IMPROVEMENT OF CONDITIONS AND WORKING ENVIRONMENT THROUGH ERGONOMICS INTERVENTION IMPROVED PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTS QUALITY OF DODOL WORKERS AT PENGLATAN VILLAGE BULELENG RESIDENCY

The success of production is largely determined by the conditions and working environment that will affect the comfort, safety and health of workers. Conditions and working environment did not ergonomic ally designed causing dodol workers in the Penglatan village Buleleng cannot work optimally. Thus, there should be conducted an ergonomic intervention on conditions and working environment of dodol worker by designing dodol mixer, organizational and working environment with ergonomics interventions through the application of appropiate technology and SHIP concepts approaches. This study was an experimental study with Randomized Pretest and Posttest Control Group Design. This design was a parallel design with number of sample 34 people who were divided into 2 groups they are control and experiment group. Control group that works with the original conditions and working environment totaling 17 peoples and 17 others as the treatment group that works with conditions and working environment that has been improved base on ergonomics. Data were analyzed with a significance level of 5%. The research result showed that there was a decrease in work load between the control and the experiment group 17,11%, decrease in CVL 42,14%, ECPM value was higher than that of ECPT, decrease in musculoskeletal 37,35%, and the tiredness level was34,11%. Work productivity increased from physiological aspect 67,11%, and from economic aspect 179,73%. Based on investment evaluation, NVP value in 5 years was Rp.54.414.450,-, PBP values was 0,26 years less than 5 years and RoI value 19,6% higher than bank interest rate 14%. Laboratory test result showed that there was improvement of dodol quality based on SNI requirement. It was concluded that the improvement of conditions and working environment with ergonomics interventions through the application of TTG and approach of SHIP can improve performance by decreased workload categories, decreased musculoskeletal complaints, decreased fatigue and increase the workers income levels and improve the dodol quality.


INTRODUCTION
One small business development in the Penglatan village Buleleng Bali, is the producing dodol.Dodol is a traditional snack which was originally used to complement offerings in religious ceremonies, especially in Bali.In addition to the offerings as well as the completeness worn souvenirs typical of Bali for tourists, both domestic and foreign countries, because it has a distinctive flavor that is sweet and fragrant .1 dodol workers is common for women with a daily production capacity of 20-40 kg or approximately average 700 pieces/ workers, while the market demand per day reached 1250-1500 pieces per day / workers.Especially before major holidays or school holidays, the demand will increase from 4,000 up to 5,000 pieces per day / workers .1 the market that has high demand, cannot be reach by the dodol workers Penglatan village in Buleleng.Opportunity is widely used by dodol workers from other regions, but the quality and taste of course is much different.Not optimal production capabilities due how and tools used to make dodol still traditional so his attitude was not natural.Dodol cooked using firewood stove and dodol batter stirred using kneading machine dodol called sutil (siut) manually and over and over again.Sutil (siut) has a width of 10 cm and a length of 75 cm is made of slats of bamboo or wood.
The process of making dodol do with attitude standing with the humped body and bowed head with both arms and hands to squeeze and knead the dough dodol swung repeatedly.Longer time needed by dodol dough it will be thickened so that it requires more energy to knead the dough until soft and charred, while the longer time needed to work with the not natural work attitude, so that fatigue increases perceived job harder.Besides exposure to heat radiation from the furnace causing the increased workload due to some of its energy is used to counteract exposure to hot temperatures, and exposure to hot temperatures cause the body to sweat more.According Setuti stated that the used of traditional tools require patience and thoroughness, and requires a fairly high energy and a lot of calories in order to compensate for the amount of calories and energy out while doing the job .2The working attitude of standing, bending and head tilted down especially movement of arms and hands to press, swing and stirring dodol done repeatedly, leading to increased musculoskeletal complaints.
Preliminary results of the six dodol workers who work at 6:00 to 10:00 pm for an unknown time period manufacturing dodol increased the average work pulse 134.12 beats per minute (bpm), musculoskeletal complaints increased on average 62.81 % and increased fatigue average 55.27%.The environment temperature is high at work: dry temperature 39 º C, wet temperature 37 º C, and humidity in the room recorded 87%, this is far from comfortable.According Manuaba, Sutjana, Kroemerand Grandjean, incidence of pain complaints, feeling less comfortable, with increased fatigue and decreased work efficiency, can occur as a result the used of work equipment that does not fit so workers attitude being unnatural. 3,4,5or this type of repetitive work such as work attitude dodol workers with standing work attitude, humped body and bowed head, arms and hands pressing and kneading the dodol dough that swung repeatedly until the dough is cooked, International Labour Office (ILO) in collaboration with the International Ergonomics Association recommends to use of a special tools that can speed up the operation work, secure, and cheap so it can increase work productivity . 6diputra and his colleagues said that through ergonomics interventions on a small scale industry using ergonomic work tools will reduce the workload and subjective complaints were significantly .7If the problems as above are not finish immediately, the result will decreasing work productivity, quality and income dodol workers will be reduced.In addition, the risk of health problems will increase and ultimately productive age will decrease.
To handle these problems required improvement efforts, by improving working conditions which include repair work station, organization and work environment with ergonomic intervention approach SHIP (Systemic Holistic Interdisciplinary Participatory) and TTG (appropriate technology) so that workers can work comfortably, safely , healthy, efficient and effective.

