Abstract

Introduction

It is well established in the literature that regular physical exercise provides a number of systemic benefits (¹1. American College of Sports Medicine (Position Statement). The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in health adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: 265–274.), including cardiovascular risk reduction (²2. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, Caspersen C, Chaitman B, et al. Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. A Statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 1996; 94: 857–862, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.94.4.857.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.94.4.857... ) and lung function improvement (³3. Papp ME, Lindfors P, Wandell PE, Nygren-Bonnier M. Effects of yogic exercises on functional capacity, lung function and quality of life in participants with obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2017; 53: 447–461, doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.16.04374-4.
https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.16.0... ). Physical activity is recommended to preserve health, as well as for the improvement of functional capacity in many chronic diseases, such as hypertension (⁴4. Guedes NG, Lopes MV. Physical exercise in patients with high-blood pressure: a conceptual analysis. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2010; 31: 367–374, doi: 10.1590/S1983-14472010000200023.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-1447201000... ), diabetes (⁵5. Pai LW, Li TC, Hwu YJ, Chang SC, Chen LL, Chang PY. The effectiveness of regular leisure-time physical activities on long-term glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 113: 77–85, doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.01.011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.0... ) and metabolic syndrome (⁶6. Marson EC, Delevatti RS, Prado AK, Netto N, Kruel LF. Effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training on insulin resistance markers in overweight or obese children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med 2016; 93: 211–218, doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.... ). In the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, pelvic floor muscles (PFM) strength training is considered the gold standard therapeutic approach (⁷7. Dumoulin C, Hay-Smith J. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment for urinary incontinence in women. A Cochrane systematic review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2008; 44: 47–63, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub2.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00565... ), since urinary incontinence (UI) may be caused by PFM weakness and/or decreased awareness (⁸8. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U. et al. Standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Subcommittee of the International Continence Society. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 116–126, doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.125704.
https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.125704... ). It is now known that women of almost all age groups lack awareness of the pelvic floor muscles, which results in weakness of these muscles, regardless of age (⁹9. Anger JT, Saigal CS, Litwin MS and The urologic diseases of America project. The prevalence of urinary incontinence among community dwelling adult women: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey. J Urol 2006; 175: 601–604, doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00242-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00... ,¹⁰10. Parden AM, Griffin RL, Hoover K, Ellington DR, Gleason JL, Kathryn L et al. Prevalence, awareness, and understanding of pelvic floor disorders in adolescent and young women. Female Pelv Med Reconstruc Sur 2016; 22: 346–355, doi: 10.1097/SPV.0000000000000287.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SPV.000000000000... ).

It is believed that there may be a relationship between functional capacity and UI, considering that performing exercise programs improves muscle strength, especially of stabilizers and postural muscles, greatly employed during whole body exercise (¹¹11. Sapsford RR, Richardson CA, Maher CF, Hodges PW. Pelvic floor muscle activity in different sitting postures in continent and incontinent women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008; 89: 1741–1747, doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.01.029.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.01.0... ). Moreover, the PFM, responsible for the voluntary urinary continence mechanism, are also considered stabilizers and postural muscles, and can be reflexively activated during physical exercise. The PFM are extremely important for the continence mechanism and, in addition, act as a powerful pelvis stabilizer (¹²12. Prather H, Dugan S, Fitzgerald C, Hunt D. Review of anatomy, evaluation, and treatment of musculoskeletal pelvic floor pain in women. PM R 2009; 1: 346–358, doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.01.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.01.0... ). Sapsford and Hodges (¹³13. Sapsford RR, Hodges PW. Contraction of the pelvic floor muscles during abdominal maneuvers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: 1081–1088, doi: 10.1053/apmr.2001.24297.
https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2001.24297... ) showed that voluntary abdominal muscles contraction during exercise, especially of the transversus abdominis, results in increased PFM activity in healthy subjects with no history of lower back pain.

