Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Vol. 3 No. 3 (2015)
Immigrant and Ethnic Entrepreneurship

Articles

The Role of Public-Third Sector Relationships in Solving Social Issues: the Case of One-Stop-Shop Service for the Promotion of Female Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Montreal

https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2015.030307

Published 2015-09-30

  • Sylvie Paré
    • ,
  • Ralph Christian Maloumby-Baka

Sylvie Paré
Université du Québec à Montréal

Ralph Christian Maloumby-Baka
PhD Candidate in Urban Studies at the University of Quebec in Montreal

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this paper is to review the most relevant literature on the relationship between the State and the third sector in the development of responses to important social issues. This exploratory paper specifically examines a case of public third sector relationships, Montreal CEMFII, within the most consolidated relation types to highlight what characteristics match with it and what do not match. Research Design & Methods: An extensive review of the literature on the relationship between the State and the third sector was performed in order to develop a model of such relationships and stress their principal characteristics. A conceptual effort was made to situate the CEMFII within the more consolidated relation forms, in order to provide evidence of their pros and cons in such specific case. Findings: It is suggested that the development of a One-Stop-Shop service could remedy some of the difficulties female immigrants face when attempting to develop businesses. The paper also argues that the CEMFII, as a product of the State - third sector interactions, has been risky and complicated. However, while there is no evidence that its public funds dependency constitutes a threat to the mission and autonomy of the not-for-profit organisations involved, there exists a sustainability issue linked to political leadership changes. Implications & Recommendations: While the effectiveness of the CEMFII to solve female immigrant entrepreneurs difficulties, which should be furthermore ascertained with data in a future research, is generally acknowledged, it might be useful that the third sector organisations acquire a financial autonomy to diminish their dependency on the public funds, which is subject to political leadership changes, and to guarantee the sustainability of the project. Contribution & Value Added: The uniqueness of this work lies in applying general frameworks of public- third sector relations to a specific case within a specific urban socioeconomic context, where the effects of political leadership changes can be clearly viewed.

Keywords

non-profit Institutions, contracting out, government owned, third sector, state, female immigrant entrepreneurship, Montreal

PDF

Author Biography

Sylvie Paré

Full Professor at the Department of Urban Studies and Tourism, School of Management of the University of Quebec in Montreal (Canada). PhD in Sociology by the University of Montréal (Canada); Master in Urban Planning by McGill University (Canada); Bachelor in Geography by the University of Quebec in Montreal. Full Professor in the Urban and Tourism Studies Department, School of Business at the University of Quebec in Montreal. She is the former Director of the Research Institute of Feminist Studies (IREF) at the same University and the current Director of Urban Planning programmes. She is also the President of the Americas' section of the Association for the Promotion of Training and Research in Planning and Urbanism and member of several academic research networks, including VRM, CIMQ, IREF and RQEF. Her research interests include ethnic/immigrant entrepreneurship, female ethnic/immigrant entrepreneurship, diversity management in municipal contexts, Women and territory, cities and immigration, spatial ethnic differentiation.

Ralph Christian Maloumby-Baka

Bachelor and Master (Italian Laurea) in Economics and Business Administration (University of Lecce, Italy); Master in International Relations and Policy Expertise (LUMSA University, Rome, Italy); PhD candidate in Urban Studies (Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada). PhD Candidate in Urban Studies at the University of Quebec in Montreal and lecturer in Urban Studies Research Methods. His research interests include cities and immigration, with a special focus on the transformation of industrialized cities by migrant entrepreneurs. He is also interested in ethnic/immigrant entrepreneurship, female ethnic/immigrant entrepreneurship and the inter-national financial remittances, with a particular focus on remittances to and within Africa.

