Investigating English First Additional Language educators’ reading comprehension practices in selected schools in Gauteng, South Africa

Educators’ reading comprehension instructional practices have been identified as 1 of the factors that contribute to learners’ poor reading comprehension performance. To this end, several studies were conducted to identify and analyse educators’ practices while teaching reading comprehension. As a result, the aim of the study reported on here was to investigate educators’ teaching practices when teaching reading comprehension in order to diagnose challenges and then make recommendations. The study was qualitative in nature with a case study design. For the purpose of data collection, 3 Grade 9 English First Additional Language (FAL) educators were purposively chosen. The observation data collection method was followed and content analysis was used to analyse data. With regard to the choice of reading comprehension strategies, the findings reveal that the educators did not appear to have a thorough knowledge of reading comprehension strategies. In the observed lessons, the reading comprehension strategies were neither applied explicitly nor implicitly. Educators tended to change the reading lessons into vocabulary lessons. The findings further reveal that the educators relied on traditional questioning techniques that did not engage learners with the text. Thus, the reading comprehension support, motivation and feedback from educators were limited. The main recommendation is for teacher training institutions and universities to play a more active role in developing both pre-service and in-service educators’ reading comprehension instructional practices.


Introduction
Reading is central to learning, and subsequently, an important goal of teaching reading is to improve reading comprehension, which is a critical aspect of reading and has a considerable impact on a learner's entire academic life (Nurie, 2017:108). Informed by the aforementioned significance of reading comprehension, South African school learners participate in a number of national and international literacy studies that measure learners' reading achievement in different grades and at various intervals. The results of these assessments have been studied by a number of academics and sadly, they all agreed that South African school learners demonstrate poorly developed reading comprehension skills (Govender & Hugo, 2020;Howie, Combrinck, Roux, Tshele, Mokoena & McLeod Palane, 2017;Spaull, 2016).The literature reveals that many other countries also experience a similar problem. For example, Elleman and Oslund (2019) lament that, despite decades of research in reading comprehension, international and national reading scores indicate stagnant growth for learners in the United States of America. Similarly, the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) results reveal that the average achievement in reading in Australia has experienced long-term decline. The report specifically revealed that the average achievement of a 15-year-old Australian in 2018 was almost 1 year of schooling behind in reading compared to that of a 15-year-old Australian in 2000.
Arguable, at the heart of this problem is the educators' inability to teach reading comprehension effectively. This view is supported by Pretorius and Klapwijk (2016) who conclude that learners display poor reading ability due to educators not seeming to have a clear understanding of effective reading comprehension instructional approaches. Despite the above-mentioned reading challenges displayed by South African learners at school level, there has been little research conducted to examine the pedagogical practices of educators in teaching reading comprehension at various levels (Boakye & Linden, 2018;Cekiso, 2017;Klapwijk, 2012;Madikiza, Cekiso, Tshotsho & Landa, 2018;Rule & Land, 2017;Zimmerman, 2014). Pretorius and Klapwijk (2016) declare that despite the fact that much research exists in South Africa about learners' low literacy levels, few studies have been conducted that detail descriptions of instructional practices and what educators are actually doing in their reading comprehension classrooms. These studies report on the challenges in putting reading comprehension instruction theories into practice, resulting in poor reading comprehension instruction. Collectively, these studies indicate that educators use traditional approaches to teaching reading comprehension and more specifically, teachers teach reading comprehension in the way they were taught to read by their teachers when they were at school. This situation is worrying since the literature reveals that a great deal of development has taken place globally regarding the effective teaching of reading comprehension (Ariandika & Kartikawati, 2018;Beeman-Rygalski, 2014;Magnusson, Roe & Blikstad-Balas, 2019). Accordingly, we regarded it as important to explore how South African English First Additional Language (EFAL) educators keep abreast with current developments in reading pedagogy, given the current poor reading proficiency of learners referred to above. To assist in addressing learners' poor reading proficiency, Brevik (2019) andCekiso (2017) suggest that EFAL educators need to assist learners in developing reading comprehension strategies such as activating prior knowledge, previewing, asking questions, explicitly modelling, scaffolding and guided strategy practice. It is against this background that we focused on reading comprehension strategies used by educators during reading comprehension instruction in the EFAL classroom.
Thus, the aim of the study was to examine the current practices of educators in teaching reading comprehension and how they handled and arranged reading comprehension in their teaching. Specifically, we sought to examine the educators' pedagogical practices in teaching reading comprehension in Grade 9 English FAL in selected classrooms in the Tshwane South district in Gauteng. For the attainment of this objective, the following questions were formulated:

