The electronic media and the study profile of the surgical resident

ABSTRACT Objective: this study analyzed the surgical resident’s study profile by assessing the use of electronic media. 44.76% of the physicians agreed on participating. Methods: observational, cross-sectional non-controlled study. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the significance level for the statistical tests was p <0.001. Results: 87.2% of the residents believed that it is interesting to use e-learning together with the classical theoretic classes. 45% of the interviewed claimed to spend more than 3 hours on the Internet daily. Conclusion: residents recognize the importance of technology for education, but not as a way of replacing the traditional teaching methods.


Reimberg
The electronic media and the study profile of the surgical resident it is possible to create interactive material, simulations, and access to a larger range of knowledge, providing active and independent learning 13 .
Internet based learning also allows for instant access to information regarding clinical decision making, and a more concise presentation of the content 14 .
Another advantage is to allow study flexibility regarding frequency, duration, and content, that may be directed according to the need 8 .Despite all these benefits, there is a constant conflict between the traditional teaching methods and e-learning, regarding when and how to use them, and as an alternative on how to think Medical Education 11 .Nowadays, e-learning is well accepted as a supportive technology and not as a substitute of traditional teaching 14 .
Taking these e-learning aspects into consideration, the purpose of this paper was to assess how our surgical residents used electronic media and their practices regarding the study of theory.

METHODS
The data were collected in the year 2019, and this project was undertaken as the scientific initiation of one of the authors (JR).This is an observational, transverse study which included interviews with the regularly attending residents of the General and Specialty Surgery Programs of the Hospital of Clinics of the University of Campinas.
A standardized questionnaire was used for this purpose (Attachment 1).

RESULTS
Data were separated in four categories: 1) use of digital resources, 2) management of time, 3) study strategies for future exams, and 4) interest in having available digital content.When asked about the need of exams to promote learning, 25 (53.2%) reported them as necessary to support study theory, 21 (44.7%) reported they studied regardless of tests, and 1 (2.1%) did not answer.
Regarding the use of printed material (books) over digital, 29 (61.7%) reported a preferential use of the former.The same residents reported a preference for handbooks specifically written with the purpose of teaching residents over classical textbooks.
Also, forty-one (87.2%) residents do not regularly go to the Institution Library to access the journals, while six (12.8%) do so, and one of the latter reported having no access to scientific journals (Table 1).

Reimberg
The electronic media and the study profile of the surgical resident 2) Management of time: Twenty-four (51%) residents indicated to read less than 3 hours a week regarding the study of surgical theory.Thirty-one (66%) spent less than 3 hours a week studying in Medical books, and 37 (79%) reported to dedicate less than 3 hours a week to read There is a positive correlation between the time spent reading surgical topics and the reading of Medical textbooks (Table 2).3) Study strategies for future exams: It was observed that 87.2% of the participants attended some sort of preparatory course to take the exams for the current residency program, and 66% intend to attend a preparatory course to take the exams for a specialty residency program.

4) Interest in having available digital content:
The University uses the Moodle Platform to support the management of the digital content, with 57.4% of the participants stating they had already used it during their undergraduate or the current residency programs, and 53.1% of them defining it as an interesting platform (Table 3).
Thirty-two (68%) of the residents considered the traditional on-site classes more important than the online activities (Table 3).Finally, 25 (53.1%) of the residents frequently use a mobile phone to check on instructions in order to prescribe medications, while 19 (40.4%) use it to review disease clinical presentations and differential diagnosis.

Reimberg
The electronic media and the study profile of the surgical resident

DISCUSSION
We were able to show, in the current study, residents (87.2% of the interviewed subjects) are inclined to support the use of e-learning alongside with on-site classes.Contradictorily, despite a big interest in the use of digital technology, 61.7% of the residents declared a preference for a paper-based study.Yamsom et al. 15 , in 2018, demonstrated that 57% of the students also preferred the use of printed material over digital.Leven et al. 16 , in the year 2000, stated that 90% of the medical students preferred printed material.
We have also been able to see that 87.2% of the participants do not regularly make use of the resources available in the Institution's Library.Oussalah et al. 17 , in 2015, stated that only 46% of the residents accessed the traditional textbooks, because they preferred to read scientific journals.In the present research, it was found that 61% of the residents preferred the use of concise manuals over classical textbooks.
Edson et al. 18 , in 2015, found that 77% of the participants dedicated less than seven hours a week to read medical literature.They also reported that 94% of the participants used UpToDate as their main source of knowledge.In the present paper, we observed the same, since only 15% of the residents dedicated more than five hours a week studying.
Regarding the need for motivational tests to enhance the study habits, the results were similar.It is interesting to highlight that tests were viewed as ranking instruments and a way of promoting competition in the academic environment.However, when adequately taken, they can be an effective method to promote auto-evaluation and reflection, in particular in terms of acknowledging the mistakes to enhance the teachinglearning process.Larsen et al. 19 , recommend that tests should be carried out weekly or monthly to stimulate a regular rhythm of reading, and organization.
In a residency setting, evaluation is also an important instrument to highlight topics in need of more knowledge, thus decreasing the educational gap, and as a result, protecting patients.Such assessment may be used in different ways, besides the common written tests, to better evaluate competencies 20 .
As mentioned, 87.2% of the residents valued the use of e-learning reinforced by on-site classes.Silva et al. 21, in 2011, demonstrated that medical students who underwent additional e-learning performed better after having taken exams.This method allows the access of digital content at any time and place, with better image resolution and lower cost.It also allows for interaction among users and instant feedback 21 as well as repetitive viewing to enhance the comprehension and acquisition of important techniques through didactic videos 22 .This is specifically important in teaching Surgery, and an effective e-learning method for residents 23 .
Digital technology contributes to fast and repetitive access to information, and although it is a welcome additional learning tool, it does not minimize the importance of the teacher in the learning environment.
We believe that e-learning may improve learning goals along with other educational methodologies 24 .
There is a possibility to better explore the digital resources focused on theoretical knowledge acquisition in the surgical programs, including surgical technique

