PERBAIKAN KONDISI KERJA DENGAN PENDEKATAN ERGONOMI TOTAL MENURUNKAN KELUHAN MUSKULOSKELETAL DAN KELELAHAN SERTA MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS DAN PENGHASILAN PERAJIN PENGECATAN LOGAM DI KEDIRI-TABANAN

Global economic situation necessitates competitive power of every artist to survive particularly in Bali. One of the competitive power that should be endeavored is on time production. On time production has been, so far, achieved by overtime works such as done by the artisans of iron work painting at Kediri Tabanan. This condition was caused by low of productivity and income of the artisans. So an improvement is needed through an ergonomic approach to increase their competitive power and their working condition more humane, competitive and sustainable. Many improvements had been done, but there are still problems to cope with that need a comprehensive improvement. One of the solution is, among others, a total ergonomic approach. This research was done to find out the effect of total ergonomic approach on musculoskeletal complaints, fatigue, productivity and income of artisans. The subject were 24 artisans at iron works painting industry at Kediri Tabanan on September 2006–March 2007 using treatment by subject of experimental design.The working condition was develoved through total ergonomic approach model to get the most optimum improvement. The result showed that musculoskeletal complaints decreased 5.53% and fatigue decreased 6.79% (p<0.05). Productivity of artisans increased significantly 61.36% and income increased 55.29% (p<0.05). The magnitude of changes that occurred on productivity and income were higher than musculoskeletal complaints and fatigue based on total ergonomic approach model. It was concluded that total ergonomic approach decreased musculoskeletal complaints and fatigue, increased productivity and income of artisans. It was suggested to apply total ergonomic approach model on other industries and encourage for active participation of artisans on working condition improvement.


ABSTRACT
Global economic situation necessitates competitive power of every artist to survive particularly in Bali.One of the competitive power that should be endeavored is on time production.On time production has been, so far, achieved by overtime works such as done by the artisans of iron work painting at Kediri Tabanan.This condition was caused by low of productivity and income of the artisans.So an improvement is needed through an ergonomic approach to increase their competitive power and their working condition more humane, competitive and sustainable.Many improvements had been done, but there are still problems to cope with that need a comprehensive improvement.One of the solution is, among others, a total ergonomic approach.This research was done to find out the effect of total ergonomic approach on musculoskeletal complaints, fatigue, productivity and income of artisans.The subject were 24 artisans at iron works painting industry at Kediri Tabanan on September 2006-March 2007 using treatment by subject of experimental design.The working condition was develoved through total ergonomic approach model to get the most optimum improvement.The result showed that musculoskeletal complaints decreased 5.53% and fatigue decreased 6.79% (p<0.05).Productivity of artisans increased significantly 61.36% and income increased 55.29% (p<0.05).The magnitude of changes that occurred on productivity and income were higher than musculoskeletal complaints and fatigue based on total ergonomic approach model.It was concluded that total ergonomic approach decreased musculoskeletal complaints and fatigue, increased productivity and income of artisans.It was suggested to apply total ergonomic approach model on other industries and encourage for active participation of artisans on working condition improvement.
Keywords: total ergonomic approach, musculoskeletal complaints and fatigue, productivity and income

