Comunidades microplanctônicas no Oceano Atlântico Sul Ocidental: biomassa e distribuição em novembro de 1992

Fernandes, Luciano F.; Brandini, Frederico P.

doi:10.1590/S1413-77391999000200007

Resumos

A distribuição quantitativa e a biomassa do microplâncton (1O-200J.lffi) foram investigadas ao longo de um transecto entre 8ão Paulo (25º30'8) e a Península Antártica (62º05'8) em novembro de 1992. Aumentos de biomassa fitoplanctônica ocorreram na Frente Polar (FP) e Zona de Confluência Brasil-Malvinas (ZCBM) (0,84-1,23J.1g Chl.a/l). A biomassa foi menor nas massas de água adjacentes, com valores médios semelhantes de clorofila-a para a Água 8ubtropical (0,27J.1g/1), onde ocorreu florescimento de Trichodesmium erythraeum, e Água de 8uperficie Antártica (O, 18J.1g11). A área central oceânica na Água 8ubantártica ao largo da plataforma patagônica (46º8-54º8) constituiu notável exceção, com florescimentos significativos do fitoplâncton (até 2,46J.1g Chl.a/1). As diatomáceas dominaram as áreas de crescimento intensivo nas duas fTentes, onde os valores de abundância e biomassa do fitoplâncton foram semelhantes, indicando que ambientes com características hidrográficas e biológicas distintas suportam florescimentos de mesma magnitude. Ao norte da ZCBM dominaram espécies com menor quantidade de sílica, refletindo concentrações menores deste nutriente naquelas águas. Em contrapartida, espécies com paredes celulares espessadas dominaram a comunidade durante o florescimento na FP. Estes representantes parecem ser recorrentes e com distribuição circumpolar na FP em diferentes longitudes. Ciliados e dinoflagelados dominaram na Água 8ubtropical e norte da Confluência, parecendo responder rapidamente às elevações de densidade do fitoplâncton. A Prymnesiophyceae Phaeocystis aft: globosa foi abundante em algumas estações.

Microplâncton; Diatomáceas; Atlântico Sul Ocidental; Distribuição; Biomassa; Frentes oceânicas

The biomass distribution and the composition of the microplankton (1O-200J.1m) were investigated along a transect between 80uthem Brazil (25º30'8) and Antarctic Peninsula (62º05'8) in November/1992. Biomass peaks were observed at Polar Front (PF) and Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Zone (BMCZ) (0.84-1.23 J.1g Chl.a/l). Adjacent waters showed low biomass indicating low productivity, with similar average values for Antarctic Water (0.18 J.1g/l) and 8ubtropical Water (0.27 J.1g11), where a bloom of Trichodesmium erythraeum was detected. 8ubantarctic waters over the oceanic province around the Patagonian shelf represented a notable exception, with peaks in phytoplankton biomass (up to 2.46 J.1g Chl.a/l). Those areas of enhanced biomass were diatom-dominated; the Prymnesiophyceae Phaeocystis was abundant in some stations. Both fronts presented similar values of chlorophyll-a, indicating that environments with distinctive characteristics could support blooms of the same magnitude. Weakly silicified diatoms (Hemiaulus, Leptocylindrus, Thalassiosira) dominated to the north of the BMCZ, while heavily silicified species (Asteromphalus, Chaetoceros aff.neglectus, Fragillariopsis kerguelensis, Proboscia, Pseudonitzschia sp., Rhizosolenia) formed the buIk of phytoplankton at the PF, reflecting the different chemical characteristics of the water masses. The diatoms occurring in the PF appear to be recurrent and widely distributed along different longitudes over the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates were dominant at 8ubtropical Water and to the north ofBMCZ, and seemed to respond quickly to the increasing phytoplankton biomass.

