Ten maxims for out of class learning to outclass the academic challenges of COVID-19

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, universities world over are aggressively moving their learning, teaching and assessment to online platforms. Educators suddenly feel unsettled, unprepared and unsupported. This inevitable segue from a traditional to online environment will need faculty to grapple quickly and efficiently with the technological imperatives. The purpose of this article is to present ten maxims to navigate the academic challenges posed by out of class learning. The article includes a user-friendly checklist to facilitate the blooming of online teachers.


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Introduction
In the aftermath of the World Health Organization's declaration of the novel coronavirus as a pandemic, universities across the world have stopped face-face learning sessions in an attempt to slow its spread.All in-person classes are cancelled and there is a sudden shift of education to the virtual platform.However, the transition from traditional to online learning is not without challenges.This 'imposed' online learning has its issues.Although the current generation of students are technophiles and most comfortable with technology, the same may not be true with all the educators who belong to the previous generations.Research on the instructional uses of technology has revealed that teachers often lack the expertise to successfully integrate technology in their teaching and their attempts are wanting (or lacking) in scope, variety, and depth (Mccormick and Scrimshaw, 2001).Hence, we present ten maxims to outlast the COVID-19 academic challenges using out of class learning.The maxims are presented using the 10 T's (Figure 1) which is to enable even the technophobic health professionals to seamlessly adapt to this pandemic crisis.

Maxim 1: Training
Technology enabled learning needs awareness Instructing online requires a different skill set and instructors need to be alert to this need and aware of its potential (Frass, Rucker and Washington, 2017).Success in distance education begins with orienting the faculty to its unique requirements.The current scenario of development of online instructors is variable at the individual and institutional level (Frass, Rucker and Washington, 2017).There is a complex interplay of factors which govern the implementation of online learning -the interconnectedness between talk, technology and text must be carefully titrated (Ching, Hsu and Rice, 2015).
With the constraints imposed by the pandemic, administrators must arrange to train all faculty without assuming that faculty will be able to do it without assistance.Prior to embarking on a training, it will be worthwhile conducting an internal needs assessment and current preparedness.While doing this, the principles of adult learning should be borne in mind (McQuiggan, 2012).The information technology (IT) personnel should be an integral part of the team from the planning, implementation and evaluation stage.Institutions can look into creating a common platform for conducting online sessions which will help standardize the instructional strategies.IT team can assist in creating email id's and password for all faculty and students so that they can log into a common platform.Classes can be conducted uniformly using this platform so that it is convenient for students and faculty alike.Stepwise instructions/ checklists to use the online tools, videos/tutorials which are simple to understand need to be shared with faculty.Arranging small group online discussions and one-one query clarifying sessions with IT personnel will be beneficial.

Maxim 2: Technique Attempt a blended method of online learning
The key determinant that forcefully impacts online learning is the selection of the technique to deliver the course content.It is important for instructors to first determine whether they plan to engage students in online or distance education that happens in real-time, (synchronous) or an asynchronous manner where learning occurs through online channels without real-time interaction.Both the techniques have their merits and demerits (Huang and Hsiao, 2012).
Allowing every student to pace his/her learning commensurate with his/her ability and need will instill confidence in and responsibility on the learner.This means that everyone is allowed to decide how, when, and where to learn.This approach (asynchronous learning) enables introverted and anxious students learn in a safer and somewhat isolated environment.Asynchronous online learning environment has its demerits in that paucity of social interactions and delayed or absent feedback may work at cross purposes with the intended learning outcomes (Oztok et al., 2013).
It will be prudent to use hybrid learning models which include a blend of both asynchronous and synchronous online learning which take advantage of both methods (Yamagata-Lynch, 2014).The classes can be uploaded in advance and the discussion can be fixed after a time lapse.This provides time for students to reflect on what they are learning before answering questions or joining online discussions.It will allow learners to learn at their own pace, while still enabling a meaningful interaction through the discussions.However, a precaution needs to be exercised by instructors to assign a time frame for every unit.The flexibility offered to students in an e-learning format sometimes may act as the biggest deterrent to learning and results in inaction and procrastination.Assigning time frames to every unit and sharing a calendar indicating the timelines for each part is worthwhile.A built-in schedule planner should be integral to each component of the module to ensure the hybrid technique works well.
Maxim 3: Tools Select the apt tool to have the maximum impact Instructors are conversant with the course content but not always equally conversant in judging and selecting the ideal from the array of available e-learning tools.
Lauren Anstey and Gavan Watson (Anstey and Watson, 2018) have suggested a user-friendly rubric which integrates a broad range of functional, technical, and pedagogical criteria for evaluation of online tools.The rubric's evaluation criteria are divided into eight categories, against which the e-learning tool is evaluated.This could be used by instructors to zero in on the appropriate tool for the online interaction.
To exemplify, presently we need an e-learning tool that has flexibility in the timing, duration and class size.Moreover, it should be easy to use while offering guidance through user engagement; most of all, it must allow hypermobility which incorporates multiple forms of media (audio, video, and textual communication channel) to cater to different types of learners.An ideal tool must be cost effective, accessible through different platforms such as desktop, laptop, mobile phones and tablets.It should help learners integrate, rearrange, or extend new and existing information so that higher order thinking is explored.Most importantly if we want all learners to engage freely and effectively, we must establish a safe, trusting environment where personal information protection, data privacy and copy right issues need to be safeguarded (Anstey and Watson, 2018).Ultimately, it is the instructor who will take the final call on which tool will work best for a particular course or group of students.

