Enhancing listening and imitation skills in children with cochlear implants - the use of multimodal resources in speech therapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jircd.v2i2.245Keywords:
cochlear implant, auditory-verbal therapy, speech therapy interaction, conversation analysis, multimodalityAbstract
This paper examines interactions between three congenitally deaf children with cochlear implants and their speech and language therapist. Speech therapy interaction was examined in doll house play sessions, where the therapist applies the auditory-verbal method. Play sessions were video recorded, and examined using ethnomethodological conversation analysis. The focus of the analysis was the practises that the therapist used to enhance the children's listening and imitation skills. Two types of sequence; mutual orientation and attention seeking were analysed. A detailed examination of data extracts shows that besides speech, the speech therapist’s turns consist of multimodal elements, vivid prosody and non-verbal actions. The adjacency pairs in focus consist mostly of the therapist’s multimodal turns and the children’s non-verbal or vocal turns. In conclusion, the techniques of the auditory-verbal method and the speech therapist’s multimodal communication style work well in enhancing the listening skills and vocal communication of children with cochlear implants.
References
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Beiter, A. and Estabrooks, W. (2006). The cochlear implant and auditory-verbal therapy. In W. Estabrooks (ed.) Auditory-Verbal Therapy and Practice, 45?73. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
Capirci, O. and Volterra, V. (2008). Gesture and speech: the emergence and development of a strong and changing partnership. Gesture 8 (1): 22?44. doi:10.1075/gest.8.1.04cap
Clark, E. (1993). First Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cruttenden, A. (1994). Phonetic and prosodic aspects of baby talk. In C. Galloway and B. Richards (eds) Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition, 135?152. London: Cambridge University Press.
Drennan, W. D. and Rubinstein, J. T. (2008). Music perception in cochlear implant users and its relationship with psychophysical capabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development 45 (5): 779?790. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2007.08.0118
Drew, P. and Heritage, J. (1992). Analyzing talk at work: An introduction. In P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds) Talk at Work. Interaction in Institutional Settings, 3?65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edwards, C. and Estabrooks, W. (2006). Learning through listening: A hierarchy. In W. Estabrooks (ed.) Auditory-Verbal Therapy and Practice, 75?87. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
Eriks-Brophy, B. A. (2006). Research in auditory-verbal therapy. In W. Estabrooks (ed.) Auditory-Verbal Therapy and Practice, 273?289. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
Estabrooks, W. (1994). The baby is listening. In W. Estabrooks (ed.) Auditory-Verbal Therapy for Parents and Professionals, 75?97. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf.
Estabrooks, W. (2006). Auditory-verbal therapy and practice. In W. Estabrooks (ed.) Auditory-Verbal Therapy and Practice, 1?22. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
Ferguson, A. (1998). Conversational turn-taking and repair in fluent aphasia. Aphasiology 12 (11): 1007?1031. doi:10.1080/02687039808249466
Gardner, H. (1998). Social and cognitive competencies in learning: Which is which? In I. Hutchby and J. Ellis (eds) Children and Social Competence. Arenas of Action, 115?133. London: Falmer Press.
Gardner, H. (2005). A comparison of a mother and a therapist working on child speech. In K. Richards and P. Seedhaus (eds) Applying Conversation Analysis, 56?72. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gardner, H. (2009). Applying conversation analysis to interactions with atypically developing children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 23: 551?554. doi:10.1080/02699200802491173
Gardner, H. and Forrester, M. (2010). Introduction. In H. Gardner and M. Forrester (eds) Analysing Interactions in Childhood. Insights from Conversation Analysis. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
Goldin-Meadow, S. (2003). The Resilience of Language: What Gesture Creation in Deaf Children can Tell us About how All Children Learn Language. New York: Psychology Press.
Goodwin, C. (1981). Interaction between Speakers and Hearers. New York: Academic Press.
