Photogram-Image Comparison and Identification

A human being is having physical and biological body structure, even though each and every individual is having his own blood group, hair color, retina color, skin complexes, height, breadth etc. that result in his own bodily structure that differentiates with the other individual. After the certain age of subject nearly about twenty years, height or length of his organs or limbs are not increases and fixed bodily structure is built up. The identity of the individual can be done by photo ID card, certificates, and another document, which differentiated the individual by observing, describing, and measuring size and shape in the form of signature, hand writing, passport, fingerprint, voice print etc. All these tools of identity can be manipulated by easily available handful techniques. The author introduces image comparison tool, an effective way of identity based on the photogrammetric principal that measure the distance between two points that lie on a plane parallel to the photographic image plane. The fact is utilized and studied having scientific, logical and verifiable proof. It is a photogram – the biometric and geometric design of the image that mathematically is compared by addition and multiplication of relative specific numeric figure and forming the equations. Relatively proportionate photographic foot-rule height of the subject is additional important identity feature of an individual that measured with the aid of light beam. The photogram techniques are utilized even if the front facial appearance of a subject is not visible. Make-up and camouflage miss-lead, the subjective comparison but the comparison by photograms give the correct answer. Forensic cases of a forged signature, duplication of painting (sculpture), identification of subject are solved by comparison techniques of the photogram. Photogram Image Comparison and Identification


Introduction
The two images are relatively be compared by three procedural techniques of photogram namely equation comparison, height increasing rate comparison and super imposition comparison.A person can be pointed out even from his image having no front The study of anthropometry is based on the concept of sacred geometry.The human body and its various indices are well studied by many authors.Golden ratio means, the human body.It is designed by almighty God and has incorporated into the genetical system, giving rise to constant dimensions [1].Forensic science has a method of identification such as finger print, foot print etc.On further development, the scientist is deriving other methods of identification such as silhouettes, shadow, and sunlight, color shade, lip print etc.The author is introducing "Photogram" (Biometric method of image comparison) based on the photogrammetric principle that is well developed and exploited in the scientific world [2].Human identification, using body shape information is well documented by various branches of science [3,4,5,6] An earlier scientist has attempted human height estimation using calibrated camera [7].Relatively fixed distance height characteristic of the subject can be calculated by photogram technique.The aim of the article is to find out or to search out the missing subject from the targeted area, who is criminal and notorious to the society.
Photogram word is a combination of geometric design and measurement of the bilateral structural body points.Each and every individual is having a specific length of organ and the limb.The ending points of the organ or the limb are body point.Length line data between any two body points are specific for each individual.The standing position is the typical posture of a human being from head point to toe point.It is having three regions namely head region, a middle region, and leg region.Connecting any two to three lines from each region forms the specific geometric design of the structural body.Height is numerical data of distance between a head point and toe point.Reference points are middle line points of the image, namely head point, leg point, the junction point of the head and middle region and the junction point of middle and leg region.

Volume 5 | Issue 4
The government is forming rules, regulation, and lows (Penal code), but the person does not obey the rules and laws are criminal or notorious.The police department or investigating authority of the government is related to crime and criminal.The person gets bail during the process of judgment and hides his identity from the authority is missing a person or wanted a person.Probable location area of such person obtained during an investigation is targeted area, may be a railway station, aerodrome, bus-station, market or any public or private place.The person who is being searched does not know that he is being doubted by the authority.The photograph that obtained secretly from the targeted area is exhibit photograph (image) and photograph to be compared with exhibit photograph is control.facial appearance in the field work task by height increasing rate comparison and identification is proved in premises of laboratory.Field-work task requires little training, practiced, passions and understanding of the concept.Instruments that used are a simple camera and magnetic compass.All the comparison techniques are recordable and printable.Distance factor is 10-25 feet between camera and subjects and image height that selected is between 100-300 millimeters.The result is mathematically be derived with addition and multiplication of numeric figures, it can be either comparable or not comparable.Reproducibility factor of comparison is a correct measurement of body point line.