Microplankton; Diatoms; Biogeography; Biomass; Oceanic fronts; Southwestem Atlantic Ocean; Antarctica

RESEARCH ARTICLES

Comunidades microplanctônicas no Oceano Atlântico Sul Ocidental: biomassa e distribuição em novembro de 1992

Microplankton communities in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: biomass and distribution in November/1992

Luciano F. Fernandes^I; Frederico P. Brandini^II

^IUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Botânica Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Centro Politécnico (Caixa Postal 19031, 81531-970, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil) E-mail: lucfel@garoupa.bio.ufpr.br

^IIUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Centro de Estudos do Mar (Av. Beira-mar, s.n., 83255-000, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brasil)

RESUMO

A distribuição quantitativa e a biomassa do microplâncton (1O-200J.lffi) foram investigadas ao longo de um transecto entre 8ão Paulo (25º30'8) e a Península Antártica (62º05'8) em novembro de 1992. Aumentos de biomassa fitoplanctônica ocorreram na Frente Polar (FP) e Zona de Confluência Brasil-Malvinas (ZCBM) (0,84-1,23J.1g Chl.a/l). A biomassa foi menor nas massas de água adjacentes, com valores médios semelhantes de clorofila-a para a Água 8ubtropical (0,27J.1g/1), onde ocorreu florescimento de Trichodesmium erythraeum, e Água de 8uperficie Antártica (O, 18J.1g11). A área central oceânica na Água 8ubantártica ao largo da plataforma patagônica (46º8-54º8) constituiu notável exceção, com florescimentos significativos do fitoplâncton (até 2,46J.1g Chl.a/1). As diatomáceas dominaram as áreas de crescimento intensivo nas duas fTentes, onde os valores de abundância e biomassa do fitoplâncton foram semelhantes, indicando que ambientes com características hidrográficas e biológicas distintas suportam florescimentos de mesma magnitude. Ao norte da ZCBM dominaram espécies com menor quantidade de sílica, refletindo concentrações menores deste nutriente naquelas águas. Em contrapartida, espécies com paredes celulares espessadas dominaram a comunidade durante o florescimento na FP. Estes representantes parecem ser recorrentes e com distribuição circumpolar na FP em diferentes longitudes. Ciliados e dinoflagelados dominaram na Água 8ubtropical e norte da Confluência, parecendo responder rapidamente às elevações de densidade do fitoplâncton. A Prymnesiophyceae Phaeocystis aft: globosa foi abundante em algumas estações.

Descritores: Microplâncton, Diatomáceas, Atlântico Sul Ocidental, Distribuição, Biomassa, Frentes oceânicas.

ABSTRACT

The biomass distribution and the composition of the microplankton (1O-200J.1m) were investigated along a transect between 80uthem Brazil (25º30'8) and Antarctic Peninsula (62º05'8) in November/1992. Biomass peaks were observed at Polar Front (PF) and Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Zone (BMCZ) (0.84-1.23 J.1g Chl.a/l). Adjacent waters showed low biomass indicating low productivity, with similar average values for Antarctic Water (0.18 J.1g/l) and 8ubtropical Water (0.27 J.1g11), where a bloom of Trichodesmium erythraeum was detected. 8ubantarctic waters over the oceanic province around the Patagonian shelf represented a notable exception, with peaks in phytoplankton biomass (up to 2.46 J.1g Chl.a/l). Those areas of enhanced biomass were diatom-dominated; the Prymnesiophyceae Phaeocystis was abundant in some stations. Both fronts presented similar values of chlorophyll-a, indicating that environments with distinctive characteristics could support blooms of the same magnitude. Weakly silicified diatoms (Hemiaulus, Leptocylindrus, Thalassiosira) dominated to the north of the BMCZ, while heavily silicified species (Asteromphalus, Chaetoceros aff.neglectus, Fragillariopsis kerguelensis, Proboscia, Pseudonitzschia sp., Rhizosolenia) formed the buIk of phytoplankton at the PF, reflecting the different chemical characteristics of the water masses. The diatoms occurring in the PF appear to be recurrent and widely distributed along different longitudes over the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates were dominant at 8ubtropical Water and to the north ofBMCZ, and seemed to respond quickly to the increasing phytoplankton biomass.

