs in lung cancer biology and their clinical implications. Genet Res Int 2012; 2012: 737416.). Yuan et al. (¹⁶16. Yuan Z, Yu X, Ni B, Chen D, Yang Z, Huang J, et al. Overexpression of long non-coding RNA-CTD903 inhibits colorectal cancer invasion and migration by repressing Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and predicts favorable prognosis. Int J Oncol 2016: 48: 2675–2685.) demonstrated that lncRNA-CTD903 was an independent predictive factor of favorable prognosis for CRC and acted as a tumor suppressor to inhibit cell invasion and migration. In addition, the extensively studied lncRNA MALAT-1 was also expressed at a high level in CRC tissues (¹⁷17. Zheng HT, Shi DB, Wang YW, Li XX, Xu Y, Tripathi P, et al. High expression of lncRNA MALAT1 suggests a biomarker of poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7: 3174–3181.). Apart from the abnormal expression of lncRNA, some genetic variants of lncRNA are also correlated with the risk of CRC. For example, rs2839689 in lncRNA H19 was reported to contribute to the susceptibility to CRC in a Chinese population study by Li et al. (¹⁸18. Li S, Hua Y, Jin J, Wang H, Du M, Zhu L, e al. Association of genetic variants in lncRNA H19 with risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population. Oncotarget 2016; 7: 25470–25477.).

In this study, we found that a novel lncRNA SNHG12 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and cells. SNHG12 was also related to the prognosis of CRC patients. Ruan et al. reported that SNHG12 contributed to cell proliferation and migration by upregulating the expression of angiomotin in human osteosarcoma cells (¹²12. Ruan W, Pei W, Feng S, Yuan X, Li Y. Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) promotes cell proliferation and migration by upregulating angiomotin gene expression in human osteosarcoma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37: 4065–4073, doi: 10.1007/s13277-015-4256-7.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-4256-... ). According to Peri et al. (¹⁹19. Peri S, de Cicco RL, Santucci-Pereira J, Slifker M, Ross EA, Russo IH, et al. Defining the genomic signature of the parous breast. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5: 46, doi: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-46.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-8794-5-46... ), SNHG12 was confirmed to be differentially expressed in nulliparous and parous breast tissues. In low-passage human nasopharyngeal carcinoma HNE2 cells, the results of lncRNA microarray analysis and qRT-PCR confirmed that SNHG12 was overexpressed following TP53 overexpression.

To further investigate the mechanism by which SNHG12 contributed to cellular proliferation and apoptosis of CRC cells, we explored the expression of CDK4, CDK6, CCND1 and caspase 3. In SW480 cells transfected with pcDNA-SNHG12, CDK4, CDK6 and CCND1 were found to be up-regulated and Caspase 3 was down-regulated. It is known that cyclins, CDKs, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors play important roles in the functioning mechanism of the cell cycle (²⁰20. O'Leary B, Finn RS, Turner NC. Treating cancer with selective CDK4/6 inhibitors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016;13: 417–430, doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.26.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.2... ). The activation of CDK4 or CDK6 is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. CDK4 or CDK6 can interact with tumor suppressor protein Rb. In cancer cells, CCND1 is upregulated and activates CDK4/6, whereas Rb is deactivated, resulting in the dysregulation of the DNA-damage repair system and acceleration of the cell cycle (²¹21. Wikman H, Kettunen E. Regulation of the G1/S phase of the cell cycle and alterations in the RB pathway in human lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6: 515–530, doi: 10.1586/14737140.6.4.515.
https://doi.org/10.1586/14737140.6.4.515... ). Caspase 3 is the most important of the "executioner caspases" in the process of apoptosis, which could begin to disassemble the cell by activating DNA degrading enzymes and degrading the cellular architecture (²²22. Wall DM, McCormick BA. Bacterial secreted effectors and caspase-3 interactions. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16: 1746–1756, doi: 10.1111/cmi.12368.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12368... ). Previous studies have shown that some lncRNAs could regulate cell proliferation and cycle via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (²³23. Dong Y, Liang G, Yuan B, C Yang, Gao R, Zhou X. MALAT1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Tumour Biol 2015; 36: 1477–1486, doi: 10.1007/s13277-014-2631-4.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2631-... 24. Liu G, Xiang T, Wu QF, Wang WX. Long noncoding RNA H19-derived miR-675 enhances proliferation and invasion via RUNX1 in gastric cancer cells. Oncol Res 2016; 23: 99–1070, doi: 10.3727/096504015X14496932933575.
https://doi.org/10.3727/096504015X144969... –²⁵25. Zhu Y, Bo D, Zhang H, Shi G, Y Shen, Ye D. Long non-coding RNA LOC572558 inhibits bladder cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by regulating the AKT-MDM2-p53 signaling axis. Cancer Letters 2016, 380: 369–374.). We found that overexpression of SNHG12 significantly promoted the phosphorylation of AKT, while SNHG12 knockdown inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT. It has been shown that the active Akt induced by PI3K could regulate the expression of its target genes, such as Bad, caspase-9, NF-κB, mTOR and p21, participating in the cell proliferation and cell apoptosis (²⁶26. Lei C, Graham PH, Jie N, Hao J, Bucci J, Cozzi PJ, et al. Targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in the treatment of prostate cancer radioresistance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96: 507–517, doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.07.005.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.201... ). Therefore, SNHG12 may promote colorectal cell proliferation and cycle by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism needs to be further investigated.

In conclusion, our data indicated that SNHG12 might be a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for CRC and a potential target for gene therapy.

References

Publication Dates

History