Abstract

Aedes aegypti is currently the mosquito with major impact on public health in Brazil and a proven vector of several emerging arboviruses. By consequence, its name is frequently being spoken by lay people of the media and general public, as well as by researchers in this country both in general media and academic events. However, the generic name Aedes, contrary to its etymological origin and worldwide correct pronunciation (“A-e-des”), has been frequently mispronounced as “Edes” on many occasions by media spokespersons and by researchers and lay people in Brazil. However, based on historical and linguistic evidence, it is confirmed here that the correct historical pronunciation (A-e-des) must be maintained and observed in Brazil as it is enunciated all over the World.

Key words
Chikungunya; Dengue; mosquito; Yellow Fever; Zika

INTRODUCTION

Aedes aegypti is currently the mosquito with major impact on public health in Brazil, being the proven vector of Dengue fever, Zika and Chikungunya viruses, which seriously impact human health (Patterson et al. 2016Patterson J, Sammon M & Garg M. 2016. Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya: Emerging Arboviruses in the New World. West J Emerg Med 17: 671-679., Carvalho & Moreira 2017Carvalho FD & Moreira LA. 2017. Why is Aedes aegypti Linnaeus so successful as a species? Neotrop Entomol 46: 243-255., Donalisio et al. 2017Donalisio MR, Freitas ARR & Von Zuben APB. 2017. Arboviruses emerging in Brazil: challenges for clinic and implications for public health. Rev Saude Publ 51: 30.). By consequence, the name of Aedes aegypti has been frequently spoken by media spokespersons and lay members of the general public, as well as by researchers in this country both in general media and academic events. However, Aedes is differently pronounced as “A-e-des” or “Edes”, and the initial diphthong of aegypti is pronounced as “a-e” or “e” (Rigolon 2015RIGOLON RG. 2015. A pronúncia do latim científico. Viçosa: Editora UFV, 190 p.). On one hand, there is no doubt that in the latter case, because of the general rule of pronunciation of the Latin diphthong “ae”, it should be spoken as “e” (Rigolon 2015RIGOLON RG. 2015. A pronúncia do latim científico. Viçosa: Editora UFV, 190 p.), thus “egypti”, with the final i being pronounced as a long vowel (as “need”). On the other hand, in the case of Aedes, as discussed below, the correct pronunciation does not follow this general rule and the “e” must be pronounced separately from the preceding “A” (A-e-des), with the first and second e both being pronounced as a long vowel.

DISCUSSION

The genus Aedes was created and described by Meigen (1818)MEIGEN jw. 1818. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Theil 1. Aachen: Beaufort Sohn, 332 p.. The original text was written in Gothic German with diagnosis or descriptions of the taxa in Latin. Aedes was stated at the top of page 13, while the sentence which clarifies the etymology of Aedes is the last on the same page, after a paragraph describing Aedes cinereus, which may possibly make it unnoticed for most of contemporary readers, who do not read Gothic German.

In the mentioned sentence, Meigen wrote that Graf (=Count) von Hoffmannsegg, which has[d] this species in his collection, create[d] the name Aedes from the Greek, meaning [in German] “beschwerlich”. The latter word is a German adjective which has several meanings, such as arduous, tiring, tiresome, wearisome, troublesome. It is noteworthy that Johann Centurius Graf von Hoffmannsegg (1766-1849) was an influent German naturalist, who made contributions to botany, entomology and ornitology, besides gathering many biological collections (Papavero 1971Papavero h. 1971. Essays on the history of Neotropical Dipterology, with special reference to collectors (1750–1905). São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo 1: 216 p.).

Therefore, Aedes is taken from Greek (meaning distasteful, disagreeable, odious, unpleasant), and that is the reason why the first two letters (Ae) must be pronounced separately: A-e-des. In the past, many authors enhanced this fact by adding an umlaut over the first “e” of the name (“Aëdes”). A remarkable example is the superb comprehensive monograph about Aedes aegypti by Sir S. R. Christophers (1960)CHRISTOPHERS SR. 1960. Aëdes aegypti (L.). The yellow fever mosquito. Its life history, bionomics and structure. London: Cambridge University Press, 739 p. in which the name of this genus is always written as “Aëdes”. Nowadays, however, Article 27 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999ICZN - INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.) requires that no diacritical or other mark, such as an umlaut can be used, essentially removing the indicator for the correct pronunciation of Aedes. On the other hand, it is noteworthy that when one of us (JA) asked the culicid specialist Dr. Ralph Harbach at the Natural History Museum in London (NHM), UK, about the present subject, he informed us that in the case of Aedes, it is in fact pronounced as “Á-é-dés” and that “None of my French, German, African and Asian colleagues mispronounce the name (…)”.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Efforts should be made to inform and correct the current mispronunciation of Aedes, not only among scientists or researchers working in fields related to mosquitoes or diseases transmitted by them but also among lay people and media persons in Brazil, as a good scientific practice.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are very grateful to Dr. Ralph E. Harbach (NHM, London, UK) for his very valuable suggestions and information, which considerably improved the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Publication Dates

History