Using Appreciative Inquiry to explore the effect of COVID-19 on student trust: medical students’ perspective

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background Students’ anxiety due to the COVID-19 pandemic was expressed by some medical students in the form of anger and mistrust. This study aims to explore the reasons for mistrust between students and faculty among medical schools in Egypt that have flared during the pandemic. Methodology This is a three-phase exploratory qualitative study depending on thematic emergence from appreciative interviews (AI) sessions. Phase 1 online Appreciative Inquiry (AI) session followed by thematic content analysis. Phase 2 The themes were approached by a smaller cohort of students using a design that relied mostly on the psychometric free association test. Phase 3 The themes were tested on a larger number of students through an online survey. Results Students are revealed to be very well educated regarding contemporary medical education concepts. The most important factors from the student perspective were the presence of a well-designed assessment system aligned with the learning outcomes and teaching methodologies and the presence of extracurricular activities and soft skills, respectively. A balanced student life respecting their mental health was found important to increase trust. Conclusion A roadmap to enhance the student trust must be planned on several pivots: curriculum structure, extracurricular life, communication strategies, and identifying student roles in their learning and decision-making.


Introduction
Researchers defined trust as the act of sharing common cares and needs by people who value trust in their relationships.People value trust because they believed that they uphold each other's truths and confidences (Tschannen-Moran, 2014).Based on that definition, mutual trust between teachers and their students is markedly affected by the sense of caring and valuing expressed by the teachers and felt by the students, Byrk and Schneider (2002) argued that as trust ties increase between the students and teachers, more opportunities are there for teachers and students to positively affect student achievement levels.
Medical students in Egypt are experiencing unprecedented times, as they are living in severe apprehension due to the state of uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on their study (Aker and Midik, 2020).Considering the new decisions, to sustain the educational process through online learning, students began to worry about their learning progress.The confusion raises several questions as to how long this state will last, how education will be continued without clinical rotations (which is considered the main component in any medical education curriculum), and whether they can cope with this new situation or not (Rose, 2020).This state of confusion, together with the continuous spread of the pandemic and the social distancing measures that were taken, result in a sense of stress and anxiety among the medical students (Sahu, 2020).It was reported that public health emergencies have their impact on the psychological health of college students that could be elicited in the form of fear, anxiety, or worry (Cao et al., 2020).
This anxiety was expressed by some medical students in the form of anger and refusal to use the online learning solution (Natanson and Meckler, 2020).They were uncertain about the appropriateness of these decisions and how this may affect their academic progression or future career.Additionally, this anxiety and confusion have created mistrust and hostile feelings towards the staff members and faculty administrators.This led the decision-makers, for example, to consider the students' request to cancel the summative exams for the current academic year.
Taken all together, it is presumed that several factors may have contributed to the development of this mistrust and hostile attitude.These include ineffective of communication, failure to meet student expectations and the inability to deploy student strategies in the new virtual environment.Additionally, previous studies have documented a lack of communication between different stakeholders which in turn puts additional pressure on students to ensure that their voices are hears and that their achievement and grades will not be affected by the new COVID situation (Shehata, et al., 2020).Accordingly, this study aims to explore the reasons for mistrust between students and faculty among medical schools in Egypt that have flared during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
This is a three-phase exploratory mixed methods study depending on thematic emergence from appreciative interviews (AI) sessions (Tripathi, 2020).
Sample size was calculated as 185 medical students using online sample size calculator (calculator.net, 2008) on a 5% margin of error and a 10% population proportion prediction.
Phase 1 A purposive sample of 56 medical students from different medical schools in Egypt were invited to attend one online Appreciative Inquiry (AI) session through Zoom™ (Zoom Video Communications, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).Thematic content analysis was done to the responses of the students in the interviews.Common themes were selected.
Decision on the sample size was made once thematic saturation was achieved.

