The Effect of Using Cooking Academy Game towards Students ’ Writing Ability

*) Corresponding Author Abstract: This study is an experimental research that discussed the impact of the use of cooking academy game in teaching writing on the students’ ability in writing procedure text at class VII Junior Secondary School I Pangkalan Baru Lima Puluh Kota. This study was aimed to determine the effects of the use of cooking academy game towards the student's ability in writing procedure text. In this study, the population is the students of class VII, while sample are two classes: one class for the experimental class and another class for control. Samples were drawn randomly. Data were collected by giving pre-test and posttest on the sample. Data were, then, analyzed applying t-test formula. The results showed that students who were taught to write text using the procedure of cooking academy game has the ability to write higher than students who are not taught by using games cooking academy.


INTRODUCTION
Writing activity is not as simply as putting words into sentences or arranging sentences into paragraph.Learning to write effectively involves many different areas of knowledge and skill.These include the ability to generate suitable content, to organize that content coherently, to construct syntactically and semantically correct sentences, and to link those sentences to form coherent text.Above all, the one that is very important is the ability to select appropriate content and language to suit communicative purpose.
Teaching writing is a process of giving skills to students how to communicate and express their thought, feelings, and opinions in a written language.Harmer (2008) states that teaching writing is used as a practical tool to help students practice and work with language they have been studied.In teaching writing, students are taught to create grammatical written productions like sentences, paragraphs, essays or long texts in a coherent and cohesive construction.There are several activities which can be done in teaching writing like; defining a topic to write, developing a topic into main idea, elaborating main idea into paragraphs, writing a story, rewriting a story, arranging words into sentences, arranging sentences into texts or essays, and completing paragraphs.So, based on the explanation above the writing becomes the difficult skill to be taught in the school, especially for Junior High School students.
Junior High School students can be considered as young learners where they tend to learn as children.Realizing this fact, a teacher should pay much attention with the characteristics of young learner in learning.First, characteristic of young learner is an active learner.They like the activity that involves the physical movement.If there is no interesting activity in the classroom, students will not pay attention.Therefore, they often miss the important part when the teacher explains the lesson, especially in learning writing it will become difficult for them if they miss one steps in the process of writing.Second, students learn by doing.They like to do challenging activities and be the center of activities in teaching and learning process.So, they can remember the lesson in their long term memory if they involve actively in learning.However, the fact in the field that the teacher tends to teach the lesson by explaining the text book in the class time.Third, they like playing while learning.Most of them get higher motivation and interested in learning when the teacher applies some game activities in the classroom as the technique in teaching with entertain and enjoyable situation.In this case, the teacher should pay attention in choosing the game.It should has the education value for students and do not waste much time in learning process.
Another aspect that should be considered in teaching and learning is teacher itself.Teacher is one of important element in learning process.Therefore, teacher should find media that is really suitable with student's development and create interesting atmosphere in the classroom.Learning media was a methodology or instrument made for learning activities in order to enhance the educational skills of learners, consistent with assigned curriculum.Currently, teachers performed more significant role to be a knowledge director, who planed, selected and developed learning media effectively corresponding to their lesson contents (Somnuek, 2014).Yu and Branddenburg (2011) noted that for the past few decades, there has been a significant proliferation of digital media.The growth of the internet and the development of streaming-video technologies have increased educators' ability to execute teaching strategies to meet multiplicity of student learning style.(Yu & Brandenburg, 2011) In line with this, Warren, et. al. states that the number of games, simulations, and multi-user virtual environments designed to promote learning, engagement with subject matter, or intended to contextualize learning has been steadily increasing over the past decade (Warren, Stein, Dondlinger, & Barab, 2009).
However, the fact that is found in the field based on the interview of Junior High School teacher in Pangkalan Koto Baru the teacher gets difficulties in using or applying the media because of the lack of facilities at school.The school does not provide teacher with teaching facilities such as language laboratory and multimedia.Furthermore, the teachers themselves are also lack of creativity in designing their own media in the classroom.
Based on the characteristics of the students and the problems that are faced by teacher above, the writer suggests applying games in teaching English, especially teaching writing in procedure text at Junior High School students by using Cooking Academy game.These game shows the steps how to make foods, so this media is appropriate in teaching procedure text.Therefore, the researcher is interested to conduct a research about teaching technique; especially, procedure text by using Cooking Academy game.
