METHOD OF INCREASING EFFICIENCY, MEAN OF CONTROL AND TOOL OF ANALYSIS OF THE USE ENERGY OF POWER SOURCE PULSE LASER RANGE FINDER

. The latest results of a series researches of the revealed paradox of energy balance disturb and its manifestations in electrical circuits are presented in order to increase the efficiency of the conversion of energy voltage direct current into pulsed energy of other forms, on the example of improving the use energy of the power source of pulsed solid-state laser range finder. It is show, that the efficiency of simultaneous conversion in a load with active linear or nonlinear resistance of the energy, which accumulated in the inductive and capacitive storage, can reach the efficiency of its accumulation. For this the first time offered the aperiodic mode of the transient process in the oscillating circuit

Keywords: capacitive storage, inductive storage, disturbed energy balance, transient process, aperiodic mode, loads with linear or non-linear active resistance.

І. Introduction
Use of moveables means of telecommunications, automation and robotics in solving practically important tasks is quickly growing.This requires their further improvement, and convenient criterion in order is the efficiency of energy uses of primary power source, which often is batterie of galvanic cells or accumulators.
For example, reducing the energy consumption of a pulsed solid-state laser rangefinder (PLR) extends the duration of its continuous operation.Or for the same duration of continuous operation it allows to expand the measured distance by increasing the energy of optical pulses, the emission of is spent a large part of the consumed energy.And therefore, energy-saving measures are taken, example, the automatic shutdown, or the limitation of certain functions during the breaks in work.However, it is clear that it is more expedient to increase the effectiveness of PLR when they are performing their main functions.
In fig. 1 shows energy flows of various forms, the carriers of which are electric current and optical pulses, as well as nodes in which the form of energy of the primary source, or its parametersis converted.For example, the value of voltage direct current for PLR components, that require voltages, what higher or lower from battery voltage, such as laser diodes, microprocessor, display, etc.

Fig. 1 -Structural scheme of PLR with energy flows of various forms and parameters
In total, for powering any mobile devices of telecommunication, automation and robotics it is necessary to converts not only the amount of direct voltage or current (dc-dc), but also the type of current, for example, alternating on direct (ac-dc)as during charging batteries from alternating current networks etc.
For all types of such conversions (most often dc-dc, ac-dc, and also dc-ac, ac-ac) powerful pulse devices are used, in which the energy, accumulated over relatively long time, is consumed during converting in relatively short time.And in current conditions limited energy resources increasing efficiency this convertions in mobile means of telecommunications, automation and robotics is especially actual.