Theory, procedure of comparison and identification
The photograph is the image of a person with the background and image is a photograph without background.There is a mathematical relation between the height of the subject, the height of the image and the distance between subject and camera.
(1) Image height is a photographic height of subject related to the distance.Bigger the height of subject bigger is the image height.(Distance is constant).( 2) If the subject is snapped twice, both images will be of the same size or proportionally related to a height of the subject.(3) Bigger the height of image less is the distance.
If the 2D image is enlarged to the size of the subject, it will be cut out poster of the subject and the 3D object is the statue of a subject having proportionate measurable height, length, breadth etc. with respect to the outlook of the individual.Available data of foot-rule and subject clicked from a constant distance is used to calculate the height of the subject.It is obvious in the field work of photography to have the same size of the image with the different distance is never possible and to have the same size of the image for two subjects having different height with the same distance is also not possible.Enlarging or squeezing of the image or zooming of the camera lens is nothing but changing the distance.Proportion is a very specific mathematical relation between two numeric figures and can be converted into the equation.Let three members sequence is (1550.0,235.0, 177.0).It can be said as the both the images are of the same subject or both the subject of images have same height units.Exhibit image is smaller than control image.If the exhibit image is to enlarge up to the Above equations if calculated using ten digits after decimal point, all will be correct up to sixth digits.235.0 X 0.7531914893 X 8.7570621468 = 177.0X 1.3276836158 X 6.5957446808.1549.999999856623= 1549.999999965575.1549.999999= 1549.999999(b) Data of un-identity sequence (1550.0,235.0, 242.0) is as under.height of control subject, it is to be relatively increased 1.32768361581 times per unit is a photographic relation of exhibit image with reference to 235.0 and 1550.0.Control image is bigger than exhibit image.If it is to enlarge up to the height of control subject, it is to be relatively increased 0.75319148936 times per unit is a photographic relation of control image with reference to 177.0 and 1550.0.Both Images will reach up to the destination at the same time.The images do not have indirect relation with the height data of control subject is un-identity sequence and both will reach at the different time.It is to conclude that any two images can mathematically be compared with the presumption that the subjects of images are having the same unit of height.
Seven digit data after decimal point is used for comparison (a) Data of identity sequence (1500.0,235.0, 177.0) is as under.
The data are very specific for these two images.The equations can be derived from the above data are as under.

Mathematical comparison technique
Height data of exhibit subject is other than that of control data, that is image heights are not indirectly proportionate to control height data.--------------------( It is to conclude that full size standing photograph of the subject having no front facial appearance can be compared with equations, whatever may the distance between subject and camera.

Equations of comparisons are
Identity sequence (1500.0,235.0, 177.0)Height difference between images is 58 mm.If height of image is increased simultaneously, the data will be as per chart as below (Table 1).
Increased height = height of image + unit increase X photographic relation.PR (con) is 0.7531914 and PR (exh) is = 1.326836

Height increasing comparison technique
The equations can be derived from the above data are as under.
(3) Lower fusion point of sequence:-------Both images decreased.Increasing or decreasing rate of control and exhibit image per unit, after fusion point is 1.00:: 1.00 or same.Length and other measurable characteristic of the images are also having fusion point.Images of un-identity sequence do not have fusion point, if increased simultaneously.
On increasing or decreasing the height of images as per PR, Height difference becomes zero at specific point of the graph.Author named the point --Fusion point.Each sequence has maximum three specific photographic fusion points, depending on the increasing or decreasing rate of images.

Formula:
Height Increased with the relation to each other

Formula:
(1) Height of control image = 235.0+ { increased units x PR(con) }, PR(con) = 1.0297872 (2) Height of exhibit image = 242.0-{ increased units x PR(exh) }, PR(exh) = 0.9710743    If control image is enlarged 7.0 units and exhibit image is squeezed 7.0 units, as per PR and MR the data and graph will be as under.