Talking about writing, it is one of difficult skills to be taught by many teachers in the classroom.A teacher does not only prepare the techniques and the material to teach but also involve in the activity as well.A good teacher not only teaches and gives task, but they should guide and give feedback to the students' work.These steps will develop the students' skill in writing.Comments and revisions on the student's writing will increase the students' ability in writing.That is why teaching writing is very difficult to be done by many teachers.It needs many tasks to do for teachers in revising the students' papers.Rass (2010) explains that writing is a difficult skill for native speakers and nonnative speakers alike, because writers must balance multiple issues such as content, organization, purpose, audience, vocabulary, punctuation, spelling, and mechanics such capitalization.
Writing is one of daily activities and serves a range of function in everyday life.Brown (1994) notes there are three types of writing that a second language writer might produce in daily life, within and beyond the requirements of a curriculum.First, write for academic writing (papers, essays, journal and etc.).Second, write for job-related writing (memos, repots, manuals, schedule and etc.).Third, write for personal writing (shopping lists, letters notes and etc).
Similarly, Nunan (2003) proposes that there are three functions of written language in daily life.First, function as primarily for action such as public signs, for social contact, and personal correspondence.Second, function as primarily for information such as newspapers, current affair magazines and etc.Then, function as primarily for entertainment.Furthermore, writing is a kind of mental process.Here, a writer thinks about the idea that will be delivered through written message.Boardman and Frydenberg (2002) define writing as a continuous process of thinking and organizing, rethinking, and recognizing.Next, O'Malley and Pierce (1996) say that writing is a personal act in which writer takes ideas or prompt and transform them into "self-initiated" topic.In other words, writer will draw something based on his/her background knowledge and complex mental process in developing new insight.
To sum up, there are so many definitions of writing which are proposed by the experts.They have different focus on defining what writing is.Although the focus on defining this skill is different for one to another, it can be concluded that writing is the process of combining words into meaningful message contains of ideas, feeling and information about something.It uses a media to convey the message to the reader.
Furthermore, there are several genres of texts; one of them is procedure text.Procedure text is a text that tells about how to do, to make, or to use something.It will give us a systematic guide, so that student can achieve the specific goals.In line with this, Gerot and Wignel (1994) state that procedure text is a kind of text for describing how something is accomplished.It is supported by Derewianka (1990) who proposes procedure text is a text which tells how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.It has a goal, material, and steps as its generic structure.The Lexicogrammatical features are marked by focusing on generalized human agent, using of simple present tense, using temporal conjunction and mainly of material processes.Therefore, the procedure text can be a set of instruction.It is begun by outlining an aim or goal.Sometimes, there is a list of materials and equipments needed.
Based on the theories above, it can be concluded that Procedure Text is a kind of text that has purpose to achieve a goal or outcome through a sequence of steps.It can be oral and written, depend on the goal stated.Besides that, procedure text is essential to help people to do, to operate and to make something.In teaching procedure text, one of techniques that can be applied is using game.In learning process, the important thing for the students is to feel deeply involved in the lesson.Using games are one of the best ways of achieving this.Students might not realize that playing games, they are learning something about language.In this case the teacher should be careful enough to make the game become interesting.Some language items are learned.In addition, a good game is effective to break the routine of the class.Furthermore, a game is a structured activity and usually suppose for enjoyment and sometimes it can be used as an educational tool.According to Ersoz (2000), games can help the teacher to construct contexts and makes the language learning become more useful and meaningful for students.It means that games especially language games are not only function as time filling activities but also they can bring some educational values that enable the students to learn the languages.So, games can make the students feel deeply involved in the lesson and also feel happy and concentrate.Furthermore, Kim (1995) states that there are many advantages of using games in language classroom: (1) games are a welcome break from the usual routine of the language class, (2) they are motivating and challenging, (3) learning a language requires a great deal of effort, (4) games provide language practice in the various skills-speaking, writing, listening and reading, (5) they encourage students to interact and communicate, and (6) they create a meaningful context for language use.
One of the games that can be used in teaching procedure text is Cooking Academy games.Cooking Academy game is a game that shows the steps of how to make foods.In this case, the writer tries to emphasize the use of the food recipes in cooking academy games in helping the students to get the understanding and comprehension related to the text that will be taught.In cooking academy games, there are shown the process to make a recipe of foods from all the words.The students can see the picture of foods, the explanation of food, the material needed, and the steps.So, cooking academy game is appropriate to be used in teaching procedure text.
Furthermore, there are several advantages of Cooking Academy Game on teaching procedure text: 1. Creating Fresh Atmosphere In the process of learning, it is important for teacher to create fresh atmosphere to make students interested in studying the subject matter.It can be done by good performance when teacher comes firstly in the classroom.The students feel comfortable and excited in facing the learning process because the first impression will determine the next result.Also, showing such of interesting media such as cooking academy games related to the text given that is procedure text to the student will give a great deal contribution to help them in getting the understanding of the material which is taught at that time.