ІІ. Literature analysis 2.1. Basics of the bildings of impulse converters energy voltage direct current
The foundation bildings of the dc-dc converters are pulse devices, in which inductive and capacitive energy storages perform separate functions, arising from their dual properties, namely: inductives -voltage amplification, and capacitives -current amplification [1, p. 73].
With the help of inductive storages are obtained voltage pulses of given amplitude and duration, the power of which can exceed the power of the primary source in the ratio of the duration of energy accumulation to the duration of the pulses [1, p. 74 -76].And with the help of capacitive storage devices the energy of these pulses is saved in the form energy of direct current voltage, which can be lower or higher than the voltage of the primary source.
According to the circuit of the generator of powerful pulses with an inductive storages [1, p. 73], the all basic types of dc-dc converters, and their subsequent modifications are being built, for which the largest manufacturers of semiconductor devices have is developed and constantly replenished a wide range of element base, oriented to the various needs their application, as example, [2 -4].
As first, these are basic converters without galvanic isolation of the load circle, namely: boost (step-up) converter [ Known ways of increasing the efficiency of basic dc-dc converters, example, by optimizing load modes of capacitive energy storage [7], and everything progres their circuitry [8], also do not go beyond of scope separation functions inductive and capacitive energy storages.This applies to cases when the result is achieved by parallel or series connection of several identical basic converters, for example [9], and when new principles are involved, that not used in the basic converters.
As a result of such involv into flyback converter are received a self-oscillating power supplies [5, p. 209-252].In such converters the inductive storage is used to form a feedback circuit, which ensures its oscillating mode.However, this mode does not cover of the capacitive storages voltage direct current, and the functions of inductive and capacitive storages remain separate.
The same applies to such combined modifications of converters, as: − LLC resonant half bridge converters [6, p. 385-440; 10], where an additional LC circle is entered into the basic half-bridge converter [5, p. 154-158]; − SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter) [5, p. 171-208], which contain basic converters in a boostbuck-boost sequence, and two inductive storage that can be wound on the same magnetic core and connected by a coupling capacitor; − Zeta [11], which contain basic converters in the buck-boost-buck sequence, opposit to SEPIC.
In [12], it is proposed to connect the source of input energy in converters of all modifications through the LC lattice network, which the author called a Z-source, and claims that its unique properties provide advantages not available to other methods.This statement is not convincing, because the LC lattice network is used in analog and digital filters, for example, [13, p. 186-189].It is obvious that an additional filter will improve the distortion reduction of the output voltage of any converter.
For example, the comparison in [14] of Z-source, Zeta and SEPIC converters by the amount of harmonic distortion, power factor and the ability to adjust the output voltage shows that these criteria are satisfied by Zeta, and not by Z-source converter.
In this manner, common to the bildings and ways of improvement of the all considered dc-dc converters, based on the principles [1], is that they contain: 1) only one method of converting voltage direct current sources into voltage pulses with using an inductive storages; 2) only one method of saving energy pulses voltage in the form of energy voltage direct current with using a capacitive storages; 3) numerous methods of their improvement, by including in the circles the source of the input voltage, the inductive storage, or the load, of additional inductances and capacitors, which are not directly involved during the accumulation and conversion of energy, but are necessary for the involvement of new principles in the bilding of known converters, or the strengthening of their filtering properties; 4) efficiency energy conversion, which theoretically can reach 100% and serves as a criterion evaluating various methods of improvements, but its increase is not the goal of these methods which, at the same time, do not go beyond the scope of separates functions inductive and capacitive storages energy.
In the table 1 shows the energy efficiency indicators of the dc-dc converters of voltage and current, the circuits of which are consideres in [5] and are available, as ready-made examples for modeling in the Multisim 11.0 environment, in the files of the directory "...\National Instruments\Circuit Design Suite 11.0\samples\SMPS Circuits\ Transient Analysis".All circuits are used unchanged, but for measurements they have two wattmeters are included and an active resistance of 0.1 Ohm, which is used to simulate power losses, which is not provided by the idealized model source voltage direct current from the Multisim environment.The included components do not change the functioning of the converters, and bring it closer to real conditions.From table 1 it can be seen, that of the ratio P2/P1 of the power, converted in a load with an active linear resistance, to the power, consumed from a voltage source, for all researched converters approaches unity to varying degrees.Also, in the circle of the source of direct current voltage the power factor Cos(φ) < 1, which indicates of energy circulation, the possibilities use of which in known sources is not considered.

Analysis of the dynamics of energy accumulate and conversion
Convenient models of inductive and capacitive storages, which provide an opportunity to take into account active energy losses in them, are RL and RC links.Known sources, for example [15, p. 215-217, 366-368; 16, p. 212-263; 17, p. 261-320], do not consider the peculiarities of the dynamics of transient processes in RC and RL links.According to the results of [18], in [19], on the basis methods and results of the specified sources, is compared the dynamics of energy accumulate and conversion during of transient processes the connection of RC and RL links to a direct current voltage source, and their short circuit after disconnect from a source.
Transient processes in RC and RL links describe the same nonlinear functions, and the formulas for voltages and currents during transient processes can be obtained one from the other by replacing the parameters uL with iC, iL with uC, and L with C, which is a consequence of the dual properties of inductance L and capacitance C.
Namely, during the accumulation of energy:

Fig. 2 -Superimposed nonlinear graphs of the rise and drop of current iL(t) and voltage uC(t), and corresponding imaginary linear dependencies
Graphs in fig. 2 show the difference of the dynamics of energy accumulation and conversion during transient processes into RL and RC links.With the help of tinting in fig. 2 shows the direction, magnitude, and dynamics of exceeding the rate of rise and drop of nonlinear graphs of current and voltage relative to the rate of rise and drop of imaginary linear dependencies, that correspond to them.
From formulas (1) and ( 2) and fig. 2 it can be seen, that increase the resistance R brings the non-linear graphs of current and voltage rise and drop closer to imaginary linear dependences, the efficiency of energy accumulation in inductance L and capacitance C decreases, and the efficiency conversion accumulated energy in resistance R increases.A comparison of the dynamic of the rise and drop of current and voltage shows, that the efficiency of energy accumulation is higher than the efficiency of conversion of this accumulated energy.
The same follows from the equivalent transformation of the classical notation of the formulas for the energy WC and WL, accumulated in the RC and RL links: The multiplier "½" in ( 3) and ( 4) relates the efficiency of WC and WL energy accumulates to the virial theorem [20, p. 83-86], according to which twice the average total kinetic energy is equal to a multiple of the average total potential energy.Instead, in the formula for calculating the conversion of energies ( 3) and ( 4) into Joule heat WJ in the resistance R lacks the factor "½", therefore, it does not comply with the virial theorem, and efficiency conversion of the accumulated energy WC and WL during the closes of the RC and RL links is in half as much: (5) Also, the dual properties of capacitance and inductance in closes RC and RL links are manifested in the fact, that for a certain duration of the transient process the capacitance C is equivalent to a voltage source, whose dynamic resistance is less, than the resistance R, and the inductance L is equivalent to a current source, whose dynamic resistance is greates, than the resistance R. Therefore, for some time of the transient process, the change in the dynamic resistances of the inductance and capacitance in the series RLC circuit corresponds to the optimal conversion of the accumulated energy in the resistance R, and its dynamic should approach to the dynamic of accumulation energy.
In fig. 3 dashed line shows the expected superimposed graph of current iL(t) and voltage uC(t) during optimal energy conversion, which is inversely symmetrical to the real graphs of current and voltage during energy accumulation in fig. 2 on the left, and for comparison, the graph of the current and voltage drop, and the imaginary linear dependence from fig. 2 right.
The expected result coincides with the conclusion [7], that of the three loads modes of the supercapacitor bank, namely, with unchanged resistance, current or power the best energy use is provided by the last of them.In [7] a graph of the voltage drop of such bank in the unchanged power mode is presented, which qualitatively corresponds to the expected graph in fig. 3.

Analysis of energy conversion efficiency
Classical analysis of RLC circles, for example, [16, 264-305; 17, 321-370], does not include a comparison the efficiency of energy conversion in different modes of the transition process, namely: oscillating (underdamped), critically (critically damped), aperiodic (overdamped).On the basis methods of the specified sources, and the example of the "Damped Harmonic Oscillation" calculation of the "Engineering Applications" section of Mathcad 15.0 such a comparison is made in [19].
Unit values of inductance L, capacitance C, and non-zero initial conditions for accumulation of charge Q by capacitance C are used for the calculations, and values R1, R2, R3 are used for resistance R, under which the oscillating, critical, and aperiodic modes of the transient process occur, respectively.The accumulated energy WC and the non-zero initial conditions of its transformation are determined by the charge Q, therefore the differential equation of the current in a series RLC circuit is written in terms of the ratio of the charge Q and time t: According to the results of calculations ( 6) and ( 7) in fig. 4 graphs of change of charge Q are shown on top, and energy conversion of WC in oscillating, critical and aperiodic modes is shown on the bottom.It can be seen from the tinted area that more energy is converted in resistance R3 in the aperiodic mode than in resistances R1 and R2 in the oscillating and critical modes, respectively.

Fig. 4 -Graphs of charge change and energy converted in oscillating, critical and aperiodic modes of the transition process 2.4. Summary of the analysis
The efficiency of energy use during the periodic power on of the laser diode to a direct current voltage, which obtain from dc-dc converters of known modifications, can to varying degrees is approaching 100%, depending on modification of converter.
Existes unused potential of the combination of the dual properties of capacitive and inductive energy storages, also energy circulation in the circles of direct current sources phenomena, which can be realized in help aperiodic mode of the transition process in a series RLC circuit in order converting the direct current voltages into pulses to power laser diode PLR, wich should improve use primary source energy.

