초록

The purpose of this study was to explore the efficiency and the students’ perceptions of flipped classrooms, attentively designed to integrate lecture-oriented videos and an activity-centered off-line class, for twenty four EFL university students in a general English course. The regular and the flipped classrooms were compared in grammar and vocabulary knowledge by pre- and post tests. Student logs, a post-questionnaire and interviews in the flipped classroom were conducted to analyze the degree of integration of pre-preparation assignments and off-line class activities as well as the students’ perceptions. The results illustrated that (1) only the flipped classroom produced statistically significant changes in both vocabulary and grammar knowledge by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The result by ANCOVA showed no difference, presumably, due to non-normal distribution in both groups. (2) The student logs suggested that well-blended flipped classroom maximized face time, retained more interaction and achieved learning goals. (3) The questionnaire and interviews showed the flipped classroom was highly positive in satisfaction, helpfulness, in-class activities and instructor’s roles, four pillars of F-L-I-PTM, benefits and comments. Especially Blackboard (Mobile) was instrumental in providing a flexible environment for assignments and technology-based activities in and out of class. However, ‘not doing assignments’ was the biggest obstacle as a part of disadvantages.

키워드

flipped learning, flipped classroom, blended learning, self-directed learning, self-regulated learning, Blackboard

참고문헌(48)open

  1. [학술지] 방진하 / 2014 / 플립드 러닝(Flipped Learning)의 교육적 의미와 수업 설계에의 시사점 탐색 / 한국교원교육연구 31 (4) : 299 ~ 319

  2. [학술지] Bergmann, J. / 2014 / Flipped learning : Maximizing face time / T+ D 68 (2) : 28 ~ 31

  3. [단행본] Brown, H. D. / 2001 / Teaching by principles: An Interactive approach to language pedagogy / Prentice Hall

  4. [단행본] Brown, H. D. / 2007 / Principles of language learning and teaching / Pearson Education

  5. [학술지] Chappuis, B. / 2011 / Are your customers becoming digital junkies / McKinsey Quarterly : 1 ~ 4

  6. [학술지] Chen, Y. / 2014 / Is FLIP enough? Or should we use the FLIPPED model instead? / Computers & Education 79 : 16 ~ 27

  7. [단행본] Cobb, L. / 2014 / Exploiting the fringe : flipping, microcredentials, and MOOCs / Tagoras

  8. [단행본] Crowe, A. R. / 2007 / Ubiquitous computing in education / Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc : 19 ~ 39

  9. [학술지] Correa, M. / 2015 / Flipping the foreign language classroom and critical pedagogies : A(new)old Trend / Higher Education for the Future 2 (2) : 114 ~ 125

  10. [기타] Davis, N. E. / 2013 / A MOOC prepared to make a difference / The New Zealand Association of Open, Flexible and Distance Learning : 1 ~ 8

  11. [학술지] Diepenbroek, L. G. / 2014 / To what extent do popular ESL textbooks incorporate oral fluency and pragmatic development? / TESL Canada Journal 30 (7) : 1 ~ 20

  12. [단행본] Dörnyei, Z. / 2007 / Research methods in applied linguistics : Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies / Oxford University Press

  13. [학술대회] Du, S. C. / 2014 / The flipped classroom : Advantages and challenges / Proceedings of International Conference on Economic, Management and Trade Cooperation : 12 ~ 13

  14. [기타] Dunsmore, L. / 2013 / Hold on to your hats MOOCs - Here come the TOQUES! / IIE Network : 32 ~ 33

  15. [학술지] Engin, M. / 2014 / Extending the flipped classroom model : Developing second language writing skills through student-created digital videos / Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 14 (5) : 12 ~ 26

  16. [학술지] Findlay-Thompson, S. / 2014 / Evaluation of a flipped classroom in an undergraduate business course / Business Education & Accreditation 6 (1) : 63 ~ 71

  17. [학술대회] Forsythe, E. / 2015 / Improving Assessment in Japanese University EFL Classes : A Model for Implementing Research-Based Language Assessment Practices / 21st Century Education Forum 10 : 65 ~ 73

  18. [기타] Graf., L. T. / 2012 / Sophia survey finds student grades improve when teachers ‘flip’ their classrooms / PR Newswire

  19. [학술지] Halverson, L. R. / 2014 / A thematic analysis of the most highly cited scholarship in the first decade of blended learning research / The Internet and Higher Education 20 (1) : 20 ~ 34