AI sessions outline:
The AI sessions focused on the process of describing the other lens (the positive view) by the students.Each session lasted for about 20 minutes and employed a double-barreled interview protocol where students took turns to switch roles between interviewer and interviewee.
Students were divided into small groups of 4 to 5 students, and each group was assigned a faculty facilitator who interviewed them on their perceptions, viewpoints, and answers to a group of pivotal questions after the description of a hypothetical situation (Table 1).
After each interview, the students reconvened in one large group together with the faculty facilitators.
Thematic analysis was done by a group of two researchers who were not involved in the AI session (NW, EA).Thematic analysis was done by an inductive approach where data was approached with no prior conception on the emerging themes.The analysis was also done with a latent approach where participant underlying subtexts and assumptions were taken into consideration when developing the themes.This is why thematic analysis was done manually and not by any software.
Thematic analysis was done through a six-step approach: Step 1: Familiarization which entailed a detailed reading through the transcribed meeting text.
Step 2: Coding where the team went through the transcript of every interview and highlight everything that jumps out as relevant or potentially interesting.As well as highlighting all the phrases and sentences that match these codes.
After the went through the text, they collated together all the data into groups identified by code.
Step 3: Generating broader themes through a reading and an attempt to collate the codes into a smaller number of overarching themes.This was done independently by all the researchers and a consensus was achieved on the themes in a brain storming meeting.
Step 4: Revision of themes by the two researchers (NW and EA) by comparing the available transcribed data sets and ensuring they belong with a perfect fit to at least one of the themes.
Step 5: Definition and wording: Suggestions for theme rewording were made and considered by each of the team members until a consensus was reach on the final themes.
Step 6: The team of two researchers started writing up the results under each theme, finalizing quotes and then the write up was revised by all researchers.

Phase 2
The themes that emerged from the interviews were approached by a smaller cohort of students using a design that relied mostly on the psychometric free association test.

Association Test:
A test used in psychology to study the organization of mental life, with special reference to thecognitive connections that underlie perception and meaning, memory, language, reasoning, and motivation.In the free-association test, the subject is told to state the first word that comes to mind in response to a stated word, concept, or other stimuli.In "controlled association," relation may be prescribed between the stimulus and the response (e.g., the subject may be asked to give opposites).Though more complex analyses may be used for special purposes, the reaction time for each response and the words the subject gives are the basic data provided by the test (Rogers, 2020).
The themes that emerged from the first interview were grouped in non-coherent yet thematically attached groups of words (a group of words that do not form a sequence or sentence).These groups were mapped on an online blank wall board that can be used by invited participants to collaborate in collecting ideas, brainstorming, and sharing information.Students were first sensitized to the positive thinking mode using a 20-minute picture-based presentation introducing the concept of AI.Students were then asked to read each box and identify the first word (academic story) that comes to his/her mind.They were then coached into star rating each box of themes from 0 to 5 based on the sense of urgency they felt associated with it.Students were instructed to think a positive thought when listening to the themes.The top-rated theme boxes were chosen, and smaller groups of students were asked in a smaller group to tell stories that come to their mind when reading those themes and to highlight the factors that lead to this memory being an important one that they still have till the moment.

Phase 3
The themes that emerged from the interviews were tested on a larger number of students through an online survey disseminated to 279 medical students (exceeding the calculated sample size) in Egypt through various platforms.The survey aimed to assess the frequency and prioritize the causes of students' trust in their medical schools.The questionnaire was developed by the authors according to the data analysis of the interviews.It was developed on Google forms; https://forms.gle/i2iMBwqFA4ghL9677(Supplementary file 1).The information generated from the survey identified priority areas that later on became the focus of the discussion section in this paper.