E-learning thoughts
68% believe that a synchronous video classes are not more interesting than an on-site class 74.4% regularly look for basic clinical discussion forums and videos to help understand a theoretical concept 91.5% believe that e-learning is an efficient learning tool 57.4% have used the Moodle platform during their undergraduate or residency programs 53.1% believe that the Moodle platform is interesting

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The electronic media and the study profile of the surgical resident 3. I usually search on forums and online videos to better understand a concept that I am not sure of it.( ) yes ( ) no 4.I frequently use mobile phone apps to expeditiously clear doubts: ( ) Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis ( ) bullarium and instructions for use ( ) risk stratification tables ( ) I don't use my apps for this purpose 2) Management of study time 5. How many hours a week (mean) do you use to study theoretical surgical concepts?( ) < 1h ( ) 1-3 hs ( ) 3-4 hs ( ) 4-5 hs ( ) > 5 hs 6.What is the percentage of theoretical content necessary to provide a solid knowledge for a resident doctor?( ) < 10% ( ) 10-20% ( ) 20-30% ( ) 30-40% ( ) > 40% 7. How many hours a week do you spend reading medical textbooks?( ) < 1h ( ) 1-3 hs ( ) 3-4 hs ( ) 4-5 hs ( ) > 5 hs 8. Do you prefer to read printed or digital materials?( ) printed ( ) digital format 9. Would you rather read classical textbooks or handbooks written for residents?( ) classical textbooks ( ) handbooks 10.Which digital format books do you own? 11.How many hours a week do you spend reading scientific papers?( ) < 1h ( ) 1-3 hs ( ) 3-4 hs ( ) 4-5 hs ( ) > 5 hs 12. Do you have access to the full text of the scientific papers?( ) yes ( ) no 13.Do you regularly go to the Institution's library? ( ) yes ( ) no 14.How many hours a week would you have available to participate in preparing cases for clinical forums and discussions?( ) < 1h ( ) 1-3 hs ( ) 3-4 hs ( ) 4-5 hs ( ) > 5 hs

(
CAE: 92664218.0.0000.5404),all residents from the General and various Specialty (Head and Neck, Digestive, Trauma, Pediatric, Plastic, Thoracic, Vascular, Coloproctology, Intensive Care and Urology) Programs were invited to participate.The participants' answers of the standardized questionnaire were acquired during an interview with one of the authors (JR).All participants signed the informed consent form.The study intended to interview all 105 surgical residents of the Department of Surgery, but It was only possible to interview 47 (44.76%) residents.The reason why some residents decided not to reply to the invitation was not recorded and could become the reason for a future investigation.Data were registered in a spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel) and statistical analyses were performed with SPSS -Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and GraphPad Prism software.Descriptive statistics are presented in the tables.For correlations, the Pearson test was applied.It was adopted the level of significance of p<0.001.

1 )
Use of digital resources: 36 (76.6%) of the residents indicated that it is preferable to use notebooks and desktop computers, and 11 (23.4%)preferred the use of tablets.41 (87.2%) of the residents believed it would be more interesting to have activities as e-learning as well as to have alternating on site lectures.Only 2 (4.2%) said that they would prefer to have only e-learning.Only one (2.1%) would prefer on site lectures alone, and 3 (6.5%)did not answer this topic.Thirty seven (78.7%) reinforced that on-site classes were important and 9 (19.1%)classified the on-site classes as indifferent, irrelevant or extremely irrelevant.

3 )
Strategies for future studies 15.Did you attend a preparatory course to enter the present residency program (basic surgery)?( ) yes ( ) no 16.Do you intend to attend a preparatory course to enter the next residency program (specialty)?( ) yes ( ) no 17.What kind of experience have you had with remote learning?

Table 2 .
Average time spent in the study of Surgery, textbook reading, scientific papers reading and use of internet.

Table 3 .
E-learning thoughts among surgical residents.