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How do EFAL educators teach reading comprehension in their classrooms? • How are reading comprehension lessons organised in an EFAL classroom context?
The Importance of the Educator in the Reading Comprehension Instruction Process The International Reading Association (2005:2) contends that "every child deserves excellent reading teachers, because teachers make a difference in children's reading achievement." To this end, Karadağ (2014:890) points out that educators are human resources responsible for teaching their learners about problem-solving, reasoning, individual judging, questioning, analysing and evaluating texts, drawing conclusions and making decisions. In addition, Johnson, Araujo and Cossa (2017), in stressing educators' important role in developing learners' reading comprehension skills, assert that teachers should endeavour to provide high-quality reading comprehension instruction to develop their learners' knowledge and skills. In doing so, educators need to teach their learners effective reading comprehension strategies, and practice appropriate reading strategies in the classroom (Brevik, 2019;Cekiso, 2017). The above assertions highlight the critical role that educators play in learners' reading comprehension development, as well as the high demands placed on educators to incorporate strategic reading into their classroom practices (Israeli, 2017). Taylor (2014) hypothesises that many educators simply do not know how to effectively approach reading comprehension instruction. Although educators play an important role in developing their learners' reading proficiency, in order to perform this responsibility, they need to have a good grasp of reading comprehension instructional strategies. However, this has not been the case with many educators. For example, the results of a study conducted by Al-Husban (2019) reveal that teachers' practices were mainly reading aloud and teaching vocabulary. Other factors in reading comprehension were not taken into account. However, it is important for educators to recognise that learners come from diverse backgrounds, speak various languages, and possess different experiences and levels of intelligence, which all need to be acknowledged during reading comprehension instruction, and valued within the socio-cultural context of the classroom. The implication is that educators should recognise learner differences and take these into consideration when planning reading lesson activities. This is important for providing a fair learning opportunity for all learners.

The Importance of Reading Comprehension Instruction
Elleman and Oslund (2019) view reading comprehension as one of the most complex cognitive activities in which humans engage, making it difficult to teach, measure, and research. However, research indicates that deepening learners' understanding of a text necessitates a constant focus on reading comprehension instruction and scaffolded strategy practices (Brevik, 2019). Supporting this view, Sofiana (2018) argues that learners' performance in reading comprehension develop due to the implementation of reading comprehension strategies like activating background knowledge, previewing and asking questions. Consequently, educators who are wellequipped with these strategies, and are able to employ them in their reading comprehension practices are likely to improve the reading comprehension skills of their learners. In this regard, Nurie (2017) states that reading comprehension research has produced detailed and valuable information regarding the development of reading comprehension skills through modelling and guided practice of reading strategies until learners eventually use these strategies independently. Klapwijk (2015:1) is of the view that comprehension forms a critical part of the reading process. However, learners still demonstrate reading challenges, because educators continue to disregard effective reading instructional approaches in the classroom. In other words, educators portray an ambivalent attitude towards reading instruction. This is also the case with South African educators; Cekiso (2017) and Rule and Land (2017) found that educators were still using traditional reading instruction methods.

Theoretical Framework
In this study we used the socio-cultural theory of literacy as a theoretical lens. This theory is rooted in research (Bates, 2019;Nagel, 2012;Street, 2001) that considers the influence of members of society, such as educators, within the literacy learning process.
Consequently, literacy and the accompanying reading comprehension practices are perceived as forms of "reading literacy capital" that allow those who possess it, to participate in valued literacy engagements (Hull & Moje, 2012:2). However, Pretorius and Klapwijk (2016:2-3) point out that although reading comprehension is the goal of reading instruction, research indicates that poorly qualified educators contribute to learners' poor reading comprehension practices. In line with this view, the socio-cultural theory of literacy provided a theoretical framework to investigate reading comprehension practices in the EFAL classroom environment, where meaningful reading comprehension abilities are influenced by the reading instruction practices of the educators.

Methodology
In this study, a qualitative research approach was followed. Aspers and Corte (2019:155) define qualitative research as an iterative process in which improved understanding by the scientific community is achieved by making new significant distinctions resulting from getting closer to the phenomenon studied. Thus, researchers capture the individual's point of view. In our study, the EFAL classroom and EFAL teachers constitute the scientific community studied as we tried to make sense of the educators' reading instruction practices. In line with the qualitative approach, a case study research design was used. In this regard, Yin (2014:16) defines a case study research method as "an empirical inquiry that investigates a temporary phenomenon within its real-life context." Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014) state that a case could be an individual, a role, a small group, an organisation, a community, or even a nation. Similarly, Schoch (2016) declares that case study research focuses on a specific event, person, place, thing, organisation, or unit (or if more than one, typically a small number). Accordingly, the case study design enabled us to collect data based on real-life reading comprehension practices used by the selected EFAL educators.