Results/Analysis
The core of the AI session was to allow students to picture a perfect future where they felt safe and trustful in their learning environment.The themes that emerged from the student pictured dreams in Phase 3 of the AI session were collated into themes and were categorized as follows: A. Curricular Adaptations and Innovations in Learning Strategies: The students emphasized that the curriculum contents and resources should be continuously updated and modified, to let them acquire the general practitioner's core competencies.They identified that linking theoretical parts of the curriculum with clinical practice settings from the first study year was identified as one of the empirical factors for engagement.
The student responsibility for selection of learning resources and omission of unified resources was also mentioned as a factor related to their sense of engagement.
According to students' perspectives, knowledge is available in books and the internet, and medical schools should provide experiences that are beyond books and other resources.A quote by one student (S5) is: "… there are important skills that should be represented in the curriculum, such as communication skills, time management, entrepreneur thinking, and public speaking or presentation skills.Teaching communication skills is of particular importance for being a successful doctor".
Availability of different sources for psychomotor skills training as skills labs, simulation rooms, and early patient encounters was highly noted by the students.
Students preferred integrated teaching sessions organized in such a way that it cuts across subject-matter lines, bringing together various aspects of the topic into a meaningful association.These sessions offer enjoyable learning experiences, leading to students' satisfaction with the educational environment.They recommended a proper arrangement of the content and media to avoid repetition and to facilitate the constructivist approach of learning through building on the previous knowledge.
Integration of technology in medical education was highlighted by students.One student (S23) stated: "We should have simulation rooms for practicing surgical and laparoscopic operations for instance, not just traditional skills labs, with allowing for appointment system where each student could easily choose to be trained in the area of his interest".
Some students suggested the use of high-fidelity simulation as virtual reality, robotic surgery, and laparoscopy.
Regarding the advantages of simulation, one of the students (S34) mentioned: "Trying several times allows us to get confidence before being exposed to real patients".
They added the need for continuous update of the clinical training to include any new application or techniques as they may contribute to telehealth and help in health education and health promotion.
The students also offered solutions for the financial support for all these innovative techniques, like the adoption of sponsors who can afford the expenses of the implementation of these techniques.
The students raised an important point regarding active learning.One student (S46) commented: "No more didactic lectures are needed; instead, small group discussions with session moderators with triggering questions that elicit creativity and critical thinking and help us integrate the learned sciences together".
They added that this will help them acquire the skills of teamwork and train them to manage its conflicts, preparing them to face the real life.
The students pointed out to the importance of working as a part of research teams which include staff and students to increase their research skills.Additionally, they recommend that their schools support the national and international publications of their research.

B. Students as Active Stakeholders:
The students recommend the need of being independent learners and take control of their own learning.One student (S15) mentioned: "I prefer replacing spoon-feeding teaching strategies with other active learning strategies that target more than just simple recall of facts".
They expressed appreciation towards learning strategies that foster students' engagement and competitions as problembased learning, team-based learning, evidence-based learning, and flipped classrooms.One student (S6) commented on problem-based learning as: "… this strategy has lifted up my college experience".
Many students expressed that each moment of learning via such interactive strategies is so capturing and motivating.All these strategies allow the students to be in close and direct contact with the teachers, who facilitate their learning.
Interactive sessions facilitate communication and exchange of ideas.Moreover, it helped the students to engage and gave them the feeling of ownership of their learning.
According to one of the students (S27): "Allowing the students to participate, either in the form of explanation or application of knowledge, is the best way for ensuring students learning".
Another student (S38) highlighted the importance of treating students as adult learners: "I need to take the responsibility of my learning.I want to be the pacemaker".
The students highlighted that one of the main factors for their engagement and motivation is being actively involved in the learning process.Active involvement can take several forms.One of these forms is the use of student feedback and evaluation of the educational activities to improve the learning process.Another form is the modification of the learning activities to be student-centered and involved active discussions.
Sharing students' ideas and being able to communicate these ideas were important points highlighted in the discussion.
Students need space and a chance to trace their passion and dreams.
C. Student Life: Extracurricular activities can help in the personal development of the learners and facilitate the building of a community between the students.Examples of extracurricular activities are community participation and voluntary work.The students believe that they should be fostered and included in the student assessment plan.
The students also disclosed the significance of mental health support and guidance for the students.
A friendly campus and the availability of different facilities that may help the students to engage with the place and spend a high-quality time in it will increase their satisfaction, engagement, and academic achievement.This development should also include the infrastructure and safety measures for the students and doctors through legislation to protect their rights.Also, the campus should include computers, internet connection, and study landscapes.A reward system should be settled to motivate students who achieve success in their extracurricular activities.
One student (S19) stated: "I should have time to be a doctor and, in the same time, live my life!".