Some authors observed that functional decline and the reduction of physical capacity can be associated to the development of UI (¹⁴14. Huang AJ, Brown JS, Thom DH, Fink HA, Yaffe K. Urinary incontinence in older community-dwelling women: the role of cognitive and physical function decline. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 909–916, doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000258277.01497.4b.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.000025827... ) and that muscular strength reduction is influenced by age (¹⁵15. Jenkins KR, Fultz NH. Functional impairment as a risk factor for urinary incontinence among older Americans. Neurourol Urodyn 2005; 24: 51–55, doi: 10.1002/nau.20089.
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20089... ). In addition, it is known that muscle weakness can increase the risk of falls and that a relationship exists between UI and the risk of falls, due to the urgency to get to the bathroom in time (¹⁵15. Jenkins KR, Fultz NH. Functional impairment as a risk factor for urinary incontinence among older Americans. Neurourol Urodyn 2005; 24: 51–55, doi: 10.1002/nau.20089.
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20089... ,¹⁶16. Brown J, Vittinghoff E, Wyman J, Stone KL, Nevitt MC, Ensrud KE, et al. Urinary incontinence: does it increase risk for falls and fractures? Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 721–725, doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04744.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000... ). However, in a study by Tak et al. (¹⁷17. Tak ECPM, van Hespen A, van Dommelen P, Hopman-Rock M. Does improved functional performance help to reduce urinary incontinence in institutionalized older women? A multicenter randomized clinical trial. BMC Geriatr 2012; 6: 12–51, doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-12-51.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-12-51... ), institutionalized elderly women participated in a program including weekly sessions over a period of 22 weeks of physical exercises to improve PFM function and simple exercises to improve upper limb mobility, hand function, standing up and sitting down. Results showed no significant reduction in the number of UI cases (¹⁷17. Tak ECPM, van Hespen A, van Dommelen P, Hopman-Rock M. Does improved functional performance help to reduce urinary incontinence in institutionalized older women? A multicenter randomized clinical trial. BMC Geriatr 2012; 6: 12–51, doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-12-51.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-12-51... ).

Even though the relationship between aerobic capacity and PFM strength has not yet been elucidated, it may be important for the development of new prevention strategies to reduce UI risk through the improvement of physical capacity. We believe it is of fundamental importance to study the relationship between PFM functionality and aerobic capacity, which might be associated with PFM strength, since these muscles also act as postural stabilizers and may therefore influence functional capacity.

In view of this, primary health care strategies, aimed at disease prevention, are being increasingly applied. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms that determine a correlation between the PFM function (an important variable in the prevention of UI) and functional capacity in women who do not present with lower urinary tract dysfunction. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between aerobic capacity and PFM function in adult women without UI or other urinary tract dysfunctions and without conditions affecting the cardiorespiratory system. We hypothesized that the selected population would present a relationship between PFM contraction capacity and oxygen consumption.

Material and Methods

Design

The present cross-sectional study was conducted at Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), in the Women's Health Research Laboratory (LAMU) and in the Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory (LACAP). Data collection was carried out between December 2012 and January 2014. The sample size calculation was based on a previous study by Müller et al. (¹⁸18. Müller PTG, Viegas CAA, Patusco LAP. Muscle strength a determinant of oxygen uptake efficiency and maximal metabolic response in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD. J Bras Pneumol 2012; 38: 541–549, doi: 10.1590/S1806-37132012000500002.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713201200... ), considering the correlation found between oxygen consumption (VO₂) and handgrip strength (r=0.74; P<0.001), with a power of 85%, a confidence interval of 95% and a coefficient of determination of 0.15. Based on these parameters, the calculated sample size was 41.

The study received approval by the Centro Universitário Central Paulista (Unicep) Research Ethics Committee (Protocol No. 019/2011). All participants gave written informed consent before data collection began.

Participants

Women were recruited through newspaper advertisements, internet announcements and distribution of flyers to the community. In order to be eligible, women had to be 18 years old or more (⁹9. Anger JT, Saigal CS, Litwin MS and The urologic diseases of America project. The prevalence of urinary incontinence among community dwelling adult women: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey. J Urol 2006; 175: 601–604, doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00242-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00... ,¹⁰10. Parden AM, Griffin RL, Hoover K, Ellington DR, Gleason JL, Kathryn L et al. Prevalence, awareness, and understanding of pelvic floor disorders in adolescent and young women. Female Pelv Med Reconstruc Sur 2016; 22: 346–355, doi: 10.1097/SPV.0000000000000287.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SPV.000000000000... ), be eutrophic according to body mass index (BMI) (¹⁹19. Ministério da Saúde. Mapa da saúde do brasileiro. Brasília, DF. http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplicacoes/noticias/noticias_detalhe.cfm?co_seq_noticia=44917. Accessed in August 2012.
http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplica... ), and could not present urinary incontinence and/or prolapse of pelvic organs that affect the vaginal opening, according to the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POPQ) standard scoring system, nor pelvic surgery history. Women were excluded from the study if they did not present at least a flicker of PFM contraction, i.e. if they presented a grade 0 contraction, according to the 0-5 Modified Oxford Grading Scale (²⁰20. Laycock J. Clinical evaluation of pelvic floor. In: Schussler B, Laycock J, Norton P, Stanton S, editors. Pelvic floor re-education. London: Springer-Verlag; 1994. p. 42–48.), and/or if they could not reach the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) in the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX). Women who were currently pregnant, regular smokers, had a history of coronary heart disease, diabetes or cardiac arrhythmia were also excluded from the study (Figure 1).