Managing the learner
Teacher has big role in achieving the goal of the learning process.Therefore the good management of the classroom should be built.Students as the learners are the core in learning.So, every action from them will influence the process itself and of course the final purpose.Teacher should become a good manager in the classroom, make sure that the students do their homework, neatness in the uniform, and encourage the activeness of the students in learning.Related to this, when teacher shows Cooking Academy game as a media, it will create the activeness from students.

Determining the material
It is important for teacher to determine the certain material of learning.Teacher should limit every material that will be presented.Furthermore, the way in explaining the material should be interesting for the learner.It can be done by giving real object, picture, realia, and video.

Students
will automatically respond to the topic of the discussion if teacher is successfully in presenting the material clearly.They will put out the ideas, feeling or even argumentation related to the material given.From this activity, teacher will be able to see and monitor how far students understand the material.Furthermore, this activity will help teacher to create students' activeness.
In fact, the verbal interaction among them will appear automatically.

METHOD
The design of this research is experimental research.Gay (2009) states that experimental research is the only type of the research that can test hypothesis to establish causes and effects relationship.Furthermore, he adds that the researcher manipulates at least one independent variable, controls other relevant variables.Then, the researcher observes the effect on dependent variable.
Regarding to the idea above, this research has two independent variables and one dependent variable.Independent is using Cooking Academy game.Dependent variable is teaching writing skill.So, during the research, the researchers paid fully attention to the cause and effect made by independent variables.They are the effect of teaching writing using Cooking Academy game.
Moreover, Gay (2009) notes that during the research, the researcher should control the independent variables.It means that there is an experimental class and a control class in the research.Experimental class is taught by using Cooking Academy game and control class is taught through list of items.In the process of teaching, the differences between experimental class and control class is only about the technique used.The materials and the time allocated of the both classes were the same.Sample of this research are chosen through cluster random sampling.According to Gay (2009) cluster random sampling is the process of selecting the sample based on the groups not individuals.All the members of the selected group have similar characteristics.As stated before that there are six classes of the population of the research, while the study needs two classes.So, in stating which class belongs to experimental class or control class, the researchers used lottery.The researchers wrote number of the classes on pieces of small papers, and then took one of them to the Cooking Academy game class.After that, the researchers took one more paper for the list of the class without using Cooking Academy game.
Next, the instrument of this research is test.Test is used to collect the data before and after the treatment.In other words, there were pre-test and post-test to collect the data of the research.The criteria of scoring the students' writing are used the criteria suggested by O'Malley and Pierce (1996) as follows: Mostly effective use of mechanics; errors do not detract from meaning 3 Some errors with spelling and punctuation that detract from meaning 2 Misspells even simple words; little formatting evident 1 From the rubrics above, it can be seen that there are five aspects to be measured on students' writing.Each aspect consists of four categories.Thus, the maximum students' writing score is 20 and the lowest score is 4. The validity of this research is seen from content validity.Gay (2009) mentions that content validity is the degree to which a test measures an intended content area.Related to the subject of this research about the students' writing skill, the material of test is based on the material that has been taught to the students and the researchers consulted to the expert.
The reliability of the test is measured by doing inter rater reliability.According to Brown (1994), reliability of the test is the consistency of the test score.It means that the students' score is rather similar if the test is administered in two different occasions.The instrument of this research is writing test.In order to have reliability of the test score, there are two scorers in scoring the students' writing test.The result of the two scorers is analyzed to get the correlation of the score.Furthermore, in order to get the data of this research, the researchers gave pre-test and post-test to the sample taken.The pre-test is held before the treatment done to the sample and the post-test is held after the treatment.The researchers observed the test.So, it is possible to see what happened during the test.In other words, the situation faced by the students during the test was described.