METHODS
This research is a experimental research with plan Randomized Pretest and Posttest Control Group Design.The research plan used a parallel design with observational methods.Number of samples are 34 people chosen randomly, from 34 samples divided into two parts, that 17 people as the control group, long time working conditions and working environment and 17 others as the treatment group, working conditions and working environment has improved ergonomics.To find the difference between the control group and the treatment group, the data were analyzed with different test mean using t-test on normal data and the Mann-Whitney test on the data that is not normal.The significance level of statistical tests was 5%

Characteristics of Subjects
The results of the data collection and comparison of subject characteristics are presented in Table 1 below.

DISCUSSIONS
Dodol workers has age between 19-35 years old, the analysis shows that there is no significant difference between the worker's age group with the control treatment group (p> 0.05).Variations in body weight ranged from 48-67 kg with a mean of control group 57.29 ± 5.17 and the treatment group 56.47 kg ±5.28 kg.Height ranged from 140-167 cm with a mean of control group 160.41±3.89and the treatment group 159.82 cm ± 2.48 cm.Body mass index varies from 19.68 to 25.53 with a mean of control 22.25±1.60 group and the treatment group 22.09±1.79.
Working conditions, dry temperatures in the control group was 38.86±1.21° C and the treatment group was 31.86±2.02o C. The mean temperature of the wet weather in the control group was 33.25±1.16° C and the treatment group was 26.14 ± 1.65 o C. The mean relative humidity in the control group was 80.57 ± 4.72% and in the treatment group 73.14 ± 3.63%.The mean wind speed in the control group was 0.69 ± 0.11 m / sec and the treatment group was 2.63 ± 0.75 m / s.Based on the results of the analysis with t-independent test found that the condition of the environment in which research on daylight between the two groups was significantly different (p <0.05).The decrease in the dry air temperature, wet air temperature and relative humidity due to the intervention of the work environment so that the circulation of air in work station dodol makers being better.
Based on the results of anthropometric measurements of the dodol workers so device a mechanic dodol mixer adjusted to anthropometry workers.In these measurements emphasized the value of percentile, the 5th percentile.It is strongly associated with the work capacity in a group that expects the majority of workers subject can be comfortable, safe, and can optimize productivity.