  20. [학술지] Helgeson, J. / 2015 / Flipping the English classroom / Kappa Delta Pi Record 51 (2) : 64 ~ 68

  21. [인터넷자료] Hennick, C. / Flipped 2.0. Scholastic Administrator

  22. [단행본] Johnson, L. / 2014 / The NMC Horizon Report : 2014 higher education edition / New Media

  23. [학위논문] Kang, N. / 2007 / Developing the model of English teaching and learning using a mobile device in a blended learning environment

  24. [학술지] Kim, M. K. / 2014 / The experience of three flipped classrooms in an urban university : An exploration of design principles / Internet and Higher Education 22 : 37 ~ 50

  25. [학술지] 김용석 / 2015 / 대학 교양영어 수업에 거꾸로 수업(flipped class) 교수법 적용 후 정서적 경험, 학업성취도와 수업 만족도 측면에서의 효과 / Foreign Languages Education 22 (1) : 227 ~ 254

  26. [단행본] Knowles, M. S. / 1975 / Self-directed learning : a guide for learners and teachers / Association Press

  27. [학술지] LaFee, S. / 2013 / Flipped learning / School Administrator 3 (70) : 19 ~ 25

  28. [단행본] Lee, J. / 2014 / Flipped learning for higher education / Chung-Ang University, Center for Teaching &Learning

  29. [학술지] McBride, C. / 2015 / Students’ attitudes and success during my first attempts at flipping / International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education 6 (2) : 2174 ~ 2183

  30. [단행본] McDonough, J. / 2003 / Materials and methods in ELT : a teacher’s guide / Blackwell Publishing

  31. [학술지] Milman, N. B. / 2012 / The flipped classroom strategy : What is it and how can it best be used? / Distance Learning 9 (3) : 85

  32. [학술지] Mok., H., N / 2014 / Teaching tip : the flipped classroom / Journal of Information Systems Education 25 (1) : 7 ~ 11

  33. [단행본] Nation, I. S. P. / 2001 / Learning vocabulary in another language / Cambridge University Press

  34. [인터넷자료] Network, F. L / Definition of flipped learning

  35. [학술대회] Ono, Y. / 2011 / The mobile-based training in an EFL classroom / Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computers in Education : 422 ~ 424

  36. [단행본] Pigg, S. / 2015 / Best practices for flipping the college classroom / Routledge : 131 ~ 145

  37. [학술지] Roehl, A. / 2013 / The flipped classroom : An opportunity to engage millennial students through active learning strategies / Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences 105 (2) : 44 ~ 49

  38. [학위논문] Rowell, J. L. / 2015 / Student perceptions: Teaching and learning with open educational resources

  39. [학술지] Shahriari, S. / 2014 / Evaluating American English File text books based on Cunningworth’s criteria / ELT Voices-International Journal for Teachers of English 4 (6) : 138 ~ 149

  40. [학술지] 심선경 / 2013 / 온라인 수업에서 학습도구와 자기조절학습, 학업성취 간의 관계 연구 / 한국콘텐츠학회 논문지 13 (3) : 456 ~ 467

  41. [단행본] Shin, N. / 2007 / Ubiquitous computing in education / Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc : 19 ~ 39

  42. [학술지] 성기완 / 2015 / A Case Study on a Flipped Classroom in an EFL Content Course / 멀티미디어 언어교육 18 (2) : 159 ~ 187

  43. [단행본] Thornbury, S. / 2002 / How to teach vocabulary / Longman

  44. [학술지] Tucker, B. / 2012 / The flipped classroom / Education Next 12 (1) : 82 ~ 83

  45. [학술지] Wallace, A. / 2014 / Social learning platforms and the flipped classroom / International Journal of Information and Education Technology 4 (4) : 293 ~ 296

  46. [학술지] Webb, M. / 2014 / Flipping a Chinese University EFL Course : What Students and Teachers Think of the Model / The Journal of Asia TEFL 11 (4) : 53 ~ 87

  47. [학술대회] Yuen, S. ( / 2004 / Screen-capture based video: A powerful teaching tool / Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference : 2779 ~ 2780

  48. [학술대회] Zhang, L. ( / 2015 / Teaching model design of business English based on flipped classroom case study / Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Management and Computing Technology : 176 ~ 181