Goodwin, C. (1995). Co-constructing meaning in conversations with an aphasic man. Research on Language and Social Interaction 28 (3): 233?260. doi:10.1207/s15327973rlsi2803_4
Goodwin, C. (2000). Gesture, aphasia and interaction. In D. McNeill (ed.) Language and Gesture, 84?98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goodwin, C. and Heritage, J. (1990). Conversation analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 283?307. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001435
Goodwin, M. H. (2006). The Hidden Life of Girls. Games of Stance, Status, and Exclusion. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Harris, M. and Chasin, J. (2005). Visual attention in deaf and hearing infants: The role of auditory cues. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46 (10): 1116?1123. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00405.x
Heritage, J. (1984). Harold Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Iverson, J. M. and Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science 16 (5): 367?3371. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x
Iverson, J. M., Capirci, O., Longobardi, E. and Caselli, M. C. (1999). Gesturing in mother-child interaction. Cognitive Development 14 (1): 57?75. doi:10.1016/S0885-2014(99)80018-5
Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lonka, E., Hasan, M. and Komulainen, E. (2011). Spoken language skills and educational placement in Finnish children with cochlear implants. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 63 (6): 293?304. doi:10.1159/000326911
Mahon, M. (2009). Interactions between a deaf child for whom English as an additional language and his specialist teacher in the first year at school: Combining words and gestures. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 23 (8): 611?629. doi:10.1080/02699200802491140
Mohay, H. A. (1996). The adjustment of maternal conversation to hearing and hearingimpaired children: A twin study. Journal of the British Association of the Teachers of the Deaf 10: 37?44.
Nakata, T. and Trehub, S. E. (2004). Infants’ responsiveness to maternal speech and singing. Infant Behaviour and Development 27 (9): 455?464. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2004.03.002
Nowakowski, M. E., Tasker, S. L. and Schmidt, L. A. (2009). Establishment of joint attention in dyads involving hearing mothers of deaf and hearing children, and its relation to adaptive social behaviour. American Annals of the Deaf 154 (1): 15?29. doi:10.1353/aad.0.0071
Ochs, E., Solomon, O., and Sterponi, L. (2005). Limitations and transformations of habitus in child-directed communication. Discourse Studies 7 (4?5): 547?583. doi:10.1177/1461445605054406
Ozcaliskan, S. and Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). When gesture-speech combinations do and do not index linguistic change. Language and Cognitive Processes 24 (2): 190?217. doi: 10.1080/01690960801956911
Panagos, J., Bobkoff, K. and Scott, C. (1986). Discourse analysis of language intervention. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 2 (2): 211?229. doi:10.1177/026565908600200206
Panagos, J., Katz, K., Kovarsky, D. and Prelock, P. (1988). The non-verbal component of clinical lessons. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 4 (3): 278?296. doi:10.1177/026565908800400303
Perakyla, A. and Vehvilainen, S. (2003). Conversation analysis and the professional stocks of interactional knowledge. Discourse and Society 14 (8): 727?750.
Radford, J. and Mahon, M. (2010). Multi-modal participation in storybook sharing. In H. Gardner and M. Forrester (eds) Analysing Interactions in Childhood. Insights from Conversation Analysis, 209?226. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
Reuvers, M. and Hargrove, P. (1994). Profile of speech-language pathologists’ prosody during language intervention. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 10 (2): 139?152. doi: 10.1177/026565909401000202
Sambeth, A., Ruohio, K., Alku, P., Fellman, V. and Huotilainen, M. (2008). Sleeping newborns extract prosody from continuous speech. Clinical Neurophysiology 119 (2): 332?341. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.144
Sellman, J. (2008). Vuorovaikutus ääniterapiassa: Keskustelunanalyyttinen tutkimus harjoittelun rakenteesta, terapeutin antamasta palautteesta ja oppimisesta [Interaction in voice therapy. A conversation analytic study of voice training, therapist's feedback and learning]. Publications of the Department of Speech Sciences. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence Organization in Interaction. A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511791208
Sheng, L., McGregor, K. K. and Xu, Y. (2003). Prosodic and lexical-syntactic aspects of the therapeutic register. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 17: 355?363. doi:10.1080/0269920031000079985
Silvast, M. (1991). Aphasia therapy dialogues. Aphasiology 5 (4?5): 383?390. doi:10.1080/02687039108248540
Snow, C. (1994). Beginning from baby-talk: Twenty years of research on input and interaction. In C. Galloway and B. Richards (eds) Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition, 3?12. London: Cambridge University Press.