Maxim 4: Trial run
Try it!Test it!Tweak it!The instructor needs to balance concern for the operation of the equipment with effective teaching.When technology is no longer viewed as a challenge, the instructor can focus more on the learning outcomes and innovative approaches (Johnson et al., 2016).
Once the training is completed, it is important for the online teacher to get well versed with the basic operation of the equipment like switching between sites, operating the switch buttons smoothly, manipulating cameras, controlling sound levels and using different options available with the technology at hand (Simonson and Schlosser, 2014).The instructor must be acutely aware of the ability of the students to access the courseware through appropriate hardware and software.This has to be continuously seen from the viewpoint of the students.
In order to ensure all these, it is always wise to trial run the session prior to the original class.With the instructor's familiarity with the technological tools, student learning becomes the bedrock on which every decision is taken.Establishing the ground rules and discussing them with students well in advance will ensure a smooth conduct of the online class.Maxim 5: Technical issues Not all students will have optimum access to gadgets It is important to understand that some students may encounter challenges in accessing high speed internet consequent to which they may not be able to actively participate in the virtual classrooms.These technical issues make it hard for them to follow the online teaching, making their learning experience frustrating.Moreover, those who live in remote locations will find it difficult to meet the technical requirements of the chosen course (Kumar, n.d.).The only solution to this problem is knowing exactly what kind of technological support they will need in advance so that the online activities can be planned.Offering multi-device online sessions where students can access the class via smartphones, browsers and operating systems gives students an opportunity to choose what suits them best.We should use online platforms that do not require much internal memory or a high-speed internet connection.We must keep it simple so that students do not have to download any program or print out documents.For example, converting important class files to PDFs can make it easier for students to use materials (Gamelearn Team, n.d.).
If the online tool which we have chosen has a chat service, email address or forum for sorting out technical glitches, it can be of great help and we can be certain that technology would not get in the way of the learning process.
Maxim 6: Transition Be ready with plan B Technical problems may arise even after meticulous planning of the online class.We need to be prepared for this.In case the synchronous session is interrupted, it is important for students to have projects and assignments independent of the instructor and alternative means of communication like e-mail, phone, etc.It is wise to discuss alternative strategies with students well in advance (Simonson and Schlosser, 2014).Alternative lesson materials must always be ready although we hope it may not be needed.They must be designed to be used without instructor intervention.Recording of synchronous sessions is recommended so that it can be shared with the students just in case they lose connection midway.
Maxim 7: Teacher preparation Teaching online differs from face-to-face sessions In a traditional classroom, visual cues are extremely important to establish rapport with our learners.Visual cues from students personalizes learning and gives the instructor an idea regarding their current learning experience so that instructional modifications can be done (Simonson and Schlosser, 2014).
In an online course it is more difficult to gather visual cues from and about students.In spite of using desktop conferencing technologies, it is not possible to visualize the entire class and their expressions on screen.If instructors ignore this area of preparation in online classes, there is huge risk that they may get frustrated as they have no clue whether the students are understanding what is being taught and also the students may get disconnected (pun intended) with the instructor.