References

  1. Abu‐Asbah, K. M., & Heilbrunn, S. (2011). Patterns of entrepreneurship of Arab women in Israel. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 5(3), 184 – 198.
  2. Agranoff, R., & McGuire, M. (2003). Collaborative Public Management New Strategies for Local Governments. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
  3. Ambrosini, M., & Boccagni, P. (2015). Urban Multiculturalism beyond the ‘Backlash’: New Discourses and Different Practices in Immigrant Policies across European Cities. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 36(1), 35-53.
  4. Anheier, H. K. (2009). What Kind of Nonprofit Sector, What Kind of Society? Comparative Policy Reflections. The American Behavioral Scientist, 52(7), 1082-1094.
  5. Austin, M. J. (2003). The Changing Relationship Between Nonprofit Organizations and Public Social Service Agencies in the Era of Welfare Reform. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 32(1), 97-114.
  6. Banting, K. G. (2000). The Nonprofit Sector in Canada. Kingston, ON: School of Policy Studies Queen's University.
  7. Banque du développement du Canada (2012). Indice BDC de la Nouvelle Activité Entrepreneuriale.
  8. Baycan-Levent, T., Masurel, E., & Nijkamp, P. (2003). Diversity in entrepreneurship: ethnic and female roles in urban economic life. International Journal of Social Economics, 30(11), 1131-1161.
  9. Baycan-Levent, T., Nijkamp, P., & Sahin, M. (2009). New orientations in ethnic entrepreneurship: Motivation, goals and strategies of new generation ethnic entrepreneurs. International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, 5(1-3), 83-112.
  10. Bernard, A. (2008). Les immigrants dans les régions. Perspectives, Statistiques Canada (75-001-X au catalogue).
  11. Boris, E. T., Kingston, & Steuerle. C. E. (2006). Nonprofits & Government: Collaboration and Conflict, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.
  12. Brinkerhoff, D. W., & Brinkerhoff, J.M. (2011). Public-private partnerships: Perspectives on purposes, publicness, and good governance. Public Administration and Development, 31(1), 2-14.
  13. Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2002). Government-Nonprofit Partnership: A Defining Framework. Public Administration and Development, 22(1), 19-30.
  14. Brinkerhoff, J. M., & Brinkerhoff, D.W. (2002). Government-Nonprofit Relations in Comparative Perspective: Evolution, Themes and New Directions. Public Administration and Development, 22(1), 3-18.
  15. Brown, L. K., & Troutt, E. (2004). Funding Relations Between Nonprofits and Government: A Positive Example. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(1), 5-27.
  16. Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., & Middleton Stone, M. (2006). The Design and Implementation of Cross-Sector Collaborations: Propositions from the Literature. Public Administration Review, 66, Special Issue, 44-55.
  17. Butler, J. & Greene, P. (1997). Ethnic Entrepreneurship: The Continuous Rebirth of American Enterprise. In Sexton, D. & Smilor, R. (Eds.), Entrepreneurship 2000 (pp. 267–289). Chicago, Ill: Upstart Publishing Co.
  18. Cairns, B., & Harris, M. (2011). Local Cross-Sector Partnerships Tackling the Challenges Collaboratively. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 21(3), 311-324.
  19. Camus, A. (2012). La construction des relations entre les organisations du tiers secteur et l’État. Thesis of the PhD in Administration, Université de Montréal.
  20. Cho, S., & Gillespie, D. F. (2006). A Conceptual Model Exploring the Dynamics of Government-Nonprofit Service Delivery. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(3), 493-509.
  21. Chrysostome, E. & Arcand, S. (2009). Survival of Necessity Immigrant Entrepreneurs: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Comparative International Management, 12(2), 3-29.
  22. Cohen, J. N. (2007). The Impact of Neoliberalism, Political Institutions and Financial Autonomy on Economic Development, 1980–2003. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Princeton University.
  23. Collins, J. (2003). Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship: policy responses to immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 15, 137–149.
  24. Collins, P.H. (1986). Learning From the Outsider Within: The Sociological Significance of Black Feminist Thought. Social Problems, 33(6), S14-S32.
  25. Collins, P.H. (1990). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.
  26. CRÉ de Montréal (2011). Continuum Entrepreneuriat Montréal pour Femmes Issues de l’immigration (CEMFII). Retrieved on October 22, 2015, from CRÉ de Montréal: http://credemontreal.qc.ca/ cre_projets/continuum-entrepreneuriat-montreal-pour-femmes-issues-de-l’immigration-cemfii/