Mathematical and photographical relation of un-identity sequence:
Formula: (1) Increased height (control) = 235.0+ {enlarged height unit X PR(con) or MR (con)} (2) Decreased height (exhibit) = 242.0-{squeezed height unit XPR(exh) or MR(exh)}  Exhibit image is relatively compared using increasing height comparison technique and increasing rate per unit can be used to point out the person on the fieldwork task.

Supper imposition technique of comparison
Human body is bilaterally symmetrical having different limbs (organs), forming front, back, right, and left side.Photograph of individual shows position of limbs and organs, having specific end point, these points are named as body points.Full size standing photographs of an individual, shows natural state and condition of structural body.Distance between two body points always remains relatively proportionate with the height characteristic of an individual as a result any two photograph of the individual can be compared mathematically.
Photogram is geometric design of structural body witch is derived from height line, and other different body point lines.Each and every line is relatively proportional to height of the subject.Photograms of identity sequence will supper impose to each other, provided angle of photography and angle situation of the control and exhibit image is same.

Geological plane and side of the subject
The distance between two body point can be changed by the subject with some afford or as per requirement, but the structural body limbs comes back to normal and natural positions when requirement is over.Right and left body point of organs are having same distance from central vertical line of front side image, examples are left and right-eye point, shoulder point, ear point, knee point, toe point etc.The body point can be named as (1) head point-A (2) Leg point-B (Centre point of right and left toe point line) (3) Centre of eye (4) near end and far end of eye.( 5) near-end and far-end of eye brow.( 6) nose tip point (7) upper end and lower end of an ear (8) lip length and its ending or its center (9) chin point (10)  Photograph is having some single body points like head point, nose tip point, center point of mouth, chin point, center point of neck, center point of shoulder line, center point of maximum and minimum girth line, navel point, center point of right and left toe point line.All these points remains on the central vertical line of the image, is the front and only front side (FF-side) of an individual, remaining back, left and right side of body is automatically adjusted and defined with reference to front side.any two nearby direction lines is 90° and four sub directions lines can be obtained and having 45° between any two nearby direction line at this particular position point Considering these direction lines, geological direction plane can be named as north-south (N.S-0), east-west (E.W-0), north-east (N.E-45°) and north-west (N.W-45°).All the plane is having one single common point is position point of subject.3D structure of the subject is having three measurable parameters namely height, length and breadth.For the purpose of comparison the subject and its 3D object (statue) is also having eight sides are named as Front and only front side (FF), Back and only back side (BB), Left and only left side (LL), Right and only right side (RR), Half front and half right side (FR), Half front and half left side (FL), Half back and half right side (BR), Half back and half left side (BL).Photograph is 2D image of subject.Logically it is true that height parameter of image is directly proportional with the height parameter of statue from any distance and length of image is indirectly proportional to the height of statue depends on the angle of photography and exposed side of statue.

Human body and photogram
Considering the subject is turning clockwise, without changing the position point of the ground.Length of front side image will be reduced according to angle turned by the subject, 90° of clockwise turn converts front side into left or right side.It is the depth of 3D object from front side.Theoretically 360 different angled photographs can be snapped without changing the position point by clockwise or anticlockwise turn.
Length unit of front side decreased as per the angle turned by the subject and it is ninetieth part of length per theta.90° of turn convert front side length in to right or left side length, means length of photograph is sum of fractionated length of front and right or left side according to angle of turn.Height of image remains same as distance is constant.Front and back side are opposite side of each other, having same unit of length, so as right and left side.
It is concluded that any vertical line (height) of image is having specific proportional relation with height of subject and horizontal line (length) of image is sum of fractionated length and breadth of subject.As a result super imposition of two images of the same subject can mathematically be proved, provided both control and exhibit image is having same angle of photography and geological plane of the front side.
O is position point of photographer (camera) on the plain ground surface that facing to north and position point of subject may be either point A, B, C, D or E, facing to south.The different possibility of arrangement are formed namely OA, OB, OC, OD and OE.Only OC arrangement is having same geological direction plane (N.S-0) for subject and photographer, remaining arrangement are having parallel north-south direction plane as a result, angle of photography is formed.It is an angle between geological northsouth direction plane and front side plane of photographer, it may be 0°, 45° or 90°.The position point of subject is either to front side or to right hand side or left hand side of photographer.
First initial basic situation of photographer and subject on the ground is having 0° angle of photography and 0° angle of situation, means both are facing to each other having same geological direction plane.Second situation is angle turned by the subject either clock wise or anti-clock wise without changing the position point.45° degree of turn will be exposed either FL or FR side, 90 degree of turn will be exposed RR or LLside,135 degree of turn will be exposed BL or BR side and 180 degree of turn will be exposed only BB side.Front side plane of photographer (camera) will be always over lapping to one of the side plane of subject, while snapping.
Geological direction plane of two position point of the subject and photographer can be explained by the figure below.Data of the above fact are as per chart below.
Considering the subject is facing to either north, south, east, west, north-east 45, north-west 45, south-east 45, or south-west 45.Front side and Back side are opposite side to each other and both are having the same geological direction plane.Only one of these two opposite side is facing to the front side of photographer (camera).Simultaneously RR & LL, FR & BL, and FL & BR are opposite side to each other.Factor that influences the exposed side of subject are as below.