Tait, M. E., Nikolopoulos, T. P. and Lutman, M. E. (2007). Age at implantation and development of vocal and auditory preverbal skills in implanted deaf children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 71 (4): 603?610. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.12.010
Tomasello, M. (1995). Joint attention as social cognition. In C. Moore and P. J. Dunham (eds) Joint Attention: Its Origins and Role in Development, 103?130. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tomblin, B., Barker, B., Spencer, L., Zhang, X. and Gantz, B. (2005). The effect of age at cochlear implant at initial stimulation on expressive language growth in infants and toddlers. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 48 (4): 853?867. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/059)
Tykkylainen, T. (2005). Puheterapeutti ja lapsi puheterapiatehtävää tekemässä. Ohjailevan toiminnan tarkastelua [A speech and language therapist and a child performing a speech therapy task: Analysing interaction in directive sequences]. Publications of the Department of Speech Sciences 50. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. doi:10.1177/0265659009339822
Tykkylainen, T. (2009). Task setting at home and in speech and language therapy. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 25 (3): 319?340.
Volterra, V., Caselli, M. C., Capirci, O. and Pizzuto, E. (2004). Gesture and the emergence and development of language. In Tomasello, M. and Slobin, D. (eds) Beyond Nature-Nurture: Essays in Honor of Elizabeth Bates, 3?40. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Waxman, R. P., Spencer, P. E. and Poisson, S. S. (1996). Reciprocity, responsiveness, and timing in interactions between mothers and deaf and hearing children. Journal of Early Intervention 20 (4): 341?355. doi:10.1177/105381519602000407
Wilkinson, R. (2004). Reflecting on talk in speech and language therapy: some contributions using conversation analysis. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 39 (4): 497?503.
Atkinson, J. and Heritage, J. (1984). Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baldwin, D.A. (1995). Understanding the link between joint attention and language. In C. Moore and P. J. Dunham (eds) Joint Attention: Its Origins and Role in Development, 131?158. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Beiter, A. and Estabrooks, W. (2006). The cochlear implant and auditory-verbal therapy. In W. Estabrooks (ed.) Auditory-Verbal Therapy and Practice, 45?73. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
Capirci, O. and Volterra, V. (2008). Gesture and speech: the emergence and development of a strong and changing partnership. Gesture 8 (1): 22?44. doi:10.1075/gest.8.1.04cap
Clark, E. (1993). First Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cruttenden, A. (1994). Phonetic and prosodic aspects of baby talk. In C. Galloway and B. Richards (eds) Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition, 135?152. London: Cambridge University Press.
Drennan, W. D. and Rubinstein, J. T. (2008). Music perception in cochlear implant users and its relationship with psychophysical capabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development 45 (5): 779?790. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2007.08.0118
Drew, P. and Heritage, J. (1992). Analyzing talk at work: An introduction. In P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds) Talk at Work. Interaction in Institutional Settings, 3?65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edwards, C. and Estabrooks, W. (2006). Learning through listening: A hierarchy. In W. Estabrooks (ed.) Auditory-Verbal Therapy and Practice, 75?87. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
Eriks-Brophy, B. A. (2006). Research in auditory-verbal therapy. In W. Estabrooks (ed.) Auditory-Verbal Therapy and Practice, 273?289. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
Estabrooks, W. (1994). The baby is listening. In W. Estabrooks (ed.) Auditory-Verbal Therapy for Parents and Professionals, 75?97. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf.