  27. CRÉ de Montréal (2012). Plan d’action de la région de Montréal en matière d’immigration, d’intégration et de relations interculturelles (PARMI): Des valeurs partagées, des interest commun. Retrieved on October 23, 2015, from CRÉ de Montréal: http://credemontreal.qc.ca/ wp-content/uploads/2012/02/20060601-Plan-d-action-PARMI1.pdf
  28. Crenshaw, K.W. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Anti-Racist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139-167.
  29. Crenshaw, K.W. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241-1279.
  30. Essers, C., & Benschop, Y. (2007). Enterprising identities: Female entrepreneurs of Moroccan or Turkish origin in the Netherlands. Organization Studies, 28(1), 49-69.
  31. Evers, A., & Laville, J. L. (2004). The Third Sector in Europe. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  32. Favreau, L. (2008). Entreprises collectives. Les enjeux sociopolitiques et territoriaux de la coopération et de l'économie sociale. Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec.
  33. Fondation de l’entrepreneuriat (2015). Indice entrepreneurial québécois 2015.
  34. Gazley, B. (2010). Linking Collaborative Capacity to Performance Measurement in Government–Nonprofit Partnerships. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(4), 653-673.
  35. Gazley, B., & Brudney, J. L. (2007). The Purpose (and Perils) of Government-Nonprofit Partnership. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(3), 389-415.
  36. Gidron, B., Kramer, R. M., & Salamon, L. M. (1992). Government and the third sector: emerging relationships in welfare states. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  37. Government of Quebec. (2011). Un pacte régional au profit des femmes immigrantes entrepreneures. Retrieved on October 23, 2015, from: http://www.mcc.gouv.qc.ca/index.php? id=2328&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5917&cHash=e00439e73774ba00be406fcce7063cd3
  38. Government of Quebec. (2015). Nouvelle gouvernance régionale. Foire aux questions – Dissolution des conférences régionales des élus (CRÉ). Retrieved on October 23, 2015, from: http://www.mamrot.gouv.qc.ca/developpement-regional-et-rural/prochaine-gouvernance-regionale/foire-aux-questions-abolition-des-cre/
  39. Greene, P., & Owen, M. (2004). Race and Ethnicity. In Gartner, W., Shaver, K., Carter, N. & Reynolds, P. (Eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurial Dynamics: The Process of Business Creation (pp. 26–38). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications.
  40. Halkias, D., & Caracatsanis, S. (2011). The Evolution of Researching Female Immigrant Entrepreneurship: A Commentary. In Dans Halkias, D., Thurman, P., Harkiolakis, N. & et Caracatsanis, S. (Eds.), Female immigrant entrepreneurs: the economic and social impact of a global phenomenon. Farnham, Surrey, England, Burlington, VT: Gower.
  41. Hassel, B. C. (1997). Balancing Acts: What Charter Schools Teach Us about Government-Nonprofit Contracting. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 26(4), 442-465.
  42. Heilbrunn, S. (2004). Impact of gender on difficulties faced by entrepreneurs’, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 5, 159–165.
  43. Heilbrunn, S., & Kushnirovich, N. (2007). Immigrant and indigenous enterprises: similarities and differences. International Journal of Business Performance Management, 9, 344–361.
  44. Heilman, M.E., & Chen, J.J. (2003). Entrepreneneurship as a solution: The allure of self-employment for women and minorities. Human Resource Management Review, 13, 347-364.
  45. Hoffman, A. J. (1999). Institutional evolution and change: Environmentalism and the U.S. chemical industry. Academy of Management Journal, 42(4), 351-371.
  46. Jones, M. B. (2007). The Multiple Sources of Mission Drift. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(2), 299-307.
  47. Kloosterman, R.C., & Rath, J. (2001). Immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies: Mixed embeddedness further explored. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(2), 189-201.
  48. Kloosterman, R., & Rath, J. (2002). Working on the fringes. Immigrant businesses, economic integration and informal practices. Invandrares foeretagande. Retrieved on October 23, 2015, from http://www.janrath.com/downloads/@rath%20NUTEK.pdf
  49. Kloosterman, R.C., Van der Leun, J.P., & Rath, J. (1999). Mixed embeddedness, migrant entrepreneurship and informal economic activities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Development, 23(2), 253 - 367.