ІІІ. Object and methods of research
The object of the research is to reduce energy consumption from the primary source by increasing the level of efficiency of conversion of direct current voltage energy into pulses energy in a load with active resistance in a series RLC circuit in the aperiodic mode of the transient process on level of efficiency accumulation energy of direct current voltage in a parallel LC circuit, taking into account losses during processes accumulation and conversion energy.
The research have carried out using the methods of classical analysis of transient processes during commutation of electric circuits by solving ordinary differential equations in Cauchy form by the Runge-Kutta method with a constant step using Mathcad 15.0, simulation modeling in the Multisim 11.0 environment, and of full-scale experiments on a working model.
IV. Results

Modeling results and their basis
The discovery and study of the paradox of disturbed energy balance [18; 19] allowed to propose a method [21], as alternative to separating functions of inductive and capacitive energy storages.Their properties are combined during automatically switch the parallel connection of inductive and capacitive storage during energy accumulation to their serial connection during conversion accumulated energy.At the same time, the dynamic balance of voltages on inductive and capacitive storage in a parallel LC circuit in fig. 5   In fig.6 present an illustration is given the manifestation of the paradox for the example of a system of bodies T1 and T2 with equal masses m1 = m2, where EK1 and EK2 are kinetic, and EP1 and EP2 are potential energies of these bodies.The potential energy of the body T2 after the disturb energy balance can be to calculate by converting it into kinetic energy.When under the influence of its weight m2•g the body T2 falls from a height of 2•h above the level of the T1, then at the moment when the T2 arrive the level of the T1, it will acquire kinetic energy: where v is the speed of the body T2, m = m1 = m2.
We have a paradox: the energy in the right part (6), which the body T2 acquired during the rise, is twice the energy (5) spent on performing work A to raise the body T2 to a height h above the level of the center of mass O.
At one time, the law of conservation energy is fulfilled, and this paradox is its consequence: the total energy of the system of bodies T1 and T2, which is equal to the sum of their total energies (EP1+EK1) and (EP2+EK2), is unchanged before and after disturbed energy balance and is equal to (EP1+EK1+EP2+EK2).Also, disturb balance of the system of bodies T1 and T2 corresponds to the virial theorem in that the difference between the total energy of the body T2, which has acquire energy EP1, and the total energy of the body T1, which has lost energy EP1, always is 2•EP1.
Also, along with disturb voltage balanc, as shown in fig. 5 on the right, during the transient process into the series RLC circuit, take place the opposite changes dynamic resistances of the inductive and capacitive energy storage, as stated in clause 2.2 occurs.Therefore, for some time their dynamics resistances acquire values, which are optimal for the effective conversion of energy into resistance R.
On conjugate models in the form of systems of ordinary differential equations transient processes in the aperiodic mode were calculated during: − energy accumulation in zero initial conditions in the model in fig.7 above for the parallel LC circuit in the scheme in fig.8 on the left; − conversion of accumulated energy in non-zero initial conditions in the model in fig.7 from below for a series RLC circuit in the scheme in fig.8 on the right.

Fig. 7 -Conjugate models of accumulation and conversion energy
In the schemes in fig.8 is marked: Edirect current voltage source; R0 and L0 are loss resistance and parasitic inductance in the source circuit E; L, C and RL, RCinductance, capacity and loss resistances of energy storages; Rload.