Participants and Sampling
The data for this study were collected from three Grade 9 educators from three different schools. These educators were selected purposively as they were deemed to be relevant participants with regard to providing the required information. McMillan and Schumacher (2014:352) explain that a qualitative sample can be quite small, because rather than depending on sample size, qualitative research depends more on the information richness of the cases and the analytical capabilities or the researcher. The educators were selected based on the fact that they offered English FAL to Grade 9 learners who spoke Afrikaans as first language and English as second of third language. Kerlinger (1986:110) notes that sampling, "is taking any portion of a population or universe as representative of that population or universe." Two of the selected educators were female, and one was male; their ages ranged between 36 and 45 years. The male educator spoke Afrikaans as home language and English as second language, while the female educators spoke other indigenous African Languages as their home language and English as second or third language. These educators were perceived to be skilled English FAL educators and had the following qualifications: a higher diploma, a bachelor's degree and an honours degree in education, with between 6 and 25 years' teaching experience.

Data Collection Method
Ciesielska, Boström and Öhlander (2018:33) state that "observation may be regarded as the basis of everyday social life for most people who are diligent observers of behaviours and of the material surroundings." Ciesielska et al. (2018) further point out that observation can be either participant or not, direct or indirect. In our study, the researchers responsible for data collection assumed the role of direct observers. Specifically, their role was to document the activities and behaviour of the educators and learners during reading comprehension lessons based on an observation schedule that was designed by the researchers as a collective. The educators' observations were divided as follows: 1) The evidence of planning for the lesson; 2) The organised presentation of the lesson, emphasising the reading instruction approached used; 3) The inclusion of reading strategies during instruction; 4) The transition from the instruction phase to the activity engagement phase during the lesson; 5) The facilitation of critical reading dialogues in the classroom; 6) The reading comprehension support and feedback techniques used by the educators; and 7) The educator's enthusiasm and behaviour when delivering the lesson. The focus of this study was mostly on the educators' reading comprehension practices; therefore, only the learners' responses in answer to questions asked by the educators and their interactive behaviour during the reading lessons were recorded. In addition, with the participants' permission, an audio recorder was used to make audio recordings of the observed lessons. The data were transcribed and used to support the observation schedule information during the data analysis process.

Data Analysis
The observed data were collected, analysed thematically and interpreted. Specifically, the collected data using the observation schedule and the audio recording device, were transcribed. The three authors studied the data to get a general sense of the data and to reflect on their overall meaning. The data were then categorised by grouping sections of the text into categories and labelling the categories. Then coding was used to generate themes, and, thereafter, the themes were interconnected. Finally, the themes were presented in the form of a narrative passage. We interpreted the results from all three observed lessons with the purpose of either supporting or contradicting each other, which, in turn, created space for the thematic data analysis process.

Data Reliability
Maree (2016:238) refers to reliability as the use of the same instrument at various times and or administering the instrument to a number of respondents from the same population. Stated differently, qualitative research reliability refers to the production of similar responses from different respondents. In this study we observed three Grade 9 educators from three schools within the same province.
Qualitative data reliability also refers to the degree to which the descriptions and explanations of the studied phenomenon agree with the experienced reality of the studied phenomenon. Thus, we used the actual words, statements and quotations of the research participants verbatim. To further enhance the reliability of the findings of the study, we employed an audio recording device to avoid a subjective view regarding the reading comprehension instruction practices of the educators in the classroom.

Ethical Considerations
In this study we adhered to an ethical code by receiving authorisation to undertake the study from the Gauteng Department of Education and the Tshwane District Department of Education. Furthermore, permission from the school principals of the participating schools and educators' informed consent forms of participation were obtained prior to the commencement of the data collection process. In turn, we reassured the research participants of the anonymity and confidentiality of the information collected. In addition, by doing the study we did not pose a physical threat to the participants. Ethical clearance for the study was granted by the Tshwane University of Technology Research Ethics Committee on 20 November 2017, with ethical clearance number FCRE/APL/STD/2017/20.

Findings
The findings are presented in relation to the two research questions on the way that educators teach reading comprehension in class and the way that reading comprehension lessons are organised in the EFAL classroom context.