D. Relationship with the Administration:
The students appreciate it when their voices are heard.They prefer to be involved in the planning, implementation, and evaluation phases of different educational activities (student-centeredness).They suggested the development of a medical education quality committee with student representatives.
The administration should provide early and continuous student orientation about each step and milestone in their learning experience.This orientation will help the students to be responsible and aware of what is expected of them.Continuous and open communication with the administration is requested by the students, who recommend a continuous evaluation with the involvement of the students' opinions and communicate with them the evaluation results.
They also referred to the free open discussions with the school's administration that allow for expressing their points of view and their capability to point out their opinions safely without being humiliated.
One student (S50) reported: "In our medical school, not all the faculty members have the ability to facilitate learning, although being competent physicians … a matter that should be tackled by helping them acquire such skills early in the undergraduate life".
They need all their feedback to be considered, with real investigation of root causes of problems faced and implementing real corrective actions as needed for continuous quality improvement.They also mentioned that transparency is the key to building mutual trust between them and their teachers.

E. The Progressive Vision of the University:
Medical schools should support students with various opportunities for national, regional, and international collaboration and exchange.According to one of the students (S11): "Schools should develop social accountability with three pillars: research, services, and clinical practice … and the student is in the center of all these concepts" as shown in Figure 1.
Another student added: "It is important that our school seeks partnerships with highly-ranked institutions and reach out for community services".
Medical schools should be aware of the surrounding continuously changing needs of the community with being in one line with the strategic plan of the government.
One student (S42) mentioned: "Coinciding with developing the National Insurance System, we need to focus more on graduating competent general practitioners to serve their community; a matter that should be considered in the vision of our medical schools now" The students indicated the importance of creating educational facilities in all hospitals whether affiliated to the Ministry of Higher Education or Ministry of Health, allowing for more job opportunities for the graduated physicians without the need for the traditional competitive system for physicians' allocation, with more deep collaboration between both ministries.
F. How the School Views Student Assessment: The students suggested that medical schools should reconsider the attendance grades and focus more on the active attendance of the students and the way they actively participate in interactive learning sessions rather than their mere presence in such sessions.
The students highlighted the importance of standardization of oral exams.They believe that using predefined questions in the exams, viva cards, and checklists for evaluation will ensure that standardization.One student (S35) mentioned: "It doesn't matter who will be the examiner in our oral exams if they are standardized" They also prefer the objective test formats, such as multiple-choice questions, rather than subjective formats, such as the essay questions.
The students prefer a radical change in the assessment scheme in which higher-level assessment methods such as OSCE, WPBA, and other objective clinical exams should account for the highest percentage of the final grade.Thus, they suggest a shift from exam-based assessment to competency-based assessment.

G. Role of Staff Members and Mentorship:
Student advisor or mentor may help the new students in understanding the shift from the high school education to the university level.Also, it may help the senior students in career choice.Mentors can be staff members, senior students, or even peers.
The students reflected that the support of their mentors has guided them to understand the current situation in the COVID-19 pandemic crisis and reduced their panic and stress.They also added that mentors should be responsive, The students place emphasis on the importance of the presence of a mentor who could facilitate the learning process; a one they could return to directly on having any inquiries regarding their research, clinical training, or their progress in general with encouraging and inspiring them for more progress.
The presence of sympathetic staff members who concern about the students' social and psychological aspects besides the academic one is repeatedly mentioned by them as the main factor of feeling secure at school.They also mentioned that the presence of reachable staff members, for instance through office hours or prescheduled online meetings, will be a helping tool for the continuous learning process.
The students believed in the important role of continuous faculty development and selection of the faculty according to various standards not only their scientific level.Furthermore, qualified university leaders should be assigned to significant positions and responsibilities.
Teachers can shape the students' learning environment.Accordingly, they should foster student motivation and engagement using innovative teaching approaches.