Evaluations

All volunteers underwent two evaluations: initial evaluation and CPX, which were carried out with a minimum interval of two days. The day before and on the days of the tests participants were instructed not to consume alcohol and/or stimulants (coffee, tea and others), to avoid heavy meals two hours before the evaluation, to refrain from strenuous exercise, to have an adequate sleep the previous night and to go to the laboratory with comfortable clothes and shoes. In order to avoid the influences of circadian rhythm, all evaluations were performed at the same time of the day (between 12:00 and 6:00 pm).

The initial evaluation consisted of anamnesis, and habitual physical activity (HPA) assessment by Baecke's questionnaire, which has been validated and translated into Brazilian Portuguese (²¹21. Florindo AA, Latorre MRDO, Jaime PC, Tanaka T, Zerbini CAF. Methodology to evaluation the habitual physical activity in men aged 50 years or more. Rev Saude Publica 2004; 38: 307–314, doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102004000200022.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200400... ) and provides a score that classifies the individual as sedentary (below 6) or active (above 6) (²²22. Baecke JA, Burema J, Frijters JE. A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 936–942.). Participants underwent evaluation of UI symptoms by two structured questions from King's Health Questionnaire (²³23. Kelleher CJ, Cardozo LD, Khullar V, Salvatore S. A new questionnaire to assess the quality of life of urinary incontinent women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 104: 1374–1379, doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11006.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997... ), and PFM functional assessment by digital palpation and perineometry.

Functional evaluation was performed in the supine position, with hip and knees flexed, according to the protocol proposed by Laycock and Jerwood in 2001 (²⁴24. Laycock J, Jerwood D. Pelvic floor muscle assessment: the perfect scheme. Physiotherapy 2001; 87: 631–642, doi: 10.1016/S0031-9406(05)61108-X.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9406(05)61... ). The subjects' strength was classified according to the Modified Oxford Scale, proposed by Laycock (²⁰20. Laycock J. Clinical evaluation of pelvic floor. In: Schussler B, Laycock J, Norton P, Stanton S, editors. Pelvic floor re-education. London: Springer-Verlag; 1994. p. 42–48.), which quantifies PFM function as follows: grade 0: no contraction; grade 1: flicker of contraction; grade 2: weak contraction; grade 3: moderate contraction; grade 4: satisfactory contraction; and grade 5: strong contraction.

The PFM contraction pressure was recorded using a Peritron® perineometer (Cardio Design Australia, range from 0 to 300 cmH₂O); participants remained in the same position they had assumed for the functional evaluation for the introduction of the perineometer vaginal sensor, which had been coated by a sterile non-lubricated male condom (Microtex®), lightly lubricated with an intimate gel (K-Med®). The equipment was then calibrated and volunteers were instructed and verbally motivated to perform three PFM maximal contractions, maintaining each one for 3 s. Participants were instructed to refrain from contraction of abdominal, gluteus and hip adductors muscles (²⁵25. Bø K, Talseth T, Hoeme I. Single blind, randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor exercise, electrical stimulation vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women. BMJ 1999; 318: 487–493, doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7182.487.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7182.487... ). The contraction pressure peak value achieved during each contraction was recorded and the average of the three values was calculated.

Finally, with the subjects in the same position, the presence or absence of prolapse was determined by the POP-Q method, which is considered the gold standard by the International Continence Society (²⁶26. Bump RC, Mattiasson A, Bø K, Brubaker LP, DeLancey JO, Klarskov P, et al. The standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstetrics and Gynecol 1996; 175: 10–17, doi: 10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70243-0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70... ) due to the highly reproducible results.