Fig. 8 -Connection of inductive and capacitive energy storage, as well as loads during energy accumulation and conversion
Simulations in the Mathcad environment confirmed, that the efficiency of energy conversion in a series RLC circuit in the aperiodic mode of the transient process can exceed 100%.
In the table 2 presents the results of power measurement during simulation in the Multisim environment of energy conversion by the method [21] in six variants of circuits, when a load with a linear or nonlinear active resistance is connected on circle of inductive or capacitive storage.All variants circuits provide energy conversion whit the ratio P2/P1 of more than unity, taking into account losses.Also, similarly were performed full-scale experiments.In fig.8 shows variants circuits "3" and "4", where the load is connected to points "A" and "B".Resistors R1, R2, R3 modeled energy losses in the source V1 and storages L and C, respectively.As a load with a linear resistance, a resistor R with with a resistance of 3 Ohms and power of 6 W was used, and with a non-linearan LED1 with a power of 5 W. Wattmeters XWM1, XWM2 and an oscilloscope XSC1 are provided to measure the power, consumed from the source V1 and converted to the load R, or LED1, and to visualize the voltage pulses on the load.
Source V2 forms pulses control of the electronic key Q1.When Q1 is open, under the action of a direct current voltage source V1 parallel currents flow through the storages L and C, which simultaneously accumulation energy.The conduction direction of the diode D1 allows the current to flow through the storage C, but shunts the parallel connected load R, eliminating its influence.Accumulated energy depends on the values of inductance L and capacitance C, the duration pulse of control the key Q1, and the source voltage V1.
When Q1 is closes, the current stops flowing through the storages, and there is an EMF of the self-induction of the inductance L, the polarity of which is opposite to the voltage of the source V1 and the direction of conduction of the diode D1, which closes.And the parallel connection of storages L and C is automatically switched to their serial connection with load R. Because of action of the EMF of self-induction current flows through the series-connectes load R and the storage C. The polarity of the potential difference the storage C is opposite to the polarity of the EMF of self-induction, as a result, the current pulse in the load R is greater than in the case of a single storage L, without using the storage C as a current amplifier.
In fig. 9 and 10 on left are presented oscillograms, obtained in the Multisim environment, and on right -on the working model.Oscillograms in fig. 9 received for linear load, and in fig. 10 -for nonlinear load.On the oscillograms on the right are drawn imaginary linear dependencies, as in fig. 2 and 3, which show, that the oscillograms qualitatively correspond to the graph in fig.3, confirming that the working model functions according to the predictions of the theoretical justification and simulation results.

Fig. 8 -Load connection for "3" and "4" variants circuit
Promising are the variants of the circuits with galvanic isolation, in which the inductive storage with two windings additionally ensures matching of the resistances load and inductive and capacitive storages.In the variants of circuit "1" and "2" this can be achieved without galvanic isolation, using an inductive storage with output from part of the winding, but this has not yet been investigated.
According to the table 2, for all variants of the circuits in a direct current voltage source circle power factor Cos(φ) < 1, and energy circulation occurs.In a load circle with a linear resistance Cos(φ) = 1, and the energy flows in only one direction, instead, Cos(φ) < 1 when load has a nonlinear resistance, and the energy circulate.Due to the increased efficiency of energy conversion, also its circulation in the circle the direct current voltage source, it is possible to recuperate that part of the energy, that is not completely converted in a load because the dynamic resistances of inductive and capacitive energy storage are not optimal for the entire duration of the transient process in the aperiodic mode in the series RLC circuit.
Therefore, the application of the method [21] should improve use the energy of the battery, in comparison with the periodic power on of the light diode to a direct current voltage, obtained from dc-dc converters of known modifications, as show by the comparison energy conversion ratio in the tables 1 and 2.

Fig. 11 -Circuit for monitoring the efficiency of energy use
Implementation of the devices for objective control of energy uses behind the circuit in fig.11 will be can useful, as for purpose of researching potential opportunities, and during production and repair in order the providing of the efficiency of the use of energy of primary power sources PLR, also other mobile devices of telecommunication, automation and robotics in general, and will help to the fulfillment of international energy saving standards, especially in conditions of limited energy resources, power outages, etc.

