REVITALIZATIon oF HISToRIC CEMETERIES – PoSSIBLE APPRoACHES In THE CASE STUDy oF CEMETERy In HLoHoVEC, SLoVAKIA

In addition to the main function of burials, historic cemeteries have other functions. Historic cemeteries have a role in displaying historical developments, and as historic landmarks they may contribute to the territorial identity (local, regional) memory and identity (Swensen, Nordh and Brendalsmo, 2016; Kráľová, 2018; Finka and Jamečný, 2018). Cemeteries are places of tourism, whether for architectural monuments, sculptural art, or for any important personalities buried there. According to Finka and Jamečný (2018), cemetery tourism is associated with an active form of tourism focused on the issue of cultural heritage. No less important are cemeteries as green areas, with microclimatic and recreational functions, which are particularly important in heavily urbanized areas of historic cities (Halajová, 2018). Many historically and architecturally valuable cemeteries in Slovakia are in bad condition for several reasons. In the case of historic cemeteries, there is a problem with the maintenance of tombstones and the growth of natural seeding woody plants. On the contrary, there are many historic cemeteries that are still very intensively used for burying, therefore graves and trees are damaged by the construction of new graves. According to Vaščák (2018), the necropolic architecture in Slovakia does not receive sufficient professional attention, due to the lack of methodology in identifying and evaluating these elements and because they do not have the status of national cultural monuments and their ownership is often unclear. In addition to the lack of professional care, there is also no public attention given to historic cemeteries. According to Vaščák (2018), the main reason for the lack of public interest in cemetery architecture is the reduced sensitivity of perception and ignorance of the cultural-social values of necropolic and sepulchral architecture as part of cultural heritage. The starting point for the protection of historic cemeteries is their assessment in terms of cultural – historical value, biological-aesthetic value and possible use based on evaluation of suitable activities (Gécová and Putrová, 2018). The culturalhistorical value is based on the age of the complex, architectural or artistic value of small buildings or tombstones and graves of prominent personalities. The bio-aesthetic value of the cemetery is characterized by the species composition of vegetation and its landscape composition. REVITALIZATIon oF HISToRIC CEMETERIES – PoSSIBLE APPRoACHES In THE CASE STUDy oF CEMETERy In HLoHoVEC, SLoVAKIA


Plants in Urban areas and landscaPe 1 Introduction
In addition to the main function of burials, historic cemeteries have other functions. Historic cemeteries have a role in displaying historical developments, and as historic landmarks they may contribute to the territorial identity (local, regional) memory and identity (Swensen, Nordh and Brendalsmo, 2016;Kráľová, 2018;Finka and Jamečný, 2018). Cemeteries are places of tourism, whether for architectural monuments, sculptural art, or for any important personalities buried there. According to Finka and Jamečný (2018), cemetery tourism is associated with an active form of tourism focused on the issue of cultural heritage. No less important are cemeteries as green areas, with microclimatic and recreational functions, which are particularly important in heavily urbanized areas of historic cities (Halajová, 2018). Many historically and architecturally valuable cemeteries in Slovakia are in bad condition for several reasons. In the case of historic cemeteries, there is a problem with the maintenance of tombstones and the growth of natural seeding woody plants. On the contrary, there are many historic cemeteries that are still very intensively used for burying, therefore graves and trees are damaged by the construction of new graves. According to Vaščák (2018), the necropolic architecture in Slovakia does not receive sufficient professional attention, due to the lack of methodology in identifying and evaluating these elements and because they do not have the status of national cultural monuments and their ownership is often unclear. In addition to the lack of professional care, there is also no public attention given to historic cemeteries. According to Vaščák (2018), the main reason for the lack of public interest in cemetery architecture is the reduced sensitivity of perception and ignorance of the cultural-social values of necropolic and sepulchral architecture as part of cultural heritage. The starting point for the protection of historic cemeteries is their assessment in terms of cultural -historical value, biological-aesthetic value and possible use based on evaluation of suitable activities (Gécová and Putrová, 2018). The culturalhistorical value is based on the age of the complex, architectural or artistic value of small buildings or tombstones and graves of prominent personalities. The bio-aesthetic value of the cemetery is characterized by the species composition of vegetation and its landscape composition.
in Urban areas and Landscape