On the second day of evaluation subjects performed the CPX; a ramp protocol was followed and the test was performed on an electromagnetic braking cycle ergometer (Corival, Lode BV, Netherlands), with the subjects sitting with their knees flexed between 5 and 10 degrees. After 2 min of rest, sitting on the cycle ergometer, a 3-min warm-up period began with a free cycling load (4W). Next, the exercise protocol was initiated with a constant speed of 60 rpm and with power increments determined according to the formula proposed by Wasserman et al. (²⁷27. Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue Dy, Stringer WW, Whipp BJ. Clinical exercise testing. In: Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue Dy, Stringer WW, Whipp BJ (Editors). Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. 4th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2005; p 146, doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000172593.20181.14.
https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.000017259... ), until the submaximal heart rate (HR), previously calculated by Karvonen's formula, was reached (²⁸28. Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn 1957; 35: 307–315.). The post-test recovery period consisted of 3 min of submaximal cycling, followed by 2 min of rest.

Ventilatory and metabolic variables, as well as the HR, were recorded throughout the whole test, as described below. Volunteers were continuously monitored by electrocardiogram (ECG; Wincardio®, Micromed, Brazil); modified leads MC5, DII, DIII, aVR, aVL and aVF and from V1 to V6 were recorded. Arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured during the pre-test rest period, every 3 min during the test, at the exercise peak and during post-exercise recovery. The tests were conducted by a team of researchers including qualified physiotherapists and exercise physiologist, who constantly monitored the signs and/or symptoms presented by the participants. No adverse events occurred during the test.

Ventilatory and metabolic variables were measured through a portable, computerized ergospirometric device (Oxycon Mobile, Jaeger, Germany). The tidal volume was obtained by a Pitot pneumotachometer (Jager) connected to the system by a face mask, selected according to the size of the participant's face, to be properly adjusted and avoid air leaks. After placing the mask, a few minutes were allowed for the participant's ventilation to become stable. The device provides real-time values for applied power (W), number of cycling rotations per minute (rpm), oxygen consumption (VO₂), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂) and pulmonary ventilation (E). The power applied during the exercise protocol was controlled by the system through an interface with the cycle ergometer.

The VAT was derived from VO₂ and VCO₂ by implementing the V-slope method (²⁹29. Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 1985; 60: 2020–2027.,³⁰30. Schneider DA, Phillips SE, Stoffolano S. The simplified V-slope method of detecting the gas exchange threshold. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 1180–1184, doi: 10.1249/00005768-199310000-00015.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-1993100... ), consisting in plotting VCO₂ values against VO₂ values and identifying the change in the curve slope. The method was applied by two researchers, and the average between the values was obtained for each participant.

Data analysis

Data were tabulated in Excel software and analyzed statistically in Statistica 7.0 software (USA). The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to verify data normality; the Spearman or Pearson correlation test was applied to quantify the correlation between the variables. Correlations were classified as strong (r>0.70), moderate (r>0.40 and <0.69), weak (r<0.3) or non-existent (r<0.1) (³¹31. Dancey CP, Reidy J. Estatística sem matemática para psicologia: usando SPSS para Windows. Porto Alegre: Artned; 2006.). Multiple linear regression was used to identify correlations between functional capacity and PFM function parameters; the contraction strength value measured by perineometer presented a moderated correlation with VO₂VAT and was therefore selected as the predictor to be included in the regression model. The multiple regression model was adjusted for the main confounder (age); the correlation values considered for entry into the regression model were r>0.40. The reliability of the reference equation for the prediction of VO₂VAT from the contraction strength value was evaluated in another group of 20 healthy women. For each of them, after the evaluations, the contraction strength value and age were included in the equation and the VO₂VAT was calculated. The predicted value was compared with the value obtained in the CPX, considering an error below 10%. A significance level of 5% (P≤0.05) was adopted.

Results

Forty-one women participated in the study and their general characteristics are presented in Table 1. Ninety-two percent of the sample was physically active (with 17% presenting a score above 9), while 8% was classified as sedentary, according to the HPA score. According to the Oxford scale (²⁰20. Laycock J. Clinical evaluation of pelvic floor. In: Schussler B, Laycock J, Norton P, Stanton S, editors. Pelvic floor re-education. London: Springer-Verlag; 1994. p. 42–48.), 17% of the sample presented only a flicker of contraction, while 83% presented a PFM contraction capacity classified as follows: 31.8%: grade 2, 26.8%: grade 3, 24.4%: grade 4, and none: grade 5.

There was no significant difference between the participants' general characteristics in relation to the degree of PFM contraction (Supplementary Table S1), except for the VO₂VAT value.