The Way that Educators Teach Reading Comprehension in Class
The focus of the first research question was on the way that EFAL educators teach reading comprehension in their classrooms. Specifically, the focus was on how educators managed reading comprehension instruction. This could be determined through the strategies they used, if any, to teach reading comprehension. In addition and of paramount importance, was how the educators interacted with the learners, the reading comprehension strategies they introduced, the reading support provided, the motivation provided, as well as the activities organised to facilitate reading comprehension.

Reading comprehension instruction strategies
The three lessons observed revealed more commonalities than differences. With regard to the choice of reading comprehension strategies, the educators did not appear to have a thorough knowledge of reading strategies. The reading strategies were not applied implicitly or explicitly. In other words, no actual reading comprehension instruction was observed in any of the three lessons. The educators tended to change a reading comprehension lesson into a vocabulary lesson. The lesson presented by Educator 1 (see lines 2-12 below), is a clear example of this claim. Even the vocabulary taught was taught out of context in most cases. Furthermore, the learners were not encouraged to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words in context. Another prominent feature in the lessons presented was that the educators depended on the traditional approach to teaching reading. For example, the focus was on oral reading, where educators tended to focus on the punctuation of the text. This is evident in what Educator 3 said: "I want to hear the punctuation.…" Although oral reading is important for beginner readers, it is not supposed to be the major focus for Grade 9 learners. In the three lessons observed, there was no clear evidence that the teachers knew what reading strategies were and how to teach them. However, one would assume that Educators 2 and 3 knew something about the importance of pre-reading activities because Educator 2 (line 1 below) briefed the learners on the author of the story. This is a good pre-reading strategy so that the learners can guess the contents of the text they are about to read. In other words, this type of activity provides learners with some clues and enables them to take guesses.
Similarly, Educator 3 used a relevant reading comprehension strategy at the beginning of the lesson. For example, "What is the story about?" This strategy allowed learners to make predictions; however, the educator did not introduce this strategy before reading. Furthermore, the educators did not encourage the learners to engage with the text. Based on the educators' classroom practices one can conclude that even the few reading strategies that were implemented, were implemented subconsciously because there was no clear evidence that the educators knew exactly what they were doing and what they were trying to achieve. The lessons were dominated by comprehension assessment and the educators were concerned about the correctness of the learners' answers. It can be argued that the educators were looking for only one correct answer. Only when satisfactory answers were given, the educator would proceed. In this way, the educators evaluated the learners' reading comprehension abilities, rather than implementing strategy instruction.

Educators' classroom interaction with learners
Another prominent feature of the three lessons was that the educators were only using questions as a way of interacting with the learners. Even though questioning is one of the reading comprehension strategies, the level and the purpose of questioning in the three observed lessons did not serve that purpose; instead, the educators were using a traditional way of asking questions. This traditional way of presentation results in educator domination of the class, and it is discouraged in the current reading comprehension instruction. In the three classes, there was no learner-learner or learnerteacher interaction, instead, only teacher-learner interaction took place. The learners were passive except when responding to the educators' questions. Furthermore, the learners were not given an opportunity to ask their own questions. Accordingly, this approach to reading comprehension instruction does not guarantee reading comprehension.

Support, motivation, and feedback provided
In the observed lessons, the reading support, motivation and feedback were minimal. Guided reading, according to which the educators were supposed to support a small group of learners to read a text independently, was non-existent. Since there was no formal focus on reading comprehension strategies, little formal feedback and support were given by the teachers. Feedback was only witnessed when the educators praised learners who provided correct answers to their questions. Educator feedback is supposed to go beyond this level in a class that is dominated by learners or in a class where learners are granted an opportunity to read independently. Unfortunately, this did not take place in any of the three lessons. As mentioned previously, lessons were dominated by the educators and even the activities presented provided little opportunity for learners to read with comprehension. This classroom context provided minimal or no motivation for the learners to read, and if reading comprehension instruction continues in this manner in South African classrooms, one would assume that there is little hope that learners' reading challenges will be resolved.

Activities organised by educators to facilitate reading comprehension
The dominating reading activity in the observed lessons was whole-class reading. Questions were directed at the whole group, and in most cases, chorus answers were given. There was no initial modelling of the activity by the educator and getting everyone to participate before breaking into small groups to repeat the activity. Neither was any individual attention paid to reading. It is clear that the learners' learning styles were not accommodated in the presented lessons. Oral reading, teacher questioning, and chorus answers dominated the lessons. The educators would nominate learners to read the text orally, and this activity was followed by questions. In this way, the educators were acting as task givers and evaluators of reading comprehension.

The way reading comprehension lessons are organised in the EFAL classroom context
The second research question focused on the educators' ability to organise their reading comprehension lessons. In other words, the focus was on how systematically educators arranged their lessons. We wanted to know whether there was any evidence of planning in the presented lessons.