Angle of photography
(1) Clock-wise or anti-clockwise turned by the subject from 1 st initial situation (2) FF side-facing direction of subject.
(3) Facing direction plane of camera lens.
Photographer is using maximum benefit of his idea to get desired result by fixing the position of camera and the object.Desired angled image (photograph) can be obtained with the help of camera, and magnetic compass having two arrow head indicator that can be pointed to any direction.

Angle of situation and snapping of the photograph:
On the field it is obvious that subject may have any angle of 2nd situation.Photographer has to select his point of position on the ground by focusing camera and setting of direction indicated by arrows of magnetic-compass.
Step 1: Photographer has to select the distance, so that the subject appears to the specified square area on the camera screen.
Step 2: Observing facing direction of the subject, he himself has to face that plane of direction with his camera and magnetic compass so that facing direction plane of both subject & photographer becomes parallel to each other.Angle of situation is to be noted.First arrow head indicator is to be fixed to this direction.Second arrow head indicator is to be fixed by calculating the angle that converts angle of situation and angle photography in to 45° or 90° Step 3: The photographer has to change his position point on the plain ground surface as per the direction plane indicated by second indicator and to select next position point on the ground.
Step 4: Photographer has to snap when the subject appears into the specified square area of the camera.Above things can be explained by the figure below.

Field work photography
Desired angle and posture of image can easily be obtained in the premises of laboratory by specific arrangement of camera and subject.A video clip of revolving stage photography is having 360 different angled postures of the body to be compared with exhibit image.Step 1 & 2: OA is the distance between subject and photographer.Considering O and A is first and second arrangement position of subject and photographer on the plain ground, Subject is facing to south and photographer is facing to north is first situation (facing direction plane is NS-0).The subject has turned clockwise as a result his facing direction became SW-20.After observing facing direction of the subject, photographer has to turned anti clock-wise so that facing direction plane becomes parallel to each other.Photographer will fix first indicator to his facing direction plane, that compass is indicating NE-20°.The second indicator is to be fixed to NW-25°, (25+20=45) so that angle of photography converts in to 45°.
Step 3 & 4: The photographer has to change his point of position to B, arrangement situation will be OB.The subject is facing to SW-20°, but the angle of situation and angle of photography is 45°.The side of the subject that exposed will be FL side.If 2 nd  indicator is fixed to NW-70°, Photographer has to change his position at point C, angle of photography and angle of situation will be 90°, side of subject that exposed will be LL side.The possibility of image height obtained from the field may be same, bigger or smaller than height of control image.
Mathematically if A is proportional to B, and multiplying x with both the figure, Ax will be proportional to Bx and equation of proportion will be A α B = Ax α Bx.Considering A is height unit of subject or object and B is height unit of its image.If a foot-rule of 300.0 mm is having image height 20.0 mm, multiplication of 5.0 with height data of control object and height data of image will be 300.0x 5.0 = 1500.0and 20.0 x 5.0 =100.That is foot-rule of 1500.0 mm will have image height 100.0 mm, at that same situation of distance.Author describes 300.0 mm foot-rule as flexible control.
Height characteristic of the subject is generally measured in unit of feet & height of image is measured in unit of millimeter.Image of the person is having height that is relative and proportional to the height of subject that varies with the distance.The images are also related with each other.Two images are related with each other having ratio data of height P1XP2=1.0 and ratio data of distance is D1XD2 = 1.0.Condition of distance can be solved by clicking the subject from constant distance and condition of height can be solved mathematically as per data obtained.