There was a strong correlation between the degree of PFM strength obtained by digital palpation and the value obtained by perineometer (r=0.70; P<0.0001); therefore, the value obtained by digital palpation was not included in the analysis. The three strength values obtained by perineometer during the three contractions were averaged and the mean value was correlated with the following physical capacity variables: HPA score and VO₂VAT measured in the CPX test (Table 2).

The PFM contraction pressure was significantly and moderately correlated with VO₂VAT (r=0.55, P<0.05), and significantly and weakly correlated with the HPA score (r=0.38, P<0.05; Figure 2).

Considering these correlations, it was possible to elaborate an age-adjusted multiple linear regression equation to estimate VO₂VAT from the PFM contraction strength value (Table 3).

The mean VO₂VAT value measured in the validation group of 20 women (33±12 years; Perineometer 49±23 cmH₂O) was not significantly different from the mean VO₂VAT value predicted by the developed equation (13.1±1.9 vs 13.8±2.0), with the actual value representing 95±10% of the predicted value calculated with our reference equation.

Discussion

The results of the present study showed that the PFM contraction pressure can present significant correlations with physical capacity, assessed by a questionnaire, as well as with the aerobic capacity, assessed by CPX testing. Considering these findings, we propose an age-adjusted equation that allows predicting VO₂VAT from the PFM contraction value obtained by perineometer.

The relevance of the present study is related to the great physiological importance of the PFM, whose perception and function can be impaired in the female population. A deeper understanding of how the PFM function can be correlated with other factors, such as physical capacity, could represent a starting point to develop better and more efficient prevention and treatment strategies in this population. Furthermore, it is known that UI can arise at different ages, depending on associated factors such as urinary tract infection, obesity, genetic predisposition, menopause, etc. (⁹9. Anger JT, Saigal CS, Litwin MS and The urologic diseases of America project. The prevalence of urinary incontinence among community dwelling adult women: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey. J Urol 2006; 175: 601–604, doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00242-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00... ,³²32. Suskind AM, Cawthon PM, Nakagawa S, Subak LL, Reinders I, Satterfield S et al. Urinary incontinence in older women: the role of body composition and muscle strength: from the health, aging, and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 65: 42–50, doi: 10.1111/jgs.14545.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14545... ). By enrolling a group of women with an average age of 35 years, it was possible to carry out a comprehensive study that provided results not influenced by aging. To exclude major influences on the pelvic floor and on the aerobic capacity, only women who presented a BMI within the Brazilian range of normality were included in the present study (¹⁹19. Ministério da Saúde. Mapa da saúde do brasileiro. Brasília, DF. http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplicacoes/noticias/noticias_detalhe.cfm?co_seq_noticia=44917. Accessed in August 2012.
http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplica... ).

All participants underwent symptom-limited submaximal CPX and aerobic capacity was quantified by VO₂VAT. Oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold obtained from the CPX is representative of oxygen consumption during usual activities of daily living. In the present study, we showed that it reflected the PFM strength, with no need for the volunteers to perform a maximal exercise test.

It is known that for other muscles, such as wrist and fingers flexors (³³33. Grant MC, Robergs R, Baird MF, Baker JS. The effect of pior upper body exercise on subsequent wingate performance. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 329328.) and quadriceps (³⁴34. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Atividade física, saúde e envelhecimento. In: McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL (Editors). Fisiologia do exercício: energia, nutrição e desempenho humano. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1998. p 605–625.), strength is directly and positively correlated with the oxygen consumption obtained in the CPX. However, the literature mostly reports results obtained from investigations on overall muscle strength (³⁵35. Baker J, Brown E, Hill G, Phillips G, Willians R, Davies B. Handgrip contribution to lactate production and leg power during high-intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 1037–1040, doi: 10.1097/00005768-200206000-00021.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-2002060... ), which can possibly explain why high correlations were found between muscle strength and physical capacity.

However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies were performed to investigate the association between the PFM contraction strength and the aerobic capacity, assessed by measuring the oxygen consumption. The present study shows that PFM performance could be used for oxygen consumption prediction, as the handgrip strength.