Evidence of planning
The evidence of lesson planning reflected the traditional way of teaching reading. It was clear from their presentations that the educators had a picture of learners who needed to be fed information by them. One could deduce the educator's expectations from their presentation styles. Accordingly, one could infer that their major objective was to develop the learners' vocabulary. However, one could conclude that they lacked the skills to embed vocabulary in a reading comprehension lesson; instead, the reading comprehension lesson was converted primarily into a vocabulary lesson. Further evidence of planning was the fact that the educators requested learners to read aloud. Although, if handled properly, it is a good planning method, but the manner in which it was approached by the educators rendered it ineffective. This planned individual reading did not allow learners to engage with the text. We did not see the learners commenting on what the other learners had read or engaging in a discussion about what had been learnt and guessing what was going to follow.
To some extent, the planning itself was not satisfactory. No proper order of events was listed, since no reading comprehension strategy was followed. For all three educators, the focus was on oral reading, and at no time were learners presented with an exercise.

Discussion of Findings
The purpose of the study was to explore the Grade 9 EFAL educators' reading comprehension instruction practices. Regarding the choice of reading comprehension strategies, the findings of the study reveal that the educators did not seem to have a thorough knowledge of reading comprehension strategies. This manifested itself in the educators' lack of focus on reading comprehension strategy instruction, whether implicitly or explicitly. This finding supports the results of a study conducted by Nurie (2017). The focus of that study was on the pedagogical practices in teaching reading comprehension in Ethiopia. The findings reveal that no actual comprehension instruction was observed in the observed lessons.
Our findings further reveal that all three educators focused on oral reading, and according to their observed practices, oral reading was the end goal of reading comprehension. A similar finding was made by Rule and Land (2017) who conducted a study on teachers' reading instruction practices in the KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The results of their study reveal that there was a need to move beyond the predominant mode of reading as oral performance, where the emphasis is on accuracy and pronunciation, to reading as comprehension of the meaning in texts.
The findings also reveal that the educators tended to change a reading comprehension lesson into a vocabulary lesson. In this regard, the National Reading Panel (2000) holds the view that vocabulary instruction does not automatically lead to gains in comprehension but must be appropriate with regard to the reader's age and ability. In our study, the situation was exacerbated by the fact that vocabulary learning was not used as a means to an end, but as an end in itself. The results also indicate that the educators were only using questions during their interactions with the learners. In this regard, Nurie (2017) also observed that the questioning technique in his study was treated as the end goal of reading comprehension instruction, rather than as a means to an end.

Conclusion
The aim of the study was to examine the current practices of educators in teaching reading and how they handled and organised reading comprehension lessons. The focus on the educators' reading comprehension practices was informed by the vital role played by teachers in developing learners' reading comprehension proficiency which plays a key role in the learning process in general. However, the results of the study reveal a similar trend as that indicated by the results of other studies conducted in South Africa and other countries where educators were found wanting as far as reading comprehension instruction was concerned. Specifically, the study revealed that the observed educators did not have an in-depth knowledge of the reading comprehension strategies, and, as such, no real reading comprehension instruction was observed. The manner in which the lessons were handled, the type of activities used, as well as how learners were involved in the lessons, bear testimony to this finding.
While this study yielded some intriguing results, some limitations must be acknowledged. This study, for example, had a limited sample size. However, while the study's aim was not to generalise the findings to other schools or contexts, the findings offered useful information about the selected educators' reading comprehension instructional practices. Another point worth noting is that conducting interviews with educators to better understand their reading comprehension teaching strategies can be useful for future studies.

Recommendations
An independent phase-based reading comprehension instruction module should be developed by teacher training institutions and universities as part of pre-service teacher training and development curriculum. This reading comprehension instruction module should be made compulsory for every student educator, to promote the significance of reading comprehension instruction across the grades, across the curriculum. The empowering of student educators to teach reading comprehension effectively can possibly reverse the reading instruction regression and initiate reading instructional change and progress in the South African EFAL classrooms. The development and inclusion of a reading comprehension pedagogy as part of the pre-service teacher curriculum could possibly improve the way in which educators organise lessons and teach reading in their classrooms.
In collaboration with schools, and as part of their social responsibility, all teacher training institutions, such as, teaching colleges, should conduct monthly 2-hour reading comprehension instruction workshops with in-service educators. At these workshops, reading scholars and researchers should teach educators how to arrange their lessons in such a way that they can facilitate reading comprehension activities effectively, interact with learners to promote critical reading discussions and support learners in the reading comprehension process.