Descriptors: Microplankton, Diatoms, Biogeography, Biomass, Oceanic fronts, Southwestem Atlantic Ocean, Antarctica.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Agradecimentos

À tripulação do N/Ap. Oco "Barão de Tetlé"/Marinha do Brasil pela disposição em ajudar nas coletas das amostras, e pelo empenho em integrar pesquisadores e militares. Trabalho financiado pelo CNPq/PROANT AR (proc. n. 67000 I/93-7), curso de Pós-graduação em Zoologia/UFPR (Bolsa Doutorado para L. F. F.) e Centro de Estudos do MarlUFPR Ora. Daura R E. StotIella (Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica-UFPR) e Paulo Bryxell (LACTEC-PR) cederam os microscópios eletrônicos de varredura para determinação de espécies.

(Manuscrito recebido 03 março 1999; revisado 30 agosto 1999; aceito 25 novembro 1999)

Allanson, B. R; Hart, R C. & Lutjeharms, J. R E. 1981. Observations on the nutrients, chlorophyll and primary production of the Southern Ocean south of Africa. S. Afr. J. Antarct. Res., 10/11 :3-14.
Boltovskoy, D. 1989. Las zonas de transicion en la pelagial: biogeografia y paleobiogeografia. In: ENCONTRO BRASILEIRO DE PLÂNCTON, 3. Caiobá, PR, 1989. Memórias. Curitiba, UFPR. p.9-24.
Baar, H. J. W. de; De Jong, J. T. M.; Bakker, D. C. E.; Lõscher, B. M.; Veth, C.; Bathmann, U. V. & Smetacek, V. 1995. Importance of iron for plankton blooms and carbon dioxide drawdown in the Southern Oceano Nature, 373(6513):412-415.
Brandini, F. P. 1988. Composição e distribuição do fitoplâncton na região sueste do Brasil e suas relações com as massas de água (Operação Sueste - julho/agosto 1982). Cienc. Cult., 40(4):334-341.
Brandini, F. P. 1990. Hydrography and characteristics of the phytoplankton in shelf and oceanic waters off southeastern Brazil during winter (July/August 1982) and summer (February/March 1984). Hydrobiologia, 196(2):111-148.
Brandini, F. P. & Fernandes, L. F. 1996. Microalgae of the continental shelf off Parana State, Southeastern Brazil: a review of studies. Rev. bras. oceanogr., 44(1):69-80.
Burkill, P. R; Edwards, E. S. & Sleigh, M. A. 1995. Microzooplankton and their role in controlling phytoplankton growth in the marginal ice zone of the Bellingshausen Sea. Deep-Sea Res. PTII, 42(5-5): 1277-1290.
Balech, E. 1971. Microplancton de la campafia Productividad m. Revta Mus. argent. Cienc. nat. Bernadino Rivadavia, Inst. naco Invest. Cienc. nat., 3:1-204.
Balech, E. 1986. De nuevo sobre la oceanografia frente a la Argentina. Boln Servo Hidrog. Nav., Argent. Hidrog., 1:1-23.
Balech, E. 1989. Los dinoflagelados dei Atlantico Sudoccidental. Publ. espec. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr., (1):1-310.
Bathmann, U. V. 1994. Phytoplankton biomass distribution. In: Bathmann, U. V.; Smetacek, V.; Baar, H. de; Fahrbach, E. & Krause, G. eds. The expeditions Antartiks X/6-8 of the research vessel "Polarstern" in 1992/93. Ber. Polarforsch., 135:55-57.
Bathmann, U. V.; Scharek, R; Klaas, C.; Dubschar, C. D. & Smetacek, V. 1997. Spring development of phytoplankton biomass and composition in major water masses of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Oceano Deep-Sea Res., PTII 44(1-2):51-67.
Boden, B. P.; DucombeRae, C. M. & Lutjeharms, J. R E. 1988. The distribution of the diatoms of the southwest Indian Ocean surface waters between Cape Town and the Prince Edward Island archipelago. S. Afr. J. Sei., 84:811-818.
Boltovskoy, D. 1981. Atlas dei zooplancton dei Atlantico Sudoccidental y métodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino. Mar dei Plata, INIDEP.936p.
Boltovskoy, D. 1986. Biogeography of the Southwestern Atlantic; overview, current problems and prospects. In: Pierrot-Bulls, A.C. ed. Pelagic biogeography. UNESCO tech. Papo mar. Sei., 49:14-24.
Campos, E. J. D.; Lorenzzetti, J. A.; Stevenson, M. R.; Stech, J. L. & Souza, R. B. 1996. Penetration of waters ftom the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region along the south American continental shelf up to 23şS. An. Acad. bras. Ci., 68 (supl. 1 ):49-58.
Ciotti, A. M.; Odebrecht, C.; Fillmann, G. & Mõller, O. 1995. Freshwater outflow and Subtropical Convergence influence on phytoplankton biomass on the southern Brazilian continental shelf. Contin. ShelfRes., 15(14):1737-1756.