  50. Kushnirovich, N. (2009). Policy for supporting business minorities: a study of women and immigrant entrepreneurs. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 7 (4), 394 - 408.
  51. Laville, J. L., & Roustang, G. (1999). L'enjeu d'un partenariat entre État et société civile. In Defourny, J., Develtere, P., & Fonteneau, B. (Eds.), L'économie sociale au Nord et au Sud. Paris, Bruxelles: DeBoeck Université, 217-238.
  52. Lerner, M., & Khavul, S. (2003). Beating the odds in immigrant entrepreneurship: how does founder human capital compare to institutional capital in improving the survival of immigrant owned businesses? Working Paper. Babson College.
  53. Lerner, M., Menahem, G., & Hisrich, R. (2005). Does government matter? The impact of occupational retraining, gender and ethnicity of immigrants’ incorporation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12, 192–210.
  54. Lévesque, B. (2001). Le modèle québécois: Un horizon théorique pour la recherche, une porte d’entrée pour un projet de société?. Montréal: CRISES, Cahier du CRISES - Études théoriques #ET0105.
  55. Light, I. (2007). Women’s economic niches and earnings inferiority: the view from the ethnic economy’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33, 541–557.
  56. Loscocco, A.K., Robinson, J., Hall, R.H., & Allen, J.K. (1991). Gender and small business success: an inquiry into women’s relative disadvantage. Social Forces, 70, 65–85.
  57. OECD (2006). Successful partnerships: a guide. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  58. OECD (2012). Recommendation on Principles for Public Governance of Public-Private Partnerships. Paris,OECD Publishing.
  59. Olson, M. (Revised edition, Ed.). (1971). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  60. Osborne, S. (2008). The Third Sector in Europe: Prospects and Challenges. London: Routledge.
  61. Paré, S. (2008). Enclaves ethniques à Montréal et Toronto : les cas de Victoria à Côte-des-Neiges et de Roncesvalles à Parkdale. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 40(3), 91-108.
  62. Paré, S., & Therasme, K. (2010). Entrepreneurs in the new economy: Immigration and sex effects in the Montreal metropolitan area. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 218-232.
  63. Paré, S., Chabant, O., & Lavallière, F. (2010). De l’aide et de l’appui aux Femmes entrepreneures immigrantes dans la nouvelle économie montréalaise: Formes actuelles et enjeux. Symposium proceedings. UQAM, EGS, IREF.
  64. Pécoud, A. (2010). What is ethnic in an ethnic economy? International Review of Sociology - Revue Internationale de Sociologie, 20(1), 59-76.
  65. Pearce, S. (2005). Today’s immigrant woman entrepreneur. Immigration Policy in Focus, 4(1). Immigration Policy Center.
  66. Piperopoulos, P. (2012). Ethnic female business owners: More female or more ethnic entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(2), 192-208.
  67. Prasad, M. (2007). The Politics of Free Markets: The Rise of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States. University of Chicago Press.
  68. Proulx, J., Bourque, D., & Savard, S. (2007). The Government-Third Sector Interface, Voluntas, 18(3), 293-307.
  69. Radio Canada. (2014). La fin des Conférences régionales des élus?. Retrieved on June 11, 2015, from Radio Canada website: http://ici.radio-canada.ca/regions/saguenay-lac/2014/10/21/002-cre-couillard-abolition.shtml
  70. Rath, J. (2000). Immigrant businesses: the economic, political, and social environment. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York: St. Martin's Press.
  71. Saidel, J. R. (1991). Resource Interdependence: The Relationship Between State Agencies and Nonprofit Organizations. Public Administration Review, 51(6), 543-553.
  72. Salamon, L. M. (1987). Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 16(1-2), 29-49.
  73. Salamon, L. M. (2002). The State of Nonprofit America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  74. Salamon, L. M. (2006). Government-Nonprofit Relations from an International Perspective. In Boris, E. T., & Steuerle, C. E. (Eds.), Nonprofits & Government: Collaboration and Conflict (pp. 399-435). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.
  75. Salamon, L. M. (2010). Putting the Civil Society Sector on the Economic Map of the World. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 81(2), 167-210.
  76. Sassen, S. (1991). The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  77. Sassen, S. (2006). Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  78. Seitadini, M. M., & Lindgreen, A. (2010). Editorial: Cross-Sector Social Interactions. Journal of Business Ethics, 94, 1-7.