Testing on a Representative Sample of Students
Two hundred seventy-nine medical students responded to the survey.Students were from 9 different medical schools in Egypt.
The top ten factors affecting the students' trust are highlighted in Figure (2).
Table 2 highlights the responses of the medical students to the factors affecting their trust in their medical schools.The factors are divided into 7 domains including student assessment, curricular adaptations, relationship with the administration, students as important stakeholders, progressive vision of the university, relationship with the administration, and student life.
Regarding student assessment and curricular adaptation, the most important factors from the student perspective were the presence of a well-designed assessment system aligned with the learning outcomes and teaching methodologies and the presence of extracurricular activities and soft skills, respectively.The ability of the medical school to help the students in having a balanced student life respecting their mental health was the most important perceived factor in the student life domain.

Discussion
Effective leadership requires receiving feedback from the stakeholders for proper management of crises.Students are significant stakeholders in the educational process, and they must be seen and heard for highly relevant feedback.However, gaining the students' trust is not only through communication because students now tend to have vision, and critique strategies.Accordingly, strategizing curriculum reform with involvement of the students is highly recommended for the development of medical education and practice in Egypt (Shehata et al., 2020).
An open communication relationship "exists between superiors and subordinates when both parties perceive the other interactant as a willing and receptive listener, and refrain from responses which might be perceived as providing negative relational or disconfirming feedback" (Stewart et al. 1986).
Findings in our study are unique in the sense that the degree of trust of the students in their universities is attributed to more factors than simply the traditional open communication theory.
Qualitative and quantitative findings in this study can be interpreted to support students views that they are in continuous evaluation for their school's educational practices, curricular reform activities, assessment decisions, and social accountability role, this agrees with Kumar and Jain (2018).This is a finding that we find plausible opinion that is attributed to the open nature of information at the moment and the effect of student bodies that exist within medical schools and that have a great role in educating students about their own education (Bruffee, 1999).The results of the current study suggest important points regarding the students.Firstly, they are very well aware of contemporary medical education concepts.Secondly, they are not exam-oriented students, but they are targeting the international work standards.Finally, they have demonstrated a willingness to build a mutual relationship with the university and community as well.Overall, students have vocalized a need for fairness and involvement.Fairness includes equal and appropriate clinical training, standardized assessment methods, legislation for protecting doctors, and fair work opportunities.Involvement includes student-centered learning strategies, interactive sessions, and using their feedback in the continuous learning process.In line, the use of high-fidelity technology in teaching and clinical training was selected among the top-rated factors to possibly increase student trust in their universities.Simulation may help in the development of trust as it may improve the students' conceptual understandings and training for future practice (Srisawasdi and Sornkatha, 2014) and apply their learning in a safe environment before patient exposure, as simulation is one of the strategies which are suggested and used to reduce stress and anxiety in clinical student education (Mohammadi et al., 2019).This is also justified by the era we are living in post COVID-19 and the stress that is put on the shoulders of students regarding the opportunities that still exist for them to learn clinical skills despite the social distancing (Shehata et al., 2020).
Student work-life balance came high on the list of factors.This was seen also in the need for a beautiful campus and the need to have a psychological and social support system in the school.This is a need for the students that came in agreement with previous studies which stated that if the educational institute provides a healthy environment, students will be more comfortable, satisfied, and able to interact with each other and their teachers (Khurshid and Arshad, 2012;Tarquinio, 2016).
The students also highlighted the importance of mental health support that may affect their performance and satisfaction.
Similarly, studies have highlighted that stress reduction and management are effective for the health and well-being of students who will eventually become the future doctors taking care of physical and mental wellbeing of other (Huynh et al., 2020;Kötter et al., 2019).Conley, Kirsch, Dickson and Bryant (2014) reported that students' involvement in extracurricular activities can improve their mental health which is confirmed by our students' opinion who believed that involvement in extracurricular activities may shape their personality and develop transferable skills.But it is important to consider enough time for these extracurricular activities in the curriculum planning as the lack of time is the most frequently mentioned barrier for student engagement (Almasry et al., 2017).