Comiso, J. C.; McClain, C. R.; Sullivan, C. W.; Ryan, J. P. & Leonard, C. R. 1993. Coastal zone color scanner pigment concentrations in the Southeni Ocean and relationships to geophysical features. J. geophys. Res., 98(2):2419-2451.
Deacon, G. E. R. 1982. Physical and biological zonation in the Southern Oceano Deep-Sea Res., 29(IA):1-15.
Dodson, A. N. & Thomas, W. R 1978. Reverse filtration. In: Sournia, A. ed. Phytoplankton manual. Monogr. oceanogr. methodol., 6:104-107.
Edler, L. 1979. Recommendations on methods for marine biological studies in the Baltic Sea. Phytoplankton and chlorophyll. Baltic mar. biol., 5:1-37.
El-Sayed, S. Z. 1970. On the productivity of the Southern Ocean (Atlantic and Pacific sectors). In: Holdgate, M. W. ed. Antarctic ecology. London, Academic Press. 1: 119-13 5.
Froneman, P. W.; Perissinotto, R. & McQuaid, C. D. 1995. Summer distribution of netphytoplankton in the Atlantic sector of the Southern oceano Polar Biol., 15(2):77-84.
Froneman, P. W.; Perissinotto, R. & Pakhomov, E. A. 1997. Biogeographical structure of the microphytoplankton assemblages in the region of the Subtropical Convergence and across a warm-core eddy during austral winter. J. Plankt. Res., 19(4):519-531.
Emílsson, I. 1961. The shelf and coastal waters off the Southern Brazil. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 11(2):101-112.
Fernandes, L. F. 1992. Variação sazonal do fitoplâncton e parâmetros hidrográficos em uma estação costeira de Paranaguá, Paraná, Brasil. Dissertação de mestrado. Universidade Federal do Paraná. 93p.
Franks, P. J. S. 1992. Sink or swim: accumulation of biomass at ftonts. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 82(1):1-12.
Franks, P. J. S. & Walstad, L. J. 1997. Phytoplankton patches at ftonts: a model of formation and responseto wind events. J. Mar. Res., 55(1):1-29.
Froneman, P. W. & Perissinotto, R. 1995. Biogeographic structure of microphytoplankton assemblages of the south Atlantic and Southern Ocean during austral summer. J. Plankt. Res., 17(9):1791-1802.
Fryxell, G. A. & Kendrick, G. A. 1988. Austral spring microalgae across the Weddel Sea ice edge: spatial relationships found along a northward transect during AMERIEZ 83. Deep-Sea Res., 35(1):1-20.
Fukuchi, M. 1980. Phytoplankton chlorophyll stoeks in the Antarctic oceano J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 36:73-84.
Gayoso, A. M. & Podestá, G. P. 1996. Surface hydrography and phytoplankton of the Brazil-Malvinas currents confluence. J. Plankt. Res., 18(6):941-951.
Gianesella-Galvão, S. M. F.; Costa, M. P. de F. & Kutner, M. B. B. 1995. Bloom of Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) erythraea (Ehr.) Kütz. in coastal waters of the southwest Atlantic. Publção esp. Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, (11):133-140.
Stramma, L. & England, M. 1999. On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Oceano J. geophys. Res., 104(C9):20863-20883.
Strathmann, R R 1967. Estimating the organic carbon content of phytoplankton ftom cell volumes or plasma volume. Limnol. Oceanogr., 12(3):411-418.
Strickland, J. D. H. & Parsons, T. R 1972. A pratical handbook of seawater analysis. 2nd. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 122:1-172.
Sullivan, C. W.; Arrigo, K. R; McClain, C. R; Comiso, J. C. & Firestone, J. 1993. Distribution of phytoplankton blooms in the Southern Oceano Science,262(5141):1832-1837.
Sverdrup, H. u.; Johnson, M. W. & Fleming, R H. 1942. The oceans, their physics, chemistry and general biology. New York, Prentice Hall. 1087p.
Tréguer, P. & Jacques, G. 1992. Dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton, and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and silicon in the Antarctic Oceano Polar Biol., 12(2):149-162.
Tumer, D. R & Owens, N. J. P. 1995. A biogeochemical study in the Bellingshausen Sea: overview of the STERNA 1992 expedition. Deep-Sea Res. PTII, 42(4-5):907-932.
Veth, C.; Peeken, I. & Scharek, R 1997. Physical anatomy of ftonts and surface waters in the ACC near the 6şW meridian during austral spring 1992. Deep-Sea Res. PTII, 44(1-2):23-49.
Zernova, V. V. 1988. Seasonal variations of the antarctic pelagic diatoms. In: INTERNA TIONAL DIA TOM SYPOSIUM, 10. Joensuu, Finland, 1988. Proceedings. Germany, Koeltz Scientific Books, 1990. p.267-274.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
22 Abr 2013
Data do Fascículo
1999

