Abstract
This paper presents a comparative investigation on intrinsic adhesive strength of a silane coupling agent with metal surfaces through first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Focusing on a typical silane coupling agent, 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane (APS), pure copper, and aluminum were selected as the bonding metal. A simple interface model of the silane coupling monomer on the metal surface was constructed under a tensile loading condition. When the number of chemical bonds at the interface is one, Cu has a smaller breaking strain of the bond with oxygen in the APS molecule than Al and demonstrates lower adhesive strength. On the other hand, as the number of bonds increases, the interface becomes stronger and the failure mode changes from interfacial debonding to intramolecular cohesive fracture. As a result, the adhesive strength is improved, and the effect is remarkable especially on the Cu surface.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
E.P. Plueddemann, Reminiscing on silane coupling agents. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 5, 261–277 (1991)
C.Y.K. Lung, J.P. Matinlinna, Aspects of silane coupling agents and surface conditioning in dentistry: an overview. Dent. Mater. 28, 467–477 (2012)
P.R. Underhill, D.L. DuQuesnay, The dependence of the fatigue life of adhesive joints on surface preparation. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 26, 62–66 (2006)
A.K. Hon, J.P. Matinlinna, Y. Shibata, T. Miyazaki, Evaluation of five silane coupling agents on resin-titanium adhesion. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 90, 132–137 (2019)
F. Tan, X. Qiao, J. Chen, H. Wang, Effects of coupling agents on the properties of epoxy-based electrically conductive adhesives. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 26, 406–413 (2006)
J. Sang, S. Aisawa, K. Miura, H. Hirahara, O. Jan, P. Jozef, M. Pavol, Adhesion of carbon steel and natural rubber by functionalized silane coupling agents. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 72, 70–74 (2017)
M. Matsushima, Y. Kato, Y. Takechi, S. Fukumoto, K. Fujimoto, Effects of metal surface conditions on interfacial characteristics between metal and epoxy resin. Mater. Trans. 57, 881–886 (2016)
Y. Guo, Y. Li, S. Wang, Z.X. Liu, B. Cai, P.C. Wang, Effect of silane treatment on adhesion of adhesive-bonded carbon fiber reinforced nylon 6 composite. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 91, 102–115 (2019)
Y. Xie, C.A.S. Hill, Z. Xiao, H. Militz, C. Mai, Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer composites: a review. Composites A 41, 806–819 (2010)
S.C. Chowdhury, J.W. Gillespie, Silica–silane coupling agent interphase properties using molecular dynamics simulations. J. Mater. Sci. 52, 12981–12998 (2017)
Y. Zhao, X. Qi, J. Ma, L. Song, Y. Yang, Q. Yang, Interface of polyimide–silica grafted with different silane coupling agents: molecular dynamic simulation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 135, 45725 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45725
X. Zhuang, S. Zhou, Molecular dynamics study of an amorphous polyethylene/silica interface with shear tests. Materials 11, 929 (2018)
Y. Tang, C. Tang, D. Hu, Y. Gui, Effect of aminosilane coupling agents with different chain lengths on thermo-mechanical properties of cross-linked epoxy resin. Nanomaterials 8, 951 (2018)
H.P. Zhang, X. Lu, Y. Leng, L. Fang, S. Qu, B. Feng, J. Weng, J. Wang, Molecular dynamics simulations on the interaction between polymers and hydroxyapatite with and without coupling agents. Acta Biomater. 5, 1169–1181 (2009)
J. Meng, N. Tajaddod, S.W. Cranford, M.L. Minus, Polyethylene-assisted exfoliation of hexagonal boron nitride in composite fibers: a combined experimental and computational study. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 216, 847–855 (2015)
S.J. Nikkhah, M.R. Moghbeli, S.M. Hashemianzadeh, Dynamic study of deformation and adhesion of an amorphous polyethylene/graphene interface: a simulation study. Macromol. Theory Simul. 25, 533–549 (2016)
E. Ozden-Yenigun, C. Atilgan, J.A. Elliott, Multi-scale modelling of carbon nanotube reinforced crosslinked interfaces. Comput. Mater. Sci. 129, 279–289 (2017)
S. Yang, F. Gao, J. Qu, A molecular dynamics study of tensile strength between a highly-crosslinked epoxy molding compound and a copper substrate. Polymer 54, 5064–5074 (2013)
D.B. Knorr Jr., K.S. Williams, N.F. Baril, C. Weiland, J.W. Andzelm, J.L. Lenhart, J.C. Woicik, D.A. Fischer, M.Z. Tidrow, S.V. Bandara, N.C. Henry, Use of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane deposited from aqueous solution for surface modification of III-V materials. Appl. Surf. Sci. 320, 414–428 (2014)