The use of standardized, structured assessment methods was selected as one of the factors affecting students' trust.Many opinions among the students encouraged the idea that those methods might help in building trust with their organization as they ensure fairness and prepare them for their roles as doctors.There were vocalized opinions that trust will be developed when students are given equitable opportunities to demonstrate what they have mastered.In addition, students need to feel comfortable that assessment is reflecting a real picture for their competencies and capabilities.This is in consistency with the medical curriculum reform in Egypt that obligated the use of standardized, structured assessment methods that have high psychometric measures.Likewise, the Egyptian National Academic Reference Standards (NARS) emphasizes that universities should make all the efforts to establish an assessment system that utilizes a variety of methods.This requires the use of objective questions in addition to modified essay questions, problem solving exercises, and case studies in written exams.Similarly, universities must ensure that assessment of clinical and practical skills encompasses tools that allow the coverage of a wide variety of required competencies (NAQAAE, 2017).
Additionally, traditional to a great extent learning strategy were no longer satisfactory for the new century students.They claimed that experiencing interactive, student-centered learning sessions provides them with confidence and prepare them in an authentic way.Moreover, the use of team-based learning and problem-based learning was perceived to improve their engagement and knowledge acquisition.This agrees with Smeby et al. (2020) who reported that these strategies were rated significantly higher than traditional lectures on making difficult material comprehensible, increasing student engagement, and giving the students feedback on their own knowledge.
The students appear to be expecting a structured process for the recruitment and promotion of staff members.This process should ensure high qualifications of the staff as subject matter experts and medical educators.This will help the staff understand their role that in turn will reflect on both the students and learning experience.They suggested a continuous faculty development to cope with the transforming world.This is in congruence with Ahmed et al. (2020) who reported that the recent chaotic transition to virtual platforms lifted the lid off a current need for faculty development that was not identified before.This was also confirmed by other studies that reported that faculty is considered be the backbone of any institution and their training and development are necessary for progressive growth of an educational organization (Ahmed et al., 2020).
This work suggests that the relationship between the students and the teaching staff is very important for the success of the students and the university, and to facilitate this relationship approachability is very important.The students requested continuous guidance in the form of mentorship programs, either staff or peer mentoring.The students confirmed that they need guidance during the different phases of their study.Junior students need guidance for smooth transition from school learning to university context.Peer mentoring can be more helpful for these junior students who may be more comfortable raising areas of uncertainty with senior students, and a subsequent increase in knowledge, skills, and confidence can enhance their future interactions with clinicians, (Choudhury et al., 2014;Nimmons et al., 2019) while senior students need guidance for career choice (Kollias et al., 2010) as early mentoring can offer students an insight into what it is like to work in that specialty and challenges preconceptions they may have (Farrell et al., 2013).This would increase confidence, self-perceived preparedness for starting work as doctors, and a reduction in the performance gap (Dalgaty et al., 2017).
Additionally, how the school leadership are chosen and thus how this will impact progressive decisions made by the school like partnerships with external bodies and student exchange opportunities were highly scored factors in the students list.These factors may allow more transparency and active open channels of communication that may help the students to accept decisions and in turn decrease the student mistrust in the organization.This leadership was anticipated to allow their representation in the different committees and to play an active role in the decision-making process using their feedback in program evaluation.Despite these measures may be adopted in some schools according to the recommendations of the international and national reference standards for quality improvement, it seems that the measures are not enough or not reachable by all students.However, there is evidence that students are no longer thinking about their schools as a phase that ends with the end of their study years.They understand the impact of the opportunities they can get inside the school and how these can impact their whole future (Engel, Gibson and Gatalica, 2019).
This study demonstrates some limitations that were imposed upon the design and the analysis methodology by several factors including the large numbers of students in Egypt, the strict physical distancing guidelines that were in play at the time the study was performed and others.
There is a limitation in the conduction of the data collection at a distance and over conferencing software.Students who agreed to participate might have been biased by the accessibility of internet.
There was a limitation in the decision to use manual thematic analysis due to the nature of the language used by Egyptian students that held many implications which needed to be interpreted by a mother tongue researcher.For example, there is sometimes a sarcastic tendency in the Egyptian street language where the way spoken words might hold a possible contradictory meaning to the same word when applied in writing.