Estabrooks, W. (2006). Auditory-verbal therapy and practice. In W. Estabrooks (ed.) Auditory-Verbal Therapy and Practice, 1?22. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
Ferguson, A. (1998). Conversational turn-taking and repair in fluent aphasia. Aphasiology 12 (11): 1007?1031. doi:10.1080/02687039808249466
Gardner, H. (1998). Social and cognitive competencies in learning: Which is which? In I. Hutchby and J. Ellis (eds) Children and Social Competence. Arenas of Action, 115?133. London: Falmer Press.
Gardner, H. (2005). A comparison of a mother and a therapist working on child speech. In K. Richards and P. Seedhaus (eds) Applying Conversation Analysis, 56?72. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gardner, H. (2009). Applying conversation analysis to interactions with atypically developing children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 23: 551?554. doi:10.1080/02699200802491173
Gardner, H. and Forrester, M. (2010). Introduction. In H. Gardner and M. Forrester (eds) Analysing Interactions in Childhood. Insights from Conversation Analysis. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
Goldin-Meadow, S. (2003). The Resilience of Language: What Gesture Creation in Deaf Children can Tell us About how All Children Learn Language. New York: Psychology Press.
Goodwin, C. (1981). Interaction between Speakers and Hearers. New York: Academic Press.
Goodwin, C. (1995). Co-constructing meaning in conversations with an aphasic man. Research on Language and Social Interaction 28 (3): 233?260. doi:10.1207/s15327973rlsi2803_4
Goodwin, C. (2000). Gesture, aphasia and interaction. In D. McNeill (ed.) Language and Gesture, 84?98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goodwin, C. and Heritage, J. (1990). Conversation analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 283?307. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001435
Goodwin, M. H. (2006). The Hidden Life of Girls. Games of Stance, Status, and Exclusion. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Harris, M. and Chasin, J. (2005). Visual attention in deaf and hearing infants: The role of auditory cues. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46 (10): 1116?1123. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00405.x
Heritage, J. (1984). Harold Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Iverson, J. M. and Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science 16 (5): 367?3371. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x
Iverson, J. M., Capirci, O., Longobardi, E. and Caselli, M. C. (1999). Gesturing in mother-child interaction. Cognitive Development 14 (1): 57?75. doi:10.1016/S0885-2014(99)80018-5
Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lonka, E., Hasan, M. and Komulainen, E. (2011). Spoken language skills and educational placement in Finnish children with cochlear implants. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 63 (6): 293?304. doi:10.1159/000326911
Mahon, M. (2009). Interactions between a deaf child for whom English as an additional language and his specialist teacher in the first year at school: Combining words and gestures. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 23 (8): 611?629. doi:10.1080/02699200802491140
Mohay, H. A. (1996). The adjustment of maternal conversation to hearing and hearingimpaired children: A twin study. Journal of the British Association of the Teachers of the Deaf 10: 37?44.
Nakata, T. and Trehub, S. E. (2004). Infants’ responsiveness to maternal speech and singing. Infant Behaviour and Development 27 (9): 455?464. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2004.03.002
Nowakowski, M. E., Tasker, S. L. and Schmidt, L. A. (2009). Establishment of joint attention in dyads involving hearing mothers of deaf and hearing children, and its relation to adaptive social behaviour. American Annals of the Deaf 154 (1): 15?29. doi:10.1353/aad.0.0071
Ochs, E., Solomon, O., and Sterponi, L. (2005). Limitations and transformations of habitus in child-directed communication. Discourse Studies 7 (4?5): 547?583. doi:10.1177/1461445605054406
Ozcaliskan, S. and Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). When gesture-speech combinations do and do not index linguistic change. Language and Cognitive Processes 24 (2): 190?217. doi: 10.1080/01690960801956911
Panagos, J., Bobkoff, K. and Scott, C. (1986). Discourse analysis of language intervention. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 2 (2): 211?229. doi:10.1177/026565908600200206
Panagos, J., Katz, K., Kovarsky, D. and Prelock, P. (1988). The non-verbal component of clinical lessons. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 4 (3): 278?296. doi:10.1177/026565908800400303
Perakyla, A. and Vehvilainen, S. (2003). Conversation analysis and the professional stocks of interactional knowledge. Discourse and Society 14 (8): 727?750.