Fix distanced photographic height of the subject and photographic unit of length
The equation of proportion will be 300.000::20.123 = 14.9083138697:: 1.0000000000.Considering unit of image length is compact unit.It is named as relative-proportional-photographic unit (rpp.xmm).
Height unit of subject or object and height unit of image are relatively proportional to each other, with reference to distance having relative constant (x).If a foot-rule of 300.0 mm is snapped from the distance of 10.0 feet and is having image height of 20.123 mm.x = 14.9083138697.
(1) Each and every subject or object is having relative proportional photographic image height related to distance.
(2) If foot-rule is snapped along with the subject and image height of subject is X time bigger than image of foot-rule, means the height of subject is X feet related to that distance.
(3) Unit of photographic length is rpp.xmm.(4) Fixed distance is, the distance that the flexible control foot-rule and subject is having same height.
(5) Height of subject will be addition or subtraction from flexible data of foot rule (control) height and image height data of subject.
Factors that affect the result and precautionary measures are as under:-    Comparison equations are as under.
(1) hp(con) x PR(con) x f = hp (exh) x PR(exh) x F ---------(EPR) (2) hp(con) x MR(con) x f = hp(exh) x MR(exh) x F -------(EMR) Photograms of FF, BB, RR and LL side of the subject are to be compared by all the three procedural techniques for bodily structural identification.The subject is having same height as control subject, but do not have same body point data can all so be differentiated using increasing height technique and supper imposition technique.Forensic case of alteration or manipulation of image can be proved in the premises of laboratory using revolving stage photography to obtain the correct posture of the control image as identity sequence turns into un-identity sequence during manipulation process.

A
* It is a graphical point where height difference is 0.005011.Data can be explained by plotting a graph -------Increase height Vs height of images Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology Volume 5 | Issue 4 Annex Publishers | www.annexpublishers.com(1) Upper fusion point of sequence:--------Both images are increased.

1 :Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Plotting a graph of distance vs height

Graph 3 :
Point  A and B are separate mathematical fusion point of height.Mathematically PR(con) = MR(exh) and PR(exh) = MR(con).Un-identity sequence is having fusion of height situation.Images can never be fused with each other.
Height of subject is specific and principal mathematical figure of comparison.The height line of FF side is divided into three regions, according to junctions of movement (neck junction and hip junction), forming three regions.(1) Head -Height of head region is to consider 1/6 unit of total height (2) Middle -Height of middle region is to consider 1/3 unit of total height (3) Leg -Height of leg region is to consider 1/2 unit of total height.Regions wise, the organs are having very limited movement of turning, twisting and bending to the different directions means after completion of requirement it comes back to its normal and natural state of condition.Only deformation of limb is exception of it state.Little turning-bending-twisting is habit formed during life time.The body always remains in balance on the ground by distributing the total weight on right and left foot.Forensic point of view, deformation and habit becomes characteristic of an individual.The above fact can be explained by outer line of photograph and a typical photogram of the front side.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Points X, P, Q and Y are reference points.P and Q are junction points.All are situated on the center line of front side photograph.Line DPC is shoulder point line and line EQF is buttock point line.Connecting any reference point and body point "Photogram" is created.It is biometric and geometric design of the individual.Investigator is free to select any available and appropriate point to create photogram for comparison.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Angle of situation and snapping of the photograph