INTRODUCTION
Global economic situation has decreased the activity of tourism industry in Bali and its supporting sectors.Amid the decrease of tourism industry, there are still some small scale industries that could survive such as iron work handy craft and created new job opportunity (Anonim, 2004).The increase of order made the artisans work overtime particularly one week before dead line of shipping.
Most of the artisans were female.They have to paint in sitting position either on the chair or on the floor and work based on wholesale payment system.A preliminary study indicated that the score of musculoskeletal complaints increased 23.21%, fatigue increased 35.33% and productivity was 48% from ideal condition.This condition made the artisans work overtime to meet the target of productivity.
Continuous overtime work load could increase stress followed by various impacts that may reduce their income and decrease productivity.Efforts to increase productivity through an ergonomic approach have been done by various industries.But, the approach seems to be partial.Hence, a comprehensive improvement through total ergonomic approach is needed (Mauaba, 2006).
Total ergonomic approach pointed out the application of systemic, holistic, interdisciplinary and participatory (SHIP approach) to analyze working condition.A comprehensive ergonomic intervention design should be taken into consideration to get the best improvement with minimum impact.
Implementation of total ergonomic approach was approved by many researchers because the method could make working condition more humane, competitive and sustainable in order to increase productivity and income of artisans (Manuaba, 2005).The outcome is empowerment of the artisans in order to improve their working condition based on their own resources.Studies on ergonomic improvements have been done by many researchers in many sectors.Meanwhile a study on ergonomic improvement at iron work painting has never been done yet.Based on that situation, total ergonomic approach needs to be implemented at small scale industry such as at iron work painting industry.
The objective of this research is to find out the effect of total ergonomic approach and to give feedback to increase productivity and income.The total ergonomic approach model could be applied directly by the artisans so that they can improve their welfare.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The The subjects were intervened by total ergonomic approach working condition.The model was implemented through lecturing and workshop to find out the best improvement alternatives.Musculoskeletal complaints and fatigue data were assessed using Nordic Body Map and 30 Item questionnaire, productivity and income were calculated based on the produced model.The change of musculoskeletal complaints and fatigue score, productivity and income were compared before and after intervention using statistics and cost benefit analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The subjects were 24 samples, but only 20 samples completed the research and 4 samples drop out.All of the subjects were in optimum condition work based on physical examination, blood pressure, resting pulse rate and body mass index.Height of elbow while sitting on the chair was 68.4+6.7 and higher than the mean of table height that caused the subject work and sat in bending work posture.Age of subjects varied from 17 to 50 years old as productive age with a stable basal metabolism rate (Wenger, 2006).This condition caused no metabolic differences between younger and older age.Working environment affects productivity of artisans.Convenience was affected by lighting, temperature, humidity, noise and flow of wind.Work environment was not different significantly so the subject could work in the same condition (p > 0.05).
The implementation of intervention was done together with other stakeholders through lecturing and workshop to get the best improvement (Manuaba, 2006).The improvement done included: (1) arranging the height of table and put foot rest; (2) giving rest breaks; (3) providing food and drink during breaks; (4) putting blackboard at the walls; and (5) to prescribing the use of masker during work.
Improvement of working condition caused the contracted muscle cell have optimal recovery process.Recovery is needed for cell to recover micro trauma condition.Work posture arrangement caused an optimal muscle contraction and unnatural posture reduced.
Rest arrangement allowed the body to recover itself optimally.Stretching activity during rest allowed contraction and relaxation of cell in turn.The contraction and relaxation of blood vessels supported the distribution of oxygen and nutrition.Optimal intake was needed by cell for optimal recovery.Stretching condition during rest was done happily and with smile, so relieved stress and drove the motivation higher.Clear information about wages and work process supported for better working condition.Provision of sweet tea as an adjuvant could maintain state of nutrition.The use of masker was agreed by all artisans through participation, so could be accepted by all stakeholders.
Musculoskeletal complaints after intervention decreased in quantity and quality.
Working condition improvement decreased musculoskeletal complaints significantly from 33.03+2.73 to 31.30+3.49(p<0.05).Musculoskeletal complaints were different from artisans of semiconductor industry that used chain system, because the artisans had regular short breaks.Barbini,et.al. (2003) reported that musculoskeletal complaints were frequent on back (81%) compared to iron work painting (16.4%) because of static work posture, repetitive and monotonous work without any rest time for relaxation.
The decrease of fatigue's score on subject resulted from the total ergonomic approach intervention.Mean of fatigue's score decreased significantly from 37.77+5.95 to 35.37+5.33 (p<0.05).The result was different from other industry employees based on the process of job (Husein, et.al., 2006).It indicates that packing work needs more physical activity compared to painting work as an art work that needs more concentration and diligence.
Comprehensively, the effect of total ergonomic approach on decreasing of musculoskeletal complaints was 5.53% and decreasing of fatigue was 6.79%.The result was similar to other research that used ergonomic approach or SHIP approach.SHIP approach could decrease musculoskeletal complaints 33.30% and fatigue 53.43% (Sutajaya, 2005).
The final outcome of working condition improvement increased productivity and income of artisans.Statistic test of productivity showed a mean of productivity increase from 1.32+0.49to 2.13+0.99.Thus, the total ergonomic approach has an effect to increase productivity of artisans.The magnitude of improvement effect was about 61.36% (p<0.05).
The result was similar to research of SHIP that could increase productivity 47.39% (Sutajaya, 2005).Improvement of working condition through ergonomic aspect could increase productivity 15.38%only (Tunas 2005).This result showed that total ergonomic approach was more oriented to increase productivity as final goal compared to an effort to decrease musculoskeletal complaints and fatigue.Improvement was done to empower the artisans in order to posses the ability in designing and improving their own working condition.
The objective of working condition change was to increase the income acceptable to the workers.Statistic test showed that total ergonomic approach has an effect to increase employee's income until 55.29% (p<0.05).Mean of employer's income increased from Rp.
118,767.00/day to Rp. 182,100.00/day.Benefit of employers after intervention was calculated on employer's income subtracted by investment cost, tools and material.So, during intervention the employer investment increased.Increases of employee's and employer's income were the main objective of ergonomic intervention.The outcomes could be an internal motivation for themselves.In this case, total ergonomic approach was able to fulfill the need of artisans and employer in working condition improvement by increasing productivity and income and reducing overtime work.
The things that should be avoided is such motivation that drives the employee to work for much income without any attention to their health and safety.Total ergonomic approach is designed to minimize health and safety cases in order to enhance the income of employee through active participation of all stake holders.

CONCLUSSIONS
Based on the result and discussion it could be concluded that the improvement of working condition based on total ergonomic approach decreased musculoskeletal complaints and fatigue, and increased productivity and income of artisans and employers of iron works painting employee at Kediri Tabanan.The effect was higher on productivity and income of employee ands employer that musculoskeletal complaints and fatigue.
Based on the conclusion it is suggested that the model should be implemented intensively at other iron work industries.The employee should be empowered through active participation in order to improve their working condition themselves optimally.
research was conducted at iron work painting industry at Kediri Tabanan on September 2006 -March 2007.The research design was experimental research with treatment by subject.The population included the female artisans of iron work painting.The subjects were 24 artisans who were chosen by stratified random sampling.