Radford, J. and Mahon, M. (2010). Multi-modal participation in storybook sharing. In H. Gardner and M. Forrester (eds) Analysing Interactions in Childhood. Insights from Conversation Analysis, 209?226. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
Reuvers, M. and Hargrove, P. (1994). Profile of speech-language pathologists’ prosody during language intervention. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 10 (2): 139?152. doi: 10.1177/026565909401000202
Sambeth, A., Ruohio, K., Alku, P., Fellman, V. and Huotilainen, M. (2008). Sleeping newborns extract prosody from continuous speech. Clinical Neurophysiology 119 (2): 332?341. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.144
Sellman, J. (2008). Vuorovaikutus ääniterapiassa: Keskustelunanalyyttinen tutkimus harjoittelun rakenteesta, terapeutin antamasta palautteesta ja oppimisesta [Interaction in voice therapy. A conversation analytic study of voice training, therapist's feedback and learning]. Publications of the Department of Speech Sciences. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence Organization in Interaction. A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511791208
Sheng, L., McGregor, K. K. and Xu, Y. (2003). Prosodic and lexical-syntactic aspects of the therapeutic register. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 17: 355?363. doi:10.1080/0269920031000079985
Silvast, M. (1991). Aphasia therapy dialogues. Aphasiology 5 (4?5): 383?390. doi:10.1080/02687039108248540
Snow, C. (1994). Beginning from baby-talk: Twenty years of research on input and interaction. In C. Galloway and B. Richards (eds) Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition, 3?12. London: Cambridge University Press.
Tait, M. E., Nikolopoulos, T. P. and Lutman, M. E. (2007). Age at implantation and development of vocal and auditory preverbal skills in implanted deaf children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 71 (4): 603?610. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.12.010
Tomasello, M. (1995). Joint attention as social cognition. In C. Moore and P. J. Dunham (eds) Joint Attention: Its Origins and Role in Development, 103?130. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tomblin, B., Barker, B., Spencer, L., Zhang, X. and Gantz, B. (2005). The effect of age at cochlear implant at initial stimulation on expressive language growth in infants and toddlers. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 48 (4): 853?867. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/059)
Tykkylainen, T. (2005). Puheterapeutti ja lapsi puheterapiatehtävää tekemässä. Ohjailevan toiminnan tarkastelua [A speech and language therapist and a child performing a speech therapy task: Analysing interaction in directive sequences]. Publications of the Department of Speech Sciences 50. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. doi:10.1177/0265659009339822
Tykkylainen, T. (2009). Task setting at home and in speech and language therapy. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 25 (3): 319?340.
Volterra, V., Caselli, M. C., Capirci, O. and Pizzuto, E. (2004). Gesture and the emergence and development of language. In Tomasello, M. and Slobin, D. (eds) Beyond Nature-Nurture: Essays in Honor of Elizabeth Bates, 3?40. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Waxman, R. P., Spencer, P. E. and Poisson, S. S. (1996). Reciprocity, responsiveness, and timing in interactions between mothers and deaf and hearing children. Journal of Early Intervention 20 (4): 341?355. doi:10.1177/105381519602000407
Wilkinson, R. (2004). Reflecting on talk in speech and language therapy: some contributions using conversation analysis. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 39 (4): 497?503.
Published
2011-08-29
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Ronkainen, R. J. (2011). Enhancing listening and imitation skills in children with cochlear implants - the use of multimodal resources in speech therapy. Journal of Interactional Research in Communication Disorders, 2(2), 245-269. https://doi.org/10.1558/jircd.v2i2.245