Next, both tests pre and post-test are scored by two scorers.The scorers are the researchers and one of the English teachers of the school.During the scoring, the scorers applied the criteria of scoring which are suggested on the previous section.In order to make easy scoring, the students' writing is copied into two copies.Both scorers scored the students' writing after the test have administered to the students.Then, the score is compared and counted in order to get the data of the research.Furthermore, the students' mark of pre-test and post-test are compared by using t-test formula.T-test is used to test hypothesis of the research.The formula of ttest followed the formula suggested by Gay (2009) as follows: Then, the t-calculated is compared to the t-table with the level of significance 0.01 and the degree of freedom (df) is (n 1 + n 2 -2).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this research, the data taken from the pre test and post test writing were analyzed by using t-test.The purpose was to see the level of ability between experimental and control group were same or after the treatment was given.The significant differences of the two groups could be observed statistically.This research wanted to compare between the score of experimental group and control group.To get the value of t observed, to be compared with t    From the table above, it could be seen that the sum difference or gain between the post test score and the pre test score of experimental group was 37.92.The mean of the gain between the post test and the pre test was 1.27 and the gain of standard deviation was 0.1.
Meanwhile, the sum difference or gain between the post test score and the pre test score of the control group was 22.94.The mean of the gain between the post test and the pre test was 0.74 and the gain of standard deviation was -0.04.Furthermore, from the analysis of the posttest scores previously calculated, it was found that the mean score of experimental group was bigger than the mean score of control group ( 1> 2).Moreover, t-test formula was used to statistically test the research hypotheses.The research hypotheses were made in the form of null hypothesis (H 0 ) and alternative hypothesis (H 1 ) as follow: H 0 : There is no significant effect on the students' ability in writing a procedure text between the students who are taught using the cooking academy game than those who do not use cooking academy game.
H 1 : There is a significant effect on students' ability in writing a procedure text between the students who are taught using cooking academy game and those who do not use cooking academy game.
In this research, the hypothesis was formulated to accept the alternative hypothesis and to reject the null hypothesis   0 H .   0 H could be accepted if the value of t-observed is higher than the value of t-table.However, if the value of t-observed is equal or less than the value of t-table, the hypothesis is rejected.Those two kinds of hypothesis are presented as follow: From the analysis of post test above, it was found that the mean score of experimental group was bigger than the mean score of control group ( 1x > 2 x ).The mean score of the experimental group was 3.04.Meanwhile, the mean score of the control group was 2.46.Then, the score was calculated by using t-formula.It was obtained that the t-observed of this research was 4.296.It can be concluded that the difference of students` ability in a procedure text among the two groups were considerably significant.From the result of t-formula stated above, it was decided that H 0 was rejected while H 1 was accepted.It means that there is a significant effect on students' ability in writing a procedure text between the students who are taught using cooking academy game and those who do not use cooking academy game.Students who are thought by using cooking academy game have good ability in writing procedure texts.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Based on the hypothesis testing, the value of t calculated was bigger than the value of the t table at the level of significant 0.05 (t calculated > t table = 4.296>1.667).It means the difference of students` writing ability in procedure text between the two groups was significant.Based on that result, it was decided that H 0 was rejected and H 1 was accepted.Therefore, it can be concluded that the students who are taught by using cooking academy game in teaching writing skill have better writing ability in producing a procedure text than those who are not.
There were a number of limitations, therefore, for future research, the researchers suggest that the use of the cooking academic game could be implemented to improve students' three other language skills.It is also proposed that researchers expand their research by collecting students' responses on the use of cooking academic game in teaching writing, because their responses can foster teachers in formulating better lesson plans in using this game.

Table 1 .
Rubric of Writing table, the tformula was used.Meanwhile ttable was 1.671 with degree of freedom (df) 60 and p < 0.05.

Table 2 .
Statistical Analysis of Pre-test Score in Experimental and Control Group

Table 3 .
Statistical Analysis of Post Test Score in Experimental and Control Group

Table 4 .
The Gain of Experimental and Control Group between Pre Test and Post Test