Although considered a small muscle group, the PFM are responsible for stabilizing and sustaining the body, and are therefore directly involved in postural control (¹¹11. Sapsford RR, Richardson CA, Maher CF, Hodges PW. Pelvic floor muscle activity in different sitting postures in continent and incontinent women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008; 89: 1741–1747, doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.01.029.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.01.0... ,¹³13. Sapsford RR, Hodges PW. Contraction of the pelvic floor muscles during abdominal maneuvers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: 1081–1088, doi: 10.1053/apmr.2001.24297.
https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2001.24297... ). These muscles are in constant activity, and it is known that during activities that require center of mass displacement and coordination (³⁶36. Rothwell J. Control of human voluntary movement. 2nd edn. London: Chapman and Hall; 1994., doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-6960-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6960-... ), their activation may be even higher, which explains the positive correlation between the PFM strength and the VO₂VAT. Even though the PMF are a small muscle group, the recruitment reflex during stabilization can improve their functionality and that of other muscles.

It is known that sedentary people have reduced aerobic capacity and suffer the effects of physical inactivity, including physical limitations such as reduction in gait speed and a higher risk of falls, primarily due to a decrease in muscle strength and body control (³⁷37. Taylor D. Physical activity is medicine for older adults. Postgrad Med J 2014; 90: 26–32, doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-131366.
https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-201... ). When such changes affect the elderly population, the consequences can be worse, since such limitations lead to movement restriction and disability, which can contribute to the onset or worsening of UI.

This can explain why the findings of the present study are in accordance with those presented by Huang et al. (³⁸38. Huang AJ, Brown JS, Kanaya AM, Creasman JM, Ragins AI, Van Den Eeden SK et al. Quality-of-life impact and tratment of urinary incontinence in ethnically diverse older women. Arch Interm Med 2006; 166: 2000–2006, doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.18.2000.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.18.... ) who found that among elderly people with UI, those who performed lower levels of physical activity presented severer losses and lower quality of life. However, interestingly, when we divided the participants into groups depending on their PFM muscle strength, we observed that there was no difference in age, i.e., participants with worse scores were not necessarily older. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, no studies including a sample of young women have been conducted so far, which reinforces the importance of the present study. Moreover, our findings highlight the importance of performing regular physical activity also to preserve PFM functionality.

The relationship between PFM function and aerobic capacity reinforces the importance of submaximal exercise programs, which should be combined with specific interventions to preserve these muscles’ integrity and to improve UI in patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction (¹⁴14. Huang AJ, Brown JS, Thom DH, Fink HA, Yaffe K. Urinary incontinence in older community-dwelling women: the role of cognitive and physical function decline. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 909–916, doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000258277.01497.4b.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.000025827... ,³⁹39. Schnelle JF, Alessi CA, Simmons SF, Al-Samarrai NR, Beck JC, Ouslander JG. Translating clinical research into practice: a randomized controlled trial of exercise and incontinence care with nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 1476–1483, doi: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50401.x.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002... ,⁴⁰40. van Houten P, Achterberg W, Ribbe M. Urinary incontinence in disabled elderly women: a randomized clinical trial on the effect of training mobility and toileting skills to achieve independent toileting. Gerontology 2007; 53: 205–210, doi: 10.1159/000100544.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000100544... ). In addition, it is noteworthy that although the improvement in cardiopulmonary conditioning is associated with better PFM function, there is no evidence that an isolated training can improve symptoms related to UI.

The present study has some limitations that need to be addressed. Although we observed a correlation between aerobic capacity and PFM function, and a standard error of only 1.9 mL·kg^-1·min^-1 in the multiple linear regression, age and PFM function explained only 32% of oxygen consumption at VAT. Thus, other unknown factors may directly influence this equation. Moreover, only healthy women were studied in the present investigation. We believe that further studies should be performed including women presenting different BMI values, as well as women with UI or other diseases. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the importance of physical exercise as a way to prevent PFM function loss, which is known to be one of the most important factors that contribute to UI development.

In conclusion, our results showed that PFM functionality was closely related to aerobic capacity in apparently healthy women. Moreover, in the present study, we were able to elaborate an age-adjusted equation that allows predicting VO₂VAT from PFM strength values obtained by perineometer, which can be used as a tool for the prescription of physical exercise aiming at health promotion.

Supplementary Material

Click here to view [pdf].

Acknowledgments

The authors thank their colleagues from LAMU and LACAP, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), for their collaboration, and the volunteers for their effort and enthusiastic cooperation throughout the study. The authors thank the Fundação de Amparo è Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP: #2012/04363-8) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes: #88881.062123/2014-01 and #88887.067710/2014-00) for their financial support.

References

Publication Dates

History