Figure 1. Dodol Mixer Design
The amount of work load depending on the size of the heart rate in units of beats per minute (bpm).Based on the analysis it was found that the average resting pulse rate in the control group was 76.71±5.16bpm and the mean in the treatment group was 76.76 ± 5.83 bpm.Significance analysis with the Mann-Whitney test showed that the two groups prior work, the average resting pulse rate did not differ (p> 0.05).Meanwhile, after the work was found that the average pulse work in the control group was 132.35 ± 2.83 bpm and the treatment group was 109.71 ± 4.45 bpm.Significance analysis with tindependent test showed that the two groups after the treatment is given, the mean pulse rate decreased by 17.11% works were significantly (p<0.05).
The pulse rate in the control group included heavy work load, while the treatment group included moderate work load. 8The decrease in workload as a result of the ergonomics implementation is applied to the treatment group, especially dodol mixer.Pulse work (different working pulse with resting pulse rate) in the control group was 55.64 bpm while the treatment group at 31.96 bpm.
The results also showed a decrease in % CVL (Cardio Vascular Load) were significantly (p <0.05).This is evident from the decrease in % CVL before improvements value 74.19 ± 5.98% and after repairs to be 42.93 ± 4.58% or decrease 42.14%.When combined with an increase in pulse rate (cardio vascular load) and WBGT, the condition of the workers before repairs included in the category of heavy work that needs to be 50% work and 50% rest.After treatment decreased significantly with cardiovascular burden (p <0.05), so that when combined with the WBGT, there was a shift in the chart WBGT (Figure 2) to the left under the category of moderate workload, so they can work 8 hours on constantly.ECPT and ECPM calculation result also showed a significant decrease.ECPT values obtained before treatment was 20.81 ± 5.43 bpm and after treatment decreased to 11.08 ± 3.97 bpm or decreased by 46.76%.The decrease is due to intervention in the form of improved working conditions.While ECPM values before treatment was 43.80 ± 3.59 bpm and after treatment decreased to 23.26 ± 2:17 bpm or decreased by 46.89%.ECPM is decreasing as a result of the adoption of the new dodol mixer that has been used in this research.ECPM values greater than ECPT indicates that the dominant workload caused by physical work compared to the workload caused by environmental influences (temperature).Thus it can be stated that ergonomics interventions include improved working conditions and the use of a new tools gives the effect of decreasing the workload significantly.
Musculoskeletal system is a system of skeletal muscles attached to bones, it consist of fibers muscles that cross motion is adjustable (volunteer).Musculoskeletal complaint is pain that can felt in some parts of the body.Based on this research, it was found that before doing work on the morning, and the musculoskeletal complaints mean control group was 30.88 ± 1.96 mean treatment group was 32.24±1.99.Analysis of significance with t-independent test showed that the two groups before carrying out the work, the mean score of musculoskeletal complaints that not differ (p> 0.05).Meanwhile, after doing work dodol workers for 4 hours was found that the mean score and musculoskeletal complaints in the control group was 54.65 .±5.24 the treatment group was 34.24 ± 7.54.Analysis of significance with t-independent test showed that the two groups after stirring dodol activities, its average musculoskeletal complaints was significantly different (p <0.05).The magnitude of decrease in musculoskeletal complaints among the control group with the treatment group after the activity is equal to 37.35%.
Musculoskeletal complaints in the control group due to the load on the muscles, especially on the wrists, waist.shoulders and neck because the position stirring dodol is stance, humped body, head down and both arms and hands pressing, swinging while stirring to move Sutil, thus affecting the muscles of the arm and shoulder and eventually lead to muscle fatigue.It is also due to the attitude of the current work force and long lasting which can cause strain on the musculoskeletal system.Pressing attitudes at work and last long cause the load on the musculoskeletal system and the negative effects on health .9In addition, muscle fatigue due to static muscle work, which in this research static muscle work, 5 occurred during the stirring traditional dodol stand with both hands turning sutil and leaned back position to give emphasis during stirring.
Based on the results of this research also found that the average pre-treatment fatigue in the control group was 33.29±1.72 and the treatment group was 33.71±1.86.Analysis of significance with t-independent test showed that the two groups before doing the work, the mean fatigue did not differ significantly (p> 0.05).While doing the work after it was found that the mean scores of fatigue in the control group was 58.29 ± 6.20 and the treatment group was 38.41 ±7.16.Analysis of significance with tindependent test showed that the two groups after doing the stirring dodol, mean fatigue significantly different (p <0.05).
The occurrence of fatigue in the control group increased by 75.10% likely due to several factors, like the release of energy for work and also the influence of the environment such as temperature, humidity, air movement, and atmospheric contamination.A person needs a certain energy to maintain body functions, and when the physical work energy requirements increased.While the decline in scores of fatigue caused by the implementation of ergonomics as applied to the treatment group.That implementation is the design of dodol mixer tool who have adapted to the anthropometry dodol workers.This is consistent with Titin research that fatigue scores on the use of the long pressbutton on process stamping part body component at Stamping Plant Division PT.ADM Jakarta is 44.10, while the use of a pushbutton or modification is 41.05 a decrease of 6.92% .10Similarly, in the Adiatmika research also mentioned that the improvement of working conditions with total ergonomics approach can significantly reduce fatigue score 37.77 to 35.37 on metal painting workers in Kediri Tabanan .11Fatigue on the activity of this dodol workers influenced by factors as follows: (1) task, the use of traditional tools, (2) the organization of work, the working time per day, number of hours worked in a week and a rotation among workers, (3) the work environment, heat, ventilation, and (4) the health condition of the workers itself.With regard to the break time, Kadarusman and Rachmat reported that by relocating a break from at 15:30 to 15:45 to 15:00 to 15:15 prior to the fatigue limit can increase preparedness and an increase in production per day were significantly . 12hile Richardson and Rothstein said harvest workers has fatigue and musculoskeletal complaints in the neck, waist and shoulder . 13aving given an ergonomic dodol mixer amount fatigue were significantly decreased to 34.11%.This is because dodol mixer can provide comfort in work and flexibility in working position so that no pressing or unnatural posture while working so that can reduce the energy out.
Productivity is basically the end result of all of the components of the activity.In this research, productivity is calculated based on the amount of dodol material that can mixed in four hours of work divided by the pulse multiplied by 1 hour of work.Based on the results of this research found that the average labor productivity of the control group was 0.0355 ± 0.0011 kg/beats bpm and the mean in the treatment group was 0.0593 ± 0.0034 kg/beats bpm.Analysis of significance with tindependent test showed that the two groups after the treatment is given, the average productivity was significantly different (p<0.05).There was an increase in productivity by 67.11%.The results are consistent with Suputra research that states that the use of seating and desks according to anthropometry workers can increase work productivity by 16.87% (p <0.05) on the roster stone padas Palimanan carvers in the Mahkota Bali Company .14Similarly Nuada research, also stated that the improvement dimensions of the seating and height areas of work are in accordance with anthropometry brick makers can increase work productivity by brick maker 167.25% . 15o prove that improvement work equipment worn in ergonomic is effort worth the investment or give an advantage to the dodol workers in the future, we need to hold investment evaluation by using a combination of three methods commonly used to assess the feasibility of a project, namely: 1) Net Present Value (NPV), 2) Payback Period (PBP) and 3) Return on Investment (RoI).
By using the three methods of economic evaluation to determine the feasibility of the investment will be done to improve the conditions and working environment of dodol workers in the Penglatan village Buleleng, it can be seen that the three values found show well worth the investment.Return on investment within a period 5 years at Rp 54,414,450, -, age or period of investment return in a period of 0.26 years or 3.12 months > 0 and value contribution improved working conditions and environment of the dodol workers-term investments 5 years was 19.6%> 0. From the results of an economic evaluation is obtained, meaning efforts to improve working conditions and environment of the dodol workers in the Penglatan village Buleleng worth the investment.Dodol Quality measure based on eight parameters that tested in the laboratory such as protein content, moisture content, ash content, fat content, crude fiber and other parameters such as color, taste and smell are tested through organoleptic testing.In general, after stirring with a mixer that has ergonomic designed, quality dodol increased (to meet SNI).Improving the quality is shown by the laboratories test results that decrease percent moisture content, ash content, crude fiber, and fat content as well as changes in color, taste and smell of dodol and more specific the tasted not rancid.This is predicted to occur due to the ergonomic dodol mixer capable to providing pressure and rotation with more constant and evenly so did the combustion heat as well as generated more optimally so that the evaporation process is faster than the traditional mixer.
Figure5.The dodol production, ready for sale