J. Wu, L. Ling, J. Xie, G. Ma, B. Wang, Surface modification of nanosilica with 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane: Experimental and theoretical study on the surface interaction. Chem. Phys. Lett. 591, 227–232 (2014)
M. Miyazaki, Y. Kanegae, T. Iwasaki, Adhesion analysis of silane coupling agent/copper interface with density functional theory. Mech. Eng. J. 1, 1–10 (2014)
M.S. Killian, S. Seiler, V. Wagener, R. Hahn, C. Ebensperger, B. Meyer, P. Schmuki, Interface chemistry and molecular bonding of functional ethoxysilane-based self-assembled monolayers on magnesium surfaces. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 9006–9014 (2015)
K. Okada, H. Kimizuka, S. Ogata, First-principles analysis on adsorption and bonding of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane on silica substrate. J. Soc. Mater. Sci. 67, 229–234 (2018). (in Japanese)
M. Minamiyama, Y. Uetsuji, Y. Nakamura, First-principles study on adhesive strength of chromium layer/silane coupling agents interface. J. Soc. Mater. Sci. 67, 930–936 (2018). (in Japanese)
Y. Uetsuji, T. Yagi, Y. Nakamura, Interfacial adhesive strength of a silane coupling agent with metals: a first principles study. Mater. Today Commun. 25, 101397 (2020)
S. Ogata, Y. Umeno, M. Kohyama, First-principles approaches to intrinsic strength and deformation of materials: perfect crystals, nano-structures, surfaces and interfaces. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 17, 013001 (2009)
X. Guo, Y. Zhang, Y.G. Jung, L. Li, J. Knapp, J. Zhang, Ideal tensile strength and shear strength of ZrO2(111)/Ni(111) ceramic-metal Interface: a first principle study. Mater. Des. 112, 254–262 (2016)
X. Fan, B. Chen, M. Zhang, D. Li, Z. Liu, C. Xiao, First-principles calculations on bonding characteristic and electronic property of TiC(111)/TiN(111) interface. Mater. Des. 112, 282–289 (2016)
S.R. Culler, H. Ishida, J.L. Koenig, Proc. 40th Annu. Conf. Reinf. Plast. Compos. Inst. 17A, 1 (1985)
H. Hozonji, O. Horie, M. Ogata, S. Numata, N. Kinjo, Improvement of mechanical properties for epoxy molding compounds by treatment of coupling agenton spherical filler. Kobunshi Ronbunshu 47, 483–490 (1990)
M. Marrone, T. Montanari, G. Busca, L. Conzatti, G. Costa, M. Castellano, A. Turturo, A fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study of the reaction of triethoxysilane (TES) and bis[3-triethoxysilylpropyl] tetrasulfane (TESPT) with the surface of amorphous silica. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 3563–3572 (2004)
M.-C.B. Salon, P.-A. Bayle, M. Abdelmouleh, S. Boufic, M.N. Belgacem, Kinetics of hydrolysis and self condensation reactions of silanes by NMR spectroscopy. Colloids Surf. A 312, 83–91 (2008)
Y. Nakamura, Y. Nishida, T. Fukuda, S. Fujii, M. Sasaki, Mechanical properties of silane-treated silica particle-filled polyisoprene composites: influence of the alkoxy group mixing ratio in silane coupling agent containing mercapto group. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 128, 2548–2555 (2013)
S. Naviroj, J.L. Koenig, H. Ishida, Diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of chemical bonding and hydrothermal stability of an aminosilane on metal oxide surfaces. J. Adhes. 18, 93 (1985)
J.D. Miller, H. Ishida, Quantitative intermolecular reaction of hydrolyzed trialkoxysilanes at submonolayer, monolayer, and multilayer surface coverages. Langmuir 2, 127–131 (1986)
N. Ikuta, Z. Maekawa, H. Hamada, M. Ichihashi, E. Nishio, Evaluation of interfacial properties in glass fibre-epoxy resin composites — reconsideration of an embedded single filament shear-strength test. J. Mater. Sci. 26, 4663–4666 (1991)
Y. Nakamura, H. Honda, A. Harada, S. Fujii, K. Nagata, Mechanical properties of silane-treated, silica-particle-filled polyisoprene rubber composites: effects of the loading amount and alkoxy group numbers of a silane coupling agent containing mercapto groups. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 113, 1507–1514 (2009)
M.D. Segall, P.J.D. Lindan, M.J. Probert, C.J. Pickard, P.J. Hasnip, S.H. Clark, M.C. Payne, First-principles simulation: ideas, illustrations and the CASTEP code. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 14, 2717–2743 (2002)
J.P. Perdew, K. Burke, M. Ernzerhof, Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)
G. Kresse, D. Joubert, From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 59, 1758 (1999)
J.D. Pack, H.J. Monkhorst, “Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations”—a reply. Phys. Rev. B 16, 1748 (1977)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Uetsuji, Y., Fukui, N., Yagi, T. et al. The effect of number of chemical bonds on intrinsic adhesive strength of a silane coupling agent with metals: A first-principles study. Journal of Materials Research 37, 923–932 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-022-00496-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-022-00496-3