To counteract this in an online communication, students need to be informed what is going to happen, what is expected of them and what they need to bring to the online class.Making the learning outcomes explicit will allow students to get accustomed to accept the online environment with ease.Use of emoticons and infographics has been suggested to increase teaching presence in an online learning environment.Emojis can be used to encourage and appreciate when learners interact with each other, or with the online teacher (Bai et al., 2019).They can be used to compliment students when they perform well in a task.However, too much of its usage during the discussion may hinder the learning process.Hence a balance needs to be achieved.Another solution is to break the monotony by giving some tasks to students and involving them in the learning process which will give the teacher some assurance that students are alert and are on the same page with the instructor.
Maxim 8: Teaching method Customize the teaching to suit online needs There is as much diversity in teaching-learning strategies in online mode as in the face-to-face class encounters.The ideal method is that which engages the learner most.However, it is well established that the conventional lecture is the least effective method in the distance education mode (Online Education, 2016).
Discussional method of learning works better than the didactic form especially in an online environment.Interactive training activities including simulations, videos, storytelling, gamified solutions, case studies, problem-based learning need to be used as teaching strategies to engage learners in the online environment (Online Education, 2016).Dividing the class into subgroups of 10 to 15 students makes the online discussions more manageable, interesting and meaningful.
In synchronous sessions, instructors ask questions and discuss course material using real-time chats and webconferencing tools.Whereas in asynchronous sessions students communicate via discussion boards, web forums and social media tools.
Another effective online technique to promote interaction in distance education is the threaded discussion where instructors post questions related to assignments and students post comments in a discussion area (Rizopoulos and McCarthy, 2009).
Maxim 9: Teamwork Allow student-student interaction Instructors may try their best to make the online platform interesting and intriguing for the learners.In spite of their best efforts, the online environment can become too lonesome for the student.They get easily bored with online training, lose interest and complain of lack of engagement.This eventually leads to a failure of the e-learning platform.To prevent this boredom, we should make our classes interactive, collaborative, dynamic and fun-filled (Paulus, 2005).
For the student, learning modules developed online should encompass personal responsibility, interaction, interdependence and creation of mutual understanding.
Most definitions of distance education revolve around Bates's seventh golden rule that "interaction is essential" (Simonson and Schlosser, 2014).Keegan noted that distance education must provide for two-way communication so that the student may not just interact but also initiate a discussion (Sher, 2009).
Three forms of interaction are widely recognized in online learning (Sher, 2009).
student-content interaction student-instructor interaction student-student interaction The emphasis today is on the third form embodying reflection, andragogy and constructivism.
Creating small groups and assigning them activities which can be shared with the entire class can be beneficial.Wikis work best for this (Kear, Donelan and Williams, 2014).
Incentives like appreciation in the form of score boards reflecting their achievements, awarding stars for group tasks can keep up the team spirit and encourage students to participate more.
Maxim 10: Testing Gauge student learning It is important even in the online environment to ensure that the students are learning and achieving the learning outcomes.Online formative assessment strategies (through objective questions and assignments) built into the teaching learning activities will ascertain the depth of understanding (Walsh, 2015).
Currently, online assessments are being criticized for lack of reliability due to which both learners and tutors lose their trust in assessments.The logistics of online assessment may engender lapses in the security which could give unfair advantage to those who exploit such deficiencies.Enough safeguards must ensure that this will not happen (Walsh, 2015).However, when assessments are being done to foster learning, it matters little whether the assignments are done individually or severally.