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Work and rest time graph based on WBGT and% CVL

Table 1
Comparison of subject characteristics between the control group and the treatment group 2. Environmental Conditions Working conditions are presented in Table 2 below.

Table 2 Environmental
Conditions Comparison between control group and treatment group3.AnthropometricSubjectTo determine the compatibility between the tools used by dodol workers calculate by anthropometric measurements.The measurement results are as follows.

Table 3 Descriptive
Analysis of Anthropometry Dodol workers on Penglatan village Buleleng percentiles 5. 4. Workload, % CVL, ECPT, and ECPM Workload is calculated based on the pulse dodol workers, the resting pulse rate and work pulse workers are as follows.

Table 4
Mean Resting Pulse Dodol Crafter Penglatan Village Buleleng the control group and the treatment group(n =17)

Table 5 Mean
Work Pulse dodol Workers in the Penglatan Village Buleleng in the control group and the treatment group(n =17)

Table 6 Results
Analyst % CVL Dodol Workers Penglatan Village Buleleng The results of the analysis of the workload due temperature increase in ECPT (extra cardiac pulse due to temperature) and ECPM (extra cardiac pulse due to metabolism) are presented in the following table.

Table 9 Table 9 Mean
Score Fatigue Subjects in Control Group and Treatment Group Prior Work While testing the effects of treatment are presented in Table10.

Table 11 Mean
Score Musculoskeletal Complaints Subjects in Control Group and Treatment GroupWhile the results of the analysis of the effects of treatment are presented in Table5.19.

Table 12 Mean
Score Musculoskeletal Complaints Subjects in Control Groupand Treatment Group 7. Work productivity Labor productivity analysis using t-test, with the following results:

Table 13 Mean
Work Productivity Dodol Workers in the Penglatan village Buleleng in Control Group and Treatment Group 8. Quality Dodol Dodol qualities in each group were tested through laboratory testing Analytical Laboratory UPT-Udayana University.The results of the analysis are presented in Table 13.