  79. Selsky, J. W., & Parker, B. (2005). Cross-Sector Partnership to Address Social Issues: Challenges to Theory and Practice. Journal of Management, 31(6), 849-873.
  80. Selsky, J. W., & Parker, B. (2010). Platforms for Cross-Sector Social Partnerships: Prospective Sensemaking Devices for Social Benefit. Journal of Business Ethics, 94, 21-37.
  81. Shaw, M. M. (2003). Successful Collaboration Between the Nonprofit and Public Sectors. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 14(1), 107-120.
  82. Smith, S. R. (2010). Nonprofit Organizations and Government: Implication for Policy and Practice. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(3), 621-644.
  83. Smith, S. R., & Lipsky, M. (1993). Nonprofits for hire: The welfare state in the age of contracting. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  84. Smith, S. R., & Grønbjerg, K. A. (2006). Scope and Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations. In
  86. Powell, W. W., & Steinberg, R. (Eds.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook (pp. 221-242), 2nd edition.New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  87. Smith-Hunter, A. & Engelhardt, W. (2004). Determinants of economic success for women entrepreneurs: an analysis across racial lines. Journal of Academy of Business and Economics, 3, 210–218.
  88. Statistique Canada (2009). Compte satellite des institutions sans but lucratif et du bénévolat 2007. Décembre 2009, no. 13-015.
  89. Steinberg, R., & Powell, W. W. (2006). Introduction. In Powell, W. W, & Steinberg, R. (Eds.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook (pp. 1-10). 2nd edition. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  90. Takahashi, L., M., & Smutny, G. (2002). Collaborative Windows and Organizational Governance: Exploring the Formation and Demise of Social Service Partnerships. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31(2), 165-185.
  91. Toussaint-Comeau, M. (2005). Self-employed Immigrants: An Analysis of Recent data, Essays on Issues. Chicago Fed Letter, No 213.
  92. Vaillancourt, Y. (2007). Vers un État stratège partenaire de la société civile. Montreal: CRISES, coll. Cahiers du CRISES - Études théoriques #ET0708, 36 p.
  93. Van Slyke, D. M. (2007). Agents or Stewards: Using Theory to Understand the Government-Nonprofit Social Service Contracting Relationship. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 17(2), 157-187.
  94. Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsch, D., & Thurik, R. (2001). An eclectic theory of entrepreneurship, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper TI 2001-030/3.
  95. Ville de Montréal (2015). Entreprendre ici, l’écosystème entrepreneurial. Retrieved on October 23, 2015, Ville de Montréal: https://fairemtl.ca/fr/entreprendre-ici
  96. Vurro, C., Dacin, M. T., & Perrini, F. (2010). Institutional Antecedents of Partnering for Social Change: How Institutional Logics Shape Cross-Sector Social Partnerships. Journal of Business Ethics, 94, 39-53.
  97. Walden, G. I. (2006). Who's Watching Us Now? The Nonprofit Sector and the New Government by Surveillance. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(4), 715-720.
  98. Waldinger, R. (1989). Immigration and Urban Change. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 211-232.
  99. Waldinger, R., Ward, R., Aldrich, H. E., & Stanfield, J. H. (1990). Ethnic entrepreneurs: Immigrant business in industrial societies. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship. (Vol. 1): Sage Publications, Inc.
  100. Wang, Q. (2008). Race/ethnicity, gender and job earnings across metropolitan areas in the United States: a multilevel analysis. Urban Studies, 45, 825–843.
  101. Weisbrod, B. A. (1997). The Future of the Nonprofit Sector: Its Entwining with Private Enterprise and Government. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 16(4), 541-555.
  102. Young, D. R. (2000). Alternative Models of Government-Nonprofit Relations: Theoretical and International Perspectives. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29(1), 149-172.
  103. Young, D. R. (2006). Complementary, Supplementary, or Adversarial? Nonprofit-Government Relations. In Boris, E. T., & Steuerle, C. E. (Eds.), Nonprofits & Government: Collaboration and Conflict (pp. 37-106). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.
  104. Zhou, M. (2007). The Non-Economic Effects of Ethnic Entrepreneurship. In Dana, L.-P. (Eds.), Handbook Of Research On Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship: A Co-evolutionary View on Resource Management (pp. 279-288). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.