Conclusion
"Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start today and make a new beginning" -Maria Robinson We summarize the ten maxims using a user-friendly checklist to guide online educators.(Table 1) In pandemic times like this everyone needs to do their bit to contribute to society.We need to outclass and outlast the academic challenges of COVID-19 pandemic by embracing the techniques of online teaching.As health professional teachers, we can adroitly ensure that learning is unfazed even by this biological cataclysm.

Take Home Messages
We should not let the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affect learning of health professions students.
Faculty need to quickly and efficiently adapt themselves to the online platform.
The checklist embodying the ten maxims can be used as a guide to equip faculty for this transition.

Declarations
The author has declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethics Statement
Ethical approval was not required as this is a personal view/review article based on our experience.

External Funding
This article has not had any External Funding

Acknowledgments
We acknowledge Prof. Dr. Sumanth Kumbargere Nagraj for his suggestions during manuscript preparation and proof reading.

Puja Dulloo Pramukhswami Medical College
This review has been migrated.The reviewer awarded 4 stars out of 5 I really enjoyed reading this article.It has well highlighted tips for, out of class learning.In present pandemic state faculty members definitely are facing challenges not only in terms of adding digital innovations for their teaching learning and assessment aspect but coping their personal and family state.The biggest challenge is for the students who live in a village/ rural area where internet facilities are limited compared to those living in urban area.Inspite of a choice of online webinars sessions being arranged by various medical educationists in the country still many faculty members are facing difficulty, specifically, for assessment aspect.Hand-on training in must.Enthusiastic faculties do work for few of the portals at their own level, to understand it better and introduce it to the students for formative assessment part.This remembers me the challenge which my students encountered while working on their first formative assignment on Schoology app, although trial testing worked well for all the students.Few students could not complete their online assignment on time due to unstable network or difficulty to enter answer via a small keyboard in mobile, while few could not login to the app.So had to modify my assignment setting, like increased the number of attempts for completing the assignment, no grading system, increased the time duration to attempt for the assignment from 1 week to 3weeks.Students liked the prompt feedback for the assignment via this app and had liberty to ask for detailed explanation from the faculty directly.The ten tips really are required and would like to add few more like regular use of applications with the students, updating the knowledge by attending workshop session or courses.
A very well written article and is the need of the hour .Especially I like the checklist which gives a novice a systematic and easy way to shift from traditional to online platform .A very innovative presentation of the maxims using 10'T's.Enjoyed Reading it.
Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest were disclosed.

P Ravi Shankar American International Medical University
This review has been migrated.The reviewer awarded 4 stars out of 5 I enjoyed reading this paper about ten maxims for learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.The authors could use another term instead of 'out of class' in the title of the paper.In today's world a class is no longer confined by physical boundaries and 'blended' learning strategies of on-site and remote sessions have been increasingly used even before the pandemic.Many medical schools especially in Australia and Canada used to offer sessions to their students who were posted in rural communities online.One of our assumptions is that students as digital natives will be well-placed to embrace and incorporate new technology.While this may be true to a certain extent there is still a learning curve for students and there will be a certain degree of getting used to virtual interaction and virtual learning.I believe training for the students is also important.Another point to note is that the tools will most often be adopted by the university or institution and while an individual instructor may have some freedom about which tool to use many might prefer to use institutionally supported technologies because of the benefits it offers.Bandwidth may be an issue for some students and home internet connections may not always offer the best bandwidth so asynchronous modes may sometimes be better with less emphasis on videos.The issues of online assessment may need to be elaborated on.Assessment in a purely virtual learning set up requires more thought.Maintaining student interest and keeping their spirits high during an online course is a challenge.This interesting article adds to the series of papers published in the journal on learning during the current pandemic.
Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Ten maxims presented as ten T's

Table 1 .
Checklist to prime online educators We recommend a hybrid method (Upload your presentation on a common platform and send link to students to view.Fix a timing for discussion via a synchronous session) Be aware that a continuous lecture tends to bore the students Incorporate case-based or problem-based discussions, simulations, educational games, storytelling and roleplays in your session Use threaded discussions for a learner centered learning

Table 1 .
Continued Dr. Prashanti Eachempati is working currently as Professor and Head of Prosthodontics at Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia.She is a FAIMER fellow (GSMC India), and the recipient of the prestigious Ron Harden Innovation in Medical Education Award in 2017.She has been a keynote speaker at various national and international conferences, continuing professional development programmes and conducted workshops at various institutions in medical/dental education related topics.ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1263-7423.Dr K. Ramnarayan was the fifth Vice-Chancellor of Manipal University from 2010 to 2015.He is currently the Vice President -Faculty Development, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and Chancellor of Manipal University Jaipur.He is one of the early recipients of the ECFMG Foreign Faculty Fellowship in Basic Sciences.He was the recipient of the Bloomberg UTV Award for Outstanding Contribution to Education.He has more than 100 research publications, most of them pertaining to higher education.He has conducted more than 500 faculty development workshops in India and abroad.ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7117-1830.
This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.