Histórico

Aceito
25 Nov 1999
Revisado
30 Ago 1999
Recebido
03 Mar 1999

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Allanson, B. R; Hart, R C. & Lutjeharms, J. R E. 1981. Observations on the nutrients, chlorophyll and primary production of the Southern Ocean south of Africa. S. Afr. J. Antarct. Res., 10/11 :3-14.

[2] Boltovskoy, D. 1989. Las zonas de transicion en la pelagial: biogeografia y paleobiogeografia. In: ENCONTRO BRASILEIRO DE PLÂNCTON, 3. Caiobá, PR, 1989. Memórias. Curitiba, UFPR. p.9-24.

[3] Baar, H. J. W. de; De Jong, J. T. M.; Bakker, D. C. E.; Lõscher, B. M.; Veth, C.; Bathmann, U. V. & Smetacek, V. 1995. Importance of iron for plankton blooms and carbon dioxide drawdown in the Southern Oceano Nature, 373(6513):412-415.

[4] Brandini, F. P. 1988. Composição e distribuição do fitoplâncton na região sueste do Brasil e suas relações com as massas de água (Operação Sueste - julho/agosto 1982). Cienc. Cult., 40(4):334-341.

[5] Brandini, F. P. 1990. Hydrography and characteristics of the phytoplankton in shelf and oceanic waters off southeastern Brazil during winter (July/August 1982) and summer (February/March 1984). Hydrobiologia, 196(2):111-148.

[6] Brandini, F. P. & Fernandes, L. F. 1996. Microalgae of the continental shelf off Parana State, Southeastern Brazil: a review of studies. Rev. bras. oceanogr., 44(1):69-80.