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )
Ratio data: Relative relation of image height and relative relation of distance can mathematically described only by numeric figure and its ratio proportion.Possibility of having same ratio data even with different numeric figure that affects the result.(Angle of back-ground depth: Uplifting or tilting the direction plane of camera lens will not measure the correct value of image height.Direction plane of camera lens and ground level plane should be parallel to each other.It is good to keep the camera on tripod-stand having distance of about 2.5 feet from the ground level.(Personal error in measurement of image height: The photographic unit of length (rpp.xmm) is compact millimeter unit of length and error of a single unit in measurement of image height, reflect the result.Height of image is length between two body points, namely head point and toe point.Instead of front side image of the subject, left or right side image is recommended to measure the height.(Fixed distance photographic height of subject in fractions of unit is the additional characteristic of identity.Height of subject is calculated as under.Data of images are as under and considering 304.8 mm = 1.00 feet.Measured height of subject (Him) is 1690.0mm = 5.545 feet Available height sequence is (300.000,23.324, 120.932)Ratio of control and exhibit image is 23.324:: 120.932 = 1.0000000:: 5.1848739 Exhibit image is 5.1848739 times bigger than control image.Height of subject is 5.1848739 times bigger than image height of control at this particular distance condition.Multiplication of 5.1848739 with image height and height of object, a new sequence will be obtained = (300.000x 5.1848739, 23.324 x 5.1848739, 120.932) = (1555.4621700,120.9319988, 120.9320000) height with the aid of light beam is 5.31198 feet or 5.02174 feet.Minimum difference between measured and calculated height of subject = 0.08474feet.Calculated height with the aid of light beam = 5.01239 feet.

Table 1 :
Height increasing comparison technique Line XAP indicates increasing height of control as per unit increase.Line YBQ indicates increasing height of exhibit as per unit increase.Line YAP' indicates increasing height of exhibit as per photographic relation.Line XBQ' indicates increasing height of control as per photographic relation.Line XAP and YAP' crossed each other at point A. Line YBQ and XBQ' crossed each other at point B. Point A is fusion of height characteristics, where height of exhibit image is merged with the height of control image.It is mathematical fusion point of height.Point B is fusion of height characteristics, where height of control image is merged with the height of exhibit image.It is mathematical fusion point of height.Point C is fusion point of height characteristic, where control and exhibit image merge with each other.It is photographic fusion point of height.Increasing rate above fusion points is 1.00:: 1.00.Un-identity sequence does not have photographic or mathematical fusion point if increased simultaneously.

Table 5 :
Multiplying proportionate figure P1 & P2 and D1 &D2 the data will be as under.
Measured height is 1690.0mm(5.545feet).Correct height of the subject in fraction of unit is 5.4999808 rpp.x feet is equivalent to 5.4999808 feet at the fusion point of height.1555.4621700+120.9320000=1676.39417rpp.xmm=5.4999808rpp.xfeetOr1555.4621700-120.9320000=1434.53017rpp.xmm=4.7064638rpp.xfeetDifference of calculated height and measured height is 0.0450192 feet.Calculated height with the aid of light beam is 5.51212 feet or 4.61742 feet.Minimum difference between measured and calculated height = 0.03288 feet.Calculated height with the aid of light beam is 5.51212 feet.Calculated height with the aid of light beam is 5.36476 feet or 4.17430 feet.Minimum difference between measured and calculated height is 0.0497 feet.Calculated height with the aid of light beam is = 5.36476 feet.Calculated height with the aid of light beam is 5.13588 feet or 4.38057 feet.Minimum difference between measured and calculated height of subject =0.0471.Calculated height with the aid of light beam = 5.13588 rpp.x feet.Calculated height with the aid of light beam is 5.01239 feet or 4.02586 feet.Minimum difference between measured and calculated height of subject =0.0471.Calculated height with the aid of light beam = 5.01239 feet.

Table 8 :
Fixed distance photographic foot-rule height of five subjects is calculated thrice, the result is as above Volume 5 | Issue 4