Conclusion
The students recommend the need of being independent learners and take control of their own learning.Additionally, they appreciate when their voices are heard.They prefer to be involved in the planning, implementation, and evaluation phases of different educational activities (student-centeredness).The ability of the medical school to help the students in having a balanced student life respecting their mental health was the most important perceived factor in the student life domain.Therefore, A roadmap to enhance the student trust must be planned on several pivots: curriculum structure, extracurricular life, communication strategies, and identifying student roles in their learning and decision-making.

Take Home Messages
To regain students trust, universities need to: • Engage students as decision makers.
• Provide opportunities for student independent learning.
• Redesign assessment system to become more valid, less redundant and better balanced in terms of formative and summative.
• Rethink curriculum content by removing unnecessary content, add electives, re-adapt teaching methods that require less student interaction, ensure early clinical exposure, identify area of possible integration and move towards it.
• Rethink Logistics with better understanding of the needs of students in campus.
• Think of Students as human beings who need to grow and develop experiences.
• Invest in developing student soft skills and market-oriented skills.

University of Otago
This review has been migrated.The reviewer awarded 2 stars out of 5 My review is focused on ways to improve this article.In the introduction section, please provide supporting references for the claims made in the paragraph beginning 'This anxiety was …' In the final paragraph in the introduction section, please remind the reader what the several factors are by listing them and explain how a lack of communication between different levels might impact these factors and relate to the study's aim.Please provide a scholarly reference rather than a link to a commercial website that sells products to support the Appreciative Inquiry interview approach used in this study.Please also revise the description of the study design to state that it uses mixed methods.Please consider removing the statement beginning 'A convenient sample size …' because it does not apply to qualitative study sampling and it contradicts the statement about purposive sampling in the next sentence.I agree with reviewer Mary Higgins, please provide a reference for the thematic content analysis methods used and explain the steps used by the research team to arrive to the themes presented in the results section.Please consider reading: Jacqueline Low (2019) A Pragmatic Definition of the Concept of Theoretical Saturation, Sociological Focus, 52:2, 131-139, DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2018.1544514.Please specify 'other lens' and 'double-barrelled interview protocol' used in the AI sessions, and 'non-coherent yet thematically attached groups of words' and 'to think of a more positive approach when handling the themes' in the interview analysis procedure.For phase 3 of the study, please explain how these data were analysed and results were used to address the aim of the study.When reporting themes from a qualitative analysis, please either give the participants pseudonyms or random alphanumerical identity codes (such as P1, P2, …) so the reader can see that the quotations do not all come from one student.For suggestions about presenting quotations in the results section: Lingard, L., 2019.Beyond the default colon: effective use of quotes in qualitative research.Perspectives on medical education, 8(6), pp.360-364.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40037-019-00550-7In the discussion section, please explain and provide a reference to support the phrase "simply the traditional open communication theory' because this theory is not introduced to the reader in the introduction or here.Please check the accuracy of statements in the discussion section.For example, please consider revising the sentence beginning 'Students have identified both qualitatively and quantitatively' with something like 'Qualitative and quantitative findings can be interpreted to support students views that ….'A discussion of the study's methodological limitations and possible future studies are missing in the discussion section.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Top 10 factors improving students' trust in their medical schools

Table 1 :
Outlines of AI interviews with the students

Table 2 :
Frequency of perceived factors increasing student trust in their medical schools

Table 2 :
Continued Tourdeh, M. and Ebrahimian, A. (2019) Effect of simulation-based training method on the psychological health promotion in operating room students during the educational internship.Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 8, 172.
To address this need, please consider: Lingard, L., 2015.The art of limitations.Perspectives on Medical Education, 4(3), pp.136-137.I would be very happy to read and review a revised version of this article.No conflicts of interest were disclosed. https://doi.org/10.21956/mep.19146.r27685