[7] Burkill, P. R; Edwards, E. S. & Sleigh, M. A. 1995. Microzooplankton and their role in controlling phytoplankton growth in the marginal ice zone of the Bellingshausen Sea. Deep-Sea Res. PTII, 42(5-5): 1277-1290.

[8] Balech, E. 1971. Microplancton de la campafia Productividad m. Revta Mus. argent. Cienc. nat. Bernadino Rivadavia, Inst. naco Invest. Cienc. nat., 3:1-204.

[9] Balech, E. 1986. De nuevo sobre la oceanografia frente a la Argentina. Boln Servo Hidrog. Nav., Argent. Hidrog., 1:1-23.

[10] Balech, E. 1989. Los dinoflagelados dei Atlantico Sudoccidental. Publ. espec. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr., (1):1-310.

[11] Bathmann, U. V. 1994. Phytoplankton biomass distribution. In: Bathmann, U. V.; Smetacek, V.; Baar, H. de; Fahrbach, E. & Krause, G. eds. The expeditions Antartiks X/6-8 of the research vessel "Polarstern" in 1992/93. Ber. Polarforsch., 135:55-57.

[12] Bathmann, U. V.; Scharek, R; Klaas, C.; Dubschar, C. D. & Smetacek, V. 1997. Spring development of phytoplankton biomass and composition in major water masses of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Oceano Deep-Sea Res., PTII 44(1-2):51-67.

[13] Boden, B. P.; DucombeRae, C. M. & Lutjeharms, J. R E. 1988. The distribution of the diatoms of the southwest Indian Ocean surface waters between Cape Town and the Prince Edward Island archipelago. S. Afr. J. Sei., 84:811-818.

[14] Boltovskoy, D. 1981. Atlas dei zooplancton dei Atlantico Sudoccidental y métodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino. Mar dei Plata, INIDEP.936p.

[15] Boltovskoy, D. 1986. Biogeography of the Southwestern Atlantic; overview, current problems and prospects. In: Pierrot-Bulls, A.C. ed. Pelagic biogeography. UNESCO tech. Papo mar. Sei., 49:14-24.

[16] Campos, E. J. D.; Lorenzzetti, J. A.; Stevenson, M. R.; Stech, J. L. & Souza, R. B. 1996. Penetration of waters ftom the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region along the south American continental shelf up to 23şS. An. Acad. bras. Ci., 68 (supl. 1 ):49-58.

[17] Ciotti, A. M.; Odebrecht, C.; Fillmann, G. & Mõller, O. 1995. Freshwater outflow and Subtropical Convergence influence on phytoplankton biomass on the southern Brazilian continental shelf. Contin. ShelfRes., 15(14):1737-1756.

[18] Comiso, J. C.; McClain, C. R.; Sullivan, C. W.; Ryan, J. P. & Leonard, C. R. 1993. Coastal zone color scanner pigment concentrations in the Southeni Ocean and relationships to geophysical features. J. geophys. Res., 98(2):2419-2451.

[19] Deacon, G. E. R. 1982. Physical and biological zonation in the Southern Oceano Deep-Sea Res., 29(IA):1-15.

[20] Dodson, A. N. & Thomas, W. R 1978. Reverse filtration. In: Sournia, A. ed. Phytoplankton manual. Monogr. oceanogr. methodol., 6:104-107.

[21] Edler, L. 1979. Recommendations on methods for marine biological studies in the Baltic Sea. Phytoplankton and chlorophyll. Baltic mar. biol., 5:1-37.

[22] El-Sayed, S. Z. 1970. On the productivity of the Southern Ocean (Atlantic and Pacific sectors). In: Holdgate, M. W. ed. Antarctic ecology. London, Academic Press. 1: 119-13 5.

[23] Froneman, P. W.; Perissinotto, R. & McQuaid, C. D. 1995. Summer distribution of netphytoplankton in the Atlantic sector of the Southern oceano Polar Biol., 15(2):77-84.

[24] Froneman, P. W.; Perissinotto, R. & Pakhomov, E. A. 1997. Biogeographical structure of the microphytoplankton assemblages in the region of the Subtropical Convergence and across a warm-core eddy during austral winter. J. Plankt. Res., 19(4):519-531.

[25] Emílsson, I. 1961. The shelf and coastal waters off the Southern Brazil. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 11(2):101-112.

[26] Fernandes, L. F. 1992. Variação sazonal do fitoplâncton e parâmetros hidrográficos em uma estação costeira de Paranaguá, Paraná, Brasil. Dissertação de mestrado. Universidade Federal do Paraná. 93p.

[27] Franks, P. J. S. 1992. Sink or swim: accumulation of biomass at ftonts. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 82(1):1-12.

[28] Franks, P. J. S. & Walstad, L. J. 1997. Phytoplankton patches at ftonts: a model of formation and responseto wind events. J. Mar. Res., 55(1):1-29.

[29] Froneman, P. W. & Perissinotto, R. 1995. Biogeographic structure of microphytoplankton assemblages of the south Atlantic and Southern Ocean during austral summer. J. Plankt. Res., 17(9):1791-1802.

[30] Fryxell, G. A. & Kendrick, G. A. 1988. Austral spring microalgae across the Weddel Sea ice edge: spatial relationships found along a northward transect during AMERIEZ 83. Deep-Sea Res., 35(1):1-20.

[31] Fukuchi, M. 1980. Phytoplankton chlorophyll stoeks in the Antarctic oceano J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 36:73-84.

[32] Gayoso, A. M. & Podestá, G. P. 1996. Surface hydrography and phytoplankton of the Brazil-Malvinas currents confluence. J. Plankt. Res., 18(6):941-951.

[33] Gianesella-Galvão, S. M. F.; Costa, M. P. de F. & Kutner, M. B. B. 1995. Bloom of Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) erythraea (Ehr.) Kütz. in coastal waters of the southwest Atlantic. Publção esp. Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, (11):133-140.

[34] Stramma, L. & England, M. 1999. On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Oceano J. geophys. Res., 104(C9):20863-20883.

[35] Strathmann, R R 1967. Estimating the organic carbon content of phytoplankton ftom cell volumes or plasma volume. Limnol. Oceanogr., 12(3):411-418.

[36] Strickland, J. D. H. & Parsons, T. R 1972. A pratical handbook of seawater analysis. 2nd. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 122:1-172.

[37] Sullivan, C. W.; Arrigo, K. R; McClain, C. R; Comiso, J. C. & Firestone, J. 1993. Distribution of phytoplankton blooms in the Southern Oceano Science,262(5141):1832-1837.

[38] Sverdrup, H. u.; Johnson, M. W. & Fleming, R H. 1942. The oceans, their physics, chemistry and general biology. New York, Prentice Hall. 1087p.

[39] Tréguer, P. & Jacques, G. 1992. Dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton, and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and silicon in the Antarctic Oceano Polar Biol., 12(2):149-162.

[40] Tumer, D. R & Owens, N. J. P. 1995. A biogeochemical study in the Bellingshausen Sea: overview of the STERNA 1992 expedition. Deep-Sea Res. PTII, 42(4-5):907-932.

[41] Veth, C.; Peeken, I. & Scharek, R 1997. Physical anatomy of ftonts and surface waters in the ACC near the 6şW meridian during austral spring 1992. Deep-Sea Res. PTII, 44(1-2):23-49.

[42] Zernova, V. V. 1988. Seasonal variations of the antarctic pelagic diatoms. In: INTERNA TIONAL DIA TOM SYPOSIUM, 10. Joensuu, Finland, 1988. Proceedings. Germany, Koeltz Scientific Books, 1990. p.267-274.