Material and methods
The cemetery area is located in the town Hlohovec, a district town in Slovakia in the Trnava region. Hlohovec is a historically important town, situated on the bank of the river Váh, the longest river in Slovakia. The first written reference of the town was found in the Zobor Charter of 1113. The most important and dominant historic monument of the town is the chateau, originally a medieval castle. The cemetery is a complex consisting of three parts -the Old Town Cemetery with calvary, the Jewish Cemetery and the New Cemetery. The aim of this study was to design the revitalization of the Old Cemetery, to design the greenery in the New Cemetery, but also to design the street spaces in front of the cemetery. Data from the evidence of town greenery was used for the study of cemetery revitalisation. The study was elaborated at The Department of Garden and Landscape Architecture in The Course of the Restoration of Historic Greenery in the winter semester 2018/2019 by the 2 nd -year students of Landscape Architecture.

Historical and architectural analysis
The Old Cemetery in Hlohovec is linked with the formation of calvary in 1734. The calvary was created as a thank you for the end of the plague epidemic in 1705-1708. The calvary was built on the site of an older chapel with a hermitage and a small cemetery on the slope above the town. The whole calvary complex originally consisted of seven Stations of the Cross and the top sculpture with the trio of the Crucified from 1734. The site was closed by the original Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows (Urminský, 2019). in Urban areas and Landscape cemetery. Because of this, the heritage protection of the cemetery as a complex, architectural elements or trees is problematic.

Analysis of current state, functions and operation
The historic cemetery is located on an area of more than 7 hectares. The cemetery complex can be divided into several functional units. The largest one is The Old Cemetery with traditional burial, which provides 6,600 grave sites. The graves are regularly arranged, raised, with a hard surface. There are over 200 funerals a year in the town, of which three quarters are held in already existing graves in The Old Cemetery. A part of the cemetery is represented by the historic sacral buildings of calvary and the chapel of Our Lady of Lourdes and a collection of neo-Gothic and neo-Romanesque tombs. The cemetery complex includes facilities such as a ceremonial hall with an entrance area and a parking lot. Another separate part is the Jewish cemetery, which is inaccessible to visitors. Behind the Jewish cemetery there is a New Cemetery with a traditional grave field and an urn grave field.

Vegetation analysis
The basis for the vegetation analysis was the evidence of the trees of the town of Hlohovec, which records the species composition of the trees and their condition. The greenery evidence also includes proposals for treatments and felling of the trees, which are divided into three time stages. Within the area of The Old Cemetery there are 311 trees represented by 31 tree species. Coniferous tree species predominate, they are represented by 18 species and 185 individuals, and

SwoT analysis
Based on the analysis of the cemetery area from the point of view of its operation, facilities, architectural and artistic value, history and current use, the state of greenery or promotion and attendance, a SWOT analysis was prepared.

The basis for revitalization
According to Swensen and Skår (2018) two societal tendencies are present in cemeteries: a tendency towards secularism meaning that people are paying more attention to personal desires, including recreational needs, and on other hand, a renewed interest in personal religiousness and life-philosophies.
The analysis shows that the cemetery in Hlohovec has, thanks to the presence of Calvary, a great value as a historic monument, but also as a sacred place. There is therefore a presumption of a clash between the two opposing tendencies, both of which must be consistent with the operation of the cemetery at the time of funerals. Thus, the revitalization of the cemetery is intended to reinforce all the three dominant functions of this space, namely funeral, sacral and recreational functions, in particular by adding greenery and amenities.
Based on the results of the analysis, a proposal for the restoration of the cemetery was established, which divides the restoration of the cemetery complex from the spatial point of view into the following functional and compositional units: revitalization of The Old Cemetery, design of the public space around the ceremonial hall, design of the cemetery entrance area, landscape design for The New Cemetery, Within the framework of spatial units, priority was given to the following elements: greenery, park furniture, an information system. The concept of greenery revitalization of The Old Cemetery is based on: finding suitable places for planting deciduous trees among the graves in the field, restoration of deciduous trees alleys, in Urban areas and Landscape removal of unsuitable plantings, especially coniferous species of trees and natural seeding trees near the calvary and chapels, