Abstract

Introduction

Increased life expectancy has led to an increase in the demand for rehabilitation using endosseous implants and reconstructive procedures. One of the main requirements for sites receiving implants is adequate alveolar bone volume. ¹1. Donos N, Kostopoulos L, Karring T. Alveolar ridge augmentation by combining autogenous mandibular bone grafts and non-resorbable membranes. An experimental study in the rat. Clin Oral Impl Res. 2002 Apr;13(2):185-91.^,22. Jardini MAN, De Marco AC, Lima LA. Early healing pattern of autogenous bone grafts with and without e-PTFE membranes: a histomorphometric study in rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005 Dec;100(6):666-73.^,33. Adeyemo WL, Reuther T, Bloch W, Korkmaz Y, Fisher JH, Zöller JE, et al. Healing of onlay mandibular bone grafts covered with collagen membrane or bovine bone substitutes: a microscopical and immunohistochemical study in the sheep. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Jul;37(7):651-59. If this volume is not present, techniques for bone tissue augmentation may be used, including autogenous bone grafts and guided bone regeneration. ¹1. Donos N, Kostopoulos L, Karring T. Alveolar ridge augmentation by combining autogenous mandibular bone grafts and non-resorbable membranes. An experimental study in the rat. Clin Oral Impl Res. 2002 Apr;13(2):185-91.^,44. Buser D, Dula K, Belser UC, Hirt HP, Berthold H. Localized ridge augmentation using guided bone regeneration. II. Surgical procedure in the mandible. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1995;Feb 15(1):10-29.^,55. Taguchi Y, Amizuka N, Nakadate M, Ohnishi H, Fujii N, Oda K, et al. A histological evaluation for guided bone regeneration induced by a collagenous membrane. Biomaterials. 2005 Nov;26(31):6158-66. To accomplish bone regeneration, barrier membranes are often used. The use of PTFE-e membranes in GBR is based on the material’s biocompatibility and its ability to maintain space for osteogenic cells and fluid migration. This event can lead to isolation of cells without osteogenic potential, protecting the wound and thereby increase bone formation. ⁴4. Buser D, Dula K, Belser UC, Hirt HP, Berthold H. Localized ridge augmentation using guided bone regeneration. II. Surgical procedure in the mandible. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1995;Feb 15(1):10-29.^,55. Taguchi Y, Amizuka N, Nakadate M, Ohnishi H, Fujii N, Oda K, et al. A histological evaluation for guided bone regeneration induced by a collagenous membrane. Biomaterials. 2005 Nov;26(31):6158-66.^,66. Pikos MA. Block autografts for localized ridge augmentation: part II. The posterior mandible. Implant Dent. 2000;9(1):67-75.

However, combined with population aging, there has been an increase in diseases that may interfere with bone repair. For example, estrogen deficiency can lead to other bone problems, such as osteoporosis, which may interfere with bone regeneration prior to implant therapy. It is well established that estrogen deficiency increases bone turnover and alters the balance in favor of resorption, which may lead to osteoporosis. Several studies have reported the negative effects of this condition on oral bone and systemic disease. ⁷7. Lerner UH. Bone remodeling in post-menopausal osteoporosis. J Dent Res. 2006 Jul;85(7):584-95. However, few studies have investigated the impact of osteoporosis mediated by estrogen deficiency on bone graft repair.

To better understand the mechanism of this process, the interactions between bone repair molecular mediators must be elucidated. The RANK/RANKL/OPG interaction plays a fundamental role in the osteoclastogenesis process and is critical in the regulation of bone remodeling. ⁸8. Cao JJ, Singleton PA, Majumdar S, Boudignon B, Burghardt A, Kurimoto P, et al. Hyaluronan increases RANK-L expression in bone marrow stromal cells through CD44. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Jan;20(1):30-40. After menopause, bone loss occurs because RANKL activity is favored over OPG activity. The reduction of the estrogen levels decreases OPG activity and increases RANKL activity, leading to increased resorption and bone loss. The influence of osteoporosis on bone repair has been widely discussed; therefore, it is possible to study its mechanisms in animals subjected to estrogen deficiency through the immunohistochemical expression of bone resorption markers.

Consequently, this study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of molecular markers in bone formation during the repair process of onlay autogenous bone grafts in estrogen deficient female rats.

Methodology

This study followed the Ethical Principles for Animal Experimentation adopted by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA) and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia – ICT, UNESP (protocol n. 026/2008-PA/CEP).

Eighty 300-gram adult Wistar female rats aged 90 days were randomly divided into the following two groups: the OVX group, which was subjected to ovariectomy surgery, and the SHAM group, which was subjected to the same surgical procedure but without removal of the ovaries, as previously described ²2. Jardini MAN, De Marco AC, Lima LA. Early healing pattern of autogenous bone grafts with and without e-PTFE membranes: a histomorphometric study in rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005 Dec;100(6):666-73. . Each group was further divided in two subgroups: subgroup E, subjected to surgery for the placement of an autogenous bone graft, and subgroup ME, in which the graft was covered with an e-PTFE membrane (WL Gore & Associates, Newark, USA).

Bone graft surgery

Thirty days after the ovariectomy, surgeries were performed for placement of the autogenous bone grafts, using the calvaria as the donor site and the mandibular angle as the receptor site. A detailed description of this procedure may be found in previous studies. ²2. Jardini MAN, De Marco AC, Lima LA. Early healing pattern of autogenous bone grafts with and without e-PTFE membranes: a histomorphometric study in rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005 Dec;100(6):666-73.^,99. De Marco AC, Jardini MAN, Modolo F, Nunes FD, Lima LA. Immunolocalization of bone morphogenetic protein 2 during the early healing events after guided bone regeneration. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012 Apr;113(4):533-41.^,1010. Nascimento RD, Cardoso PE, De Marco AC, Lima LA, Jardini MAN. Influence of osteopenia in autogenous bone graft healing with or without expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes: histologic and histomorphometric study in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009 Nov-Dec;24(6):1074-82.

Initially, the graft was harvested using a trephine bur with 4.1 mm external diameter (Neodent, Curitiba, Brazil) and its center perforated with a ½ carbide bur (KGSorensen, Cotia, Brazil) at low speed, under irrigation with saline. Three perforations were performed on the mandibular angle with a ½ carbide bur under thorough irrigation, which allowed stabilization of the bone block to the receptor site using a 5.0 green braided polyester suture (Ethicon Johnson & Johnson, São José dos Campos, Brazil) and adaptation of the e-PTFE membrane in groups subjected to graft coverage with the membrane (OVX-ME and SHAM-ME). These procedures allowed graft positioning in close contact with the mandibular bone surface, stabilizing it and providing coverage of the entire grafted block and stabilization of the e-PTFE membrane in OVX-ME and SHAM-ME groups.

The muscle layer was sutured with a resorbable suture (Ethicon Johnson & Johnson, São José dos Campos, Brazil), and the skin and the donor site were sutured with a 4.0 silk suture (Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson, São José dos Campos, Brazil). After surgery, the animals received a single 1 mg/kg dose of antibiotics intramuscularly. (Pentabiótico, Fort Dodge Saúde Animal Ltda., São Paulo, Brazil.)

The animals were killed through an excessive dose of anesthetics at 0 h, 7, 21, 45 or 60 days after surgery.

Histological and immunohistochemical procedures

The specimens were demineralized with 10% EDTA solution at a pH 7.8 in a microwave processor (PELCO 3441, Ted Pella Inc., Redding, USA). The demineralized specimens were transversely sectioned at the central region of the bone graft. Each fragment was embedded in a paraffin block, following the direction of the cutting surface. The blocks were sectioned at 3 μm thickness and used for immunohistochemical analysis for the markers RANK (ab 12008, Abcam, Inc., Cambridge, USA), RANKL (sc-7628, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, USA) and OPG (sc-8468, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, USA) according to the laboratory immunohistochemistry protocol of the ICT-UNESP campus de São José dos Campos.

Microscopic analysis was performed on a light microscope Axiophot 2 (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) connected to a digital camera AxioCam MRc 5 (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany), which transfers the captured images to the AxioVision Release 4.7.2. software (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany).

For all periods and antibodies, the immunolabeling intensity of predefined structures and cells was classified as mild (+), moderate (++) or intense (+++). ³3. Adeyemo WL, Reuther T, Bloch W, Korkmaz Y, Fisher JH, Zöller JE, et al. Healing of onlay mandibular bone grafts covered with collagen membrane or bovine bone substitutes: a microscopical and immunohistochemical study in the sheep. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Jul;37(7):651-59.^,1111. Lekic P, Sodek J, McCulloch CAG. Osteopontin and bone sialoprotein expression in regenerating rat periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Anat Rec. 1996 Jan;244(1):50-8.^,1212. Ivanovski S, Li H, Daley T, Bartold PM. An immunohistochemical study of matrix molecules associated with barrier membrane-mediated periodontal wound healing. J Periodontal Res. 2000 Jun;35(3):115-26.^,1313. Kim YD, Song WW, Kim SS, Kim GC, Hwang DS, Shin SH, et al. Expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor -kappaB ligand, receptor activator of nuclear factor -kappaB, and osteoprotegerin, following low-level laser treatment on deproteinized bovine bone graft in rats. Lasers Med Sci. 2009 Jul;24(4):577-84.

Results

Tables 1 , 2 and 3 summarize the immunohistochemical results.

RANK

At the initial time (zero-hour), there was no labeling of any structure. At 7 days, there was moderate labeling of osteoclasts in the OVX-E and SHAM-E groups, compared to mild labeling in the OVX-ME and SHAM-ME groups. At 21 and 45 days, the osteoclasts exhibited mild labeling in all groups. At the final time point (60 days), the osteoclasts were not labeled ( Figure 1 ).

RANK- L

At the initial time point, moderate labeling was observed at the osteocyte lacunae in the central region of the graft. At 7 days, the OVX-E and SHAM-E groups exhibited intense labeling of connective tissue at the bed-graft interface, while in the OVX-ME and SHAM-ME groups, this labeling was mild or moderate. The OVX-E and SHAM-E groups exhibited intense labeling of osteoblasts, while in the OVX-ME and SHAM-ME groups this labeling ranged from moderate to intense. The osteocyte lacunae in the newly formed bone exhibited intense labeling in all groups. Conversely, the osteoclasts presented moderate labeling in groups covered with the membrane and mild labeling when the membrane was not used. At 21 days, the connective tissue at the bed-graft interface exhibited moderate labeling in the OVX-E and SHAM-E groups, while labeling varied from mild to moderate in the OVX-ME and SHAM-ME groups. The osteoblast labeling was positive, ranging from moderate to intense in the OVX-E and SHAM-E groups, while moderate labeling was observed in the OVX-ME and SHAM-ME groups. The osteocytes in the newly formed bone were moderately labeled, while the osteoclasts presented alternately mild or moderate labeling in groups with membranes and mild labeling in groups without membranes. At 45 days, the OVX-ME, SHAM-E and SHAM-ME groups presented moderate labeling of connective tissue at the bed-graft interface, while only the OVX-E group presented intense labeling. The osteoblast and osteocyte labeling was moderately positive. The osteoclasts exhibited mild labeling. At the final time point, there was moderate labeling of connective tissue at the bed-graft interface in the OVX-E and SHAM-E groups, compared to mild labeling in the OVX-ME group, while the SHAM-ME group presented only bone tissue at the bed-graft interface. The osteoblasts exhibited moderate labeling, while the osteocytes exhibited lacunae with mild to moderate labeling. The osteoclasts exhibited mild labeling ( Figure 2 ).

OPG

At the initial time point, specimens in the four groups exhibited similar characteristics. At the graft region, the lacunae of osteocytes in the central region presented moderate labeling. At 7 days, the OVX-E and SHAM-E groups presented a considerable quantity of connective tissue with mild to moderate labeling at the bed-graft interface, compared to moderate labeling in the OVX-ME and SHAM-ME groups. The osteoblasts presented intense labeling in the OVX-ME and SHAM-ME groups, and moderate labeling in the OVX-E and SHAM-E groups, while osteocytes in the newly formed bone presented moderate to intense labeling. The osteoclasts were not labeled. At 21 days, the connective tissue at the bed-graft interface exhibited mild labeling in the OVX-E and SHAM-E groups, while in the OVX-ME and SHAM-ME groups there was moderate labeling. The osteoblast labeling was moderately positive in the OVX-E and SHAM-E groups, while the same structures were strongly marked in the OVX-ME and SHAM-ME groups. The osteocytes in the newly formed bone exhibited moderate to intense labeling. The osteoclasts were not labeled. At 45 days, all groups presented mild labeling of connective tissue at the bed-graft interface. The osteoblasts were labeled mildly to moderately. Conversely, the osteocytes presented moderate labeling. The osteoclasts were not labeled. In all groups, the labeling of connective tissue at the bed-graft interface was mildly positivity at 60 days. The osteoblasts and osteocytes were mildly positive. The osteoclasts were not labeled ( Figure 3 ).

Discussion

This study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of bone resorption markers during the repair process of autogenous block bone grafts with or without e-PTFE membrane coverage in rats with estrogen deficiency. As the population ages, oral health quality becomes increasingly relevant. It is important to understand the exact process of autogenous graft healing because of the increasing demand for periodontal and implant surgical procedures using this technique.

Here, we used a well-established and extensively documented animal model. ¹⁴14. Kalu DN, Liu CC, Hardin RR, Hollis BW. The aged rat model of ovarian hormone deficiency bone loss. Endocrinology. 1989 Jan;124(1):7-16.^,1515. Wronski TJ, Schenck PA, Cintrón M, Walsh CC. Effect of body weight on osteopenia in ovariectomized rats. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987 Mar;40(3):155-9. Thirty days after the ovariectomy, the animals already exhibited changes in bone metabolism due to estrogen deficiency. As a consequence, bone alterations were detected, including bone loss, especially in the trabecular bone pieces. Additionally, low rates of bone formation were observed in bone wounds. ¹⁰10. Nascimento RD, Cardoso PE, De Marco AC, Lima LA, Jardini MAN. Influence of osteopenia in autogenous bone graft healing with or without expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes: histologic and histomorphometric study in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009 Nov-Dec;24(6):1074-82.^,1212. Ivanovski S, Li H, Daley T, Bartold PM. An immunohistochemical study of matrix molecules associated with barrier membrane-mediated periodontal wound healing. J Periodontal Res. 2000 Jun;35(3):115-26.^,1616. Luize DS, Bosco AF, Bonfante S, Almeida JM. Influence of ovariectomy on healing of autogenous bone block grafts in the mandible: a histomorphometric study in an aged rat model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008 Mar-Apr;23(2):207-14.

The OPG/RANK/RANK-L interaction plays a fundamental role in osteoclastogenesis and is critical for the regulation of bone remodeling. In vitro studies of human osteoblasts have revealed that estrogen induces OPG production. ¹⁷17. Bord S, Ireland DC, Beavan SR, Compston JE. The effects of estrogen on osteoprotegerin, RANKL, and estrogen receptor expression in human osteoblasts. Bone. 2003 Feb;32(2):136–41.^,1818. Hofbauer LC, Khosla S, Dunstan CR, Lacey DL, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL. Estrogen stimulates gene expression and protein production of osteoprotegerin in human osteoblastic cells. Endocrinology. 1999 Sep;140(9):4367–70.^,1919. Michael H, Harkonen PL, Vaananen HK, Hentunen TA. Estrogen and testosterone use different cellular pathways to inhibit osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Dec;20(12):2224–32.

After menopause, bone loss is related to the favoring of RANKL activity over that of OPG. RANKL is the main stimulating factor for the differentiation, development, maturation, activation, and survival of osteoclasts. It stimulates osteoclast differentiation through its physiological receptor, RANK, which is expressed in osteoclast-lineage cells. An increase in RANK-L secretion by osteoblasts accelerates bone resorption and leads to the loss of bone mass. The action of RANK-L is antagonized by osteoblast-produced OPG, which prevents RANK activation via binding to RANK-L, thereby interrupting osteoclastogenesis and limiting bone resorption. ²⁰20. Wright HL, McCarthy HS, Middleton J, Marshall MJ. RANK, RANKL and osteoprotegerin in bone biology and disease. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2009 Mar;2(1):56–64.

A reduction in the estrogen level decreases the OPG activity and increases the RANKL activity, leading to increased resorption and bone loss. However, the literature presents conflicting results concerning the period after menopause, when bone loss is related to favoring RANKL activity over that of OPG. In a cohort study, Mezquita-Raya et al . ²¹21. Mezquita-Raya P, de la Higuera M, García DF, Alonso G, Ruiz-Requena ME, de Dios Luna J, et al. The contribution of serum osteoprotegerin to bone mass and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Nov;16(11):1368–74. and Chiba et al.²²22. Chiba Y, Onouchi T, Ikeda T, Adachi J, Tamura Y, Horiuchi T. Implications of measuring soluble receptor activators of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin in bone metabolism of elderly women. Gerontology. 2009 Jan;55(3):275–80. found no correlation between OPG and bone resorption markers in women, regardless of their menopause status. According to the results, this study also demonstrated that the expression of bone markers during repair of autogenous bone grafts was not altered by estrogen deficiency.

In contrast, Fahrleitner-Pammer et al.²³23. Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dobnig H, Piswanger-Soelkner C, Bonelli C, Dimai HP, Leb G, et al. Osteoprotegerin serum levels in women: correlation with age, bone mass, bone turnover and fracture status. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2003 May 15;115(9):291–97. and Indridason et al.²⁴24. Indridason OS, Franzson L, Sigurdsson G. Serum osteoprotegerin and its relationship with bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Apr;16(4):417–23. found a positive relationship between bone turnover markers and OPG in postmenopausal women.

Pedrosa Júnior et al . ²⁵25. Pedrosa Junior WF, Okamoto R, Faria PE, Arnez MF, Xavier SP, Salata LA. Immunohistochemical, tomographic and histological study on onlay bone graft remodeling. Part II: calvarial bone. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009 Nov;20(11):1254-64. performed bone graft surgeries on rabbit mandibles with or without perforations and observed the expression of both RANK-L and OPG 7 days postoperatively. However, no difference was observed between the two markers, suggesting that the procedure did not influence the expression of these markers. Similar to the study by Pedrosa Júnior et al ., ²⁵25. Pedrosa Junior WF, Okamoto R, Faria PE, Arnez MF, Xavier SP, Salata LA. Immunohistochemical, tomographic and histological study on onlay bone graft remodeling. Part II: calvarial bone. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009 Nov;20(11):1254-64. this study also included perforations in the receptor bed and similarly revealed that OPG, OC and RANK-L were not altered and remained stable during all stages.

Comparatively, Luvizuto et al.²⁶26. Luvizuto ER, Queiroz TP, Dias SM, Okamoto T, Dornelles RCM, Garcia Jr IR. Histomorphometric analysis and immunolocalization of RANKL and OPG during the alveolar healing process in female ovariectomized rats treated with oestrogen or raloxifene. Arch Oral Biol. 2010 Jan;55(1):52-9. studied RANK-L and OPG during the alveolar healing process in female ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen or raloxifene. They found that both studied proteins were immunodetected in osteoblasts, osteocytes and/or in bone lining cells, which are the predominant cells at the studied stages of alveolar bone healing at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days. In this study, osteoblasts were intensely labeled for OPG during the early stages of bone regeneration (7-45 days), and this intensity of labeling decreased at 60 days in all groups (OVX-E, Sham-E, OVX-ME and Sham-ME). The staining for OPG in osteocytes localized in newly formed bone followed the same pattern as that observed in osteoblasts. For RANK-L, intense labeling was noted in osteoclasts at 21 days in the SHAM-ME and OVX-ME groups, in osteoblasts at 7 days in the SHAM-ME and OVX-ME groups and at 21 days in groups SHAM-E and OVX-E. The author affirms that osteoblasts expressed both OPG and RANKL, playing a major role in maintaining balanced bone dynamics by secreting both proteins during the early stages of alveolar bone healing.

The present study demonstrated that the expression of bone markers during the repair of autogenous bone grafts was not altered by estrogen deficiency; however, it was influenced by the presence of the e-PTFE membrane. Without the membrane, the groups showed a higher expression of RANK in osteoclasts at 7 days, confirming its importance during the resorptive process of graft healing. ¹⁰10. Nascimento RD, Cardoso PE, De Marco AC, Lima LA, Jardini MAN. Influence of osteopenia in autogenous bone graft healing with or without expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes: histologic and histomorphometric study in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009 Nov-Dec;24(6):1074-82. Using a similar experimental model, Jardini et al . ²2. Jardini MAN, De Marco AC, Lima LA. Early healing pattern of autogenous bone grafts with and without e-PTFE membranes: a histomorphometric study in rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005 Dec;100(6):666-73. observed that graft specimens covered with an e-PTFE membrane had a lower rate of bone resorption, while significant bone resorption was observed when the e-PTFE membrane was not used, which is in agreement with the results reported by Alberius et al.²⁷27. Alberius P, Dahlin C, Linde A. Role of osteopromotion in experimental bone grafting to the skull: a study in adult rats using a membrane technique. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992 Aug;50(8):829-34. and Jensen et al.²⁸28. Jensen OT, Greer Junior RO, Johnson L, Kassebaum D. Vertical guided bone-graft augmentation in a new canine mandibular model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1995 May-Jun;10(3):335-44.

The results of Nascimento et al.¹⁰10. Nascimento RD, Cardoso PE, De Marco AC, Lima LA, Jardini MAN. Influence of osteopenia in autogenous bone graft healing with or without expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes: histologic and histomorphometric study in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009 Nov-Dec;24(6):1074-82. showed that the bone healing process is not impaired by osteoporosis because all groups showed graft substitution and adequate integration into the receptor bed by the end of the experimental period. However, a significant difference was observed in the quality of the regenerated bone and the receptor bed of OVX animals. Osteoporotic rats showed larger quantities of medullary spaces in both regenerated bone and the receptor bed when compared to sham-operated rats. Regarding the amount of regenerated bone, this study compares favorably with others that have shown larger amounts of bone augmentation for membrane-protected bone grafts, ²2. Jardini MAN, De Marco AC, Lima LA. Early healing pattern of autogenous bone grafts with and without e-PTFE membranes: a histomorphometric study in rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005 Dec;100(6):666-73.^,44. Buser D, Dula K, Belser UC, Hirt HP, Berthold H. Localized ridge augmentation using guided bone regeneration. II. Surgical procedure in the mandible. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1995;Feb 15(1):10-29.^,2727. Alberius P, Dahlin C, Linde A. Role of osteopromotion in experimental bone grafting to the skull: a study in adult rats using a membrane technique. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992 Aug;50(8):829-34. and osteoporotic rats responded as well as sham-operated rats. Furthermore, Luize et al.¹⁶16. Luize DS, Bosco AF, Bonfante S, Almeida JM. Influence of ovariectomy on healing of autogenous bone block grafts in the mandible: a histomorphometric study in an aged rat model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008 Mar-Apr;23(2):207-14. showed that ovariectomy impairs bone healing after implantation of autogenous block graft. On postoperative day 28, the sham-operated group showed graft RANK-L integration to the mandible, while the ovariectomized group had not completed the healing process with areas of connective tissue and newly formed bone.

According to our results, the mechanism that leads to impaired healing after autogenous block graft placement in ovariectomized rats did not seem to be related to the bone resorptive signaling pathways involving RANK, RANK-L, OPG. However, caution must be exercised here. In the present study, the sample size of each group was small. Although some trends could be observed, the differences between groups were not statistically significant, most likely due to the small group size. Studies using greater sample sizes are recommended. Other molecules involved in resorption have been studied and have been shown to be linked to the absence of estrogen, such as melatonin, ²⁹29. Amstrup AK, Sikjaer T, Mosekilde L, Rejnmark L. Melatonin and the skeleton. Osteoporos Int. 2013 Dec;24(12):2919-27. PTH ³⁰30. Castro LF, Lozano D, Portal-Núñez S, Maycas M, De la Fuente M, Caeiro JR, et al. Comparison of the skeletal effects induced by daily administration of PTHrP (1-36) and PTHrP (107-139) to ovariectomized mice. J Cell Physiol. 2012 Apr;227(4):1752-60. and others. ³¹31. Thomas T. New actors in bone remodelling: a role for the immune system. Bull Acad Natl Med. 2010 Nov;194(8):1493-503; discussion 1503-4. Furthermore, estrogen deficiency is also related to the altered expression of bone formation markers. ³²32. Hertrampf T, Schleipen B, Velders M, Laudenbach U, Fritzemeier KH, Diel P. Estrogen receptor subtype-specific effects on markers of bone homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2008 Sep;291(1-2):104-8.

Conclusions

We concluded that the expression of immunohistochemical markers was not altered by the estrogen deficiency. The presence of the e-PTFE membrane delayed the bone resorption process, influencing the immunohistochemical expression of markers.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), which provided individual support to Maria Aparecida Neves Jardini, process no. 09/50214-1.

References

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