A tool for modeling and analyzing the efficiency of energy use
To analyze the energy use of power sources of mobile devices, the technology of analytical modeling of fault-tolerant systems has been tested [22].
This technology allows you to apply the duration of continuous operation, as a criterion for evaluating and complex optimization of indicators, related to energy efficiency, for example, determination of the permissible intensity of consumption energy, the required battery capacity, configurations delivery kit -power of the charger, the needs for a spare battery, etc.
In the table 3 presented the basic structural-automatic model for studies of the duration of continuous operation of mobile devices over periods of time, multiples of 24 hours, under conditions of power outages and with available energy resources.V1:=0 The model takes into account the list of main parameters, that have an impact the duration of continuous operation, in particular: Nthe number of battery charges provided by an available energy resource, such as a power bank; λintensity of the base event "Battery discharge"; μintensity of the basic event "Battery charging from power bank".The components of the state vector of the structural-automatic model describe the following conditions and circumstances during operation: V1battery status: 1charged, 0discharged; V2power bank status: 1charged, 0discharged; V3the number of used battery charges from the power bank.In fig.13 presents example obtained with the help of the ASNA-1 software module [23] the dependences of the probability of the duration of the continuous operation on intensity of battery discharge.

Fig. 13 -Dependence of the probability of continuous operation for 48 hours for four values of the intensity of battery discharge
The basic model provides for the expansion of the list of basic parameters and the number of components of the state vector for detailized modeling of ensuring continuous operation in difficult conditions of energy resource limitation.

V. Conclusions
Together, the proposed method of converting direct current voltage into pulses for the purpose of powering laser diode of a pulsed laser rangefinder, the procedure and mean of objective control and the tool for modeling and analysis of the use of energy from primary power source, that makes up a set of measures for meeting the growing requirements of energy efficiency end autonomy in the difficult conditions of limiting energy resources and power supply interruptions.Continuation of research on use of manifestations the paradox of a disturb energy balance will be useful in order to improve the efficiency of other nodes of mobile devices of automation, robotics and telecommunications, not only electronic, but, for example, mechanical.
() =  ( −  −  ), and   () And, similarly, during energy conversion:   () =  •  −  , and   () = At the proper value of L, C and R, transient processes in RL and RC links describe the same non-linear graphs of rise and fall of current iL(t) and voltage uC(t), which are completely superimposed, as shown in fig. 2. In fig.2, on the left are superimposed graphs of the current and voltage rise, which correspond to the accumulation of source energy in the inductance L and capacitance C, and on the right -graphs of the current and voltage drop corresponding to the conversion of energy in the resistance R. Dashed straight lines connect in fig. 2 points on the graphs of the rise and drop of current and voltage, in which the processes of energy accumulation by inductance L and capacitance C, and the conversion of the energy accumulated by them in the resistance R are completed.They represent imaginary linear dependences of current and voltage, which would take place under the condition that transient processes in RL and RC links are described by linear functions.
on the left is disturbed by the electromotive force (EMF) of selfinduction inductive storage in the series RLC circuit in fig. 5 on the right.As consequence, increasing the efficiency of the conversion of the accumulated energy in the load R, what is a manifestation of the paradox of disturbed energy balance, and corresponds to the virial theorem [20, p. 83-86].

Fig. 5 -
Fig. 5 -Dynamics balance of voltages on inductive and capacitive energy storage in a parallel LC circuit (left), and its disturb in a series RLC circuit (right)

Fig. 6 -
Fig. 6 -Mechanism, model and result of the manifestation disturbed energy balance In fig.6 from the left, the force F lowers the body T1 by a distance h below the level of the center of mass O, and its total energy decreases by the some potential energy EP1.The total energy of the body T2, which the force F simultaneously raises to a distance h above the level of the center of mass O, increases (accumulates) by the same energy, namely EP1, and is equal to the work done A:  =  •  =  •  •   =  •  •   , (5) where g is the acceleration of free fall.The potential energy of the body T2 after the disturb energy balance can be to calculate by converting it into kinetic energy.When under the influence of its weight m2•g the body T2 falls from a height of 2•h above the level of the T1, then at the moment when the T2 arrive the level of the T1, it will acquire kinetic energy:

Fig. 9 -Fig. 10 -
Fig. 9 -The form of voltage pulses on a linear load

Table 3 -
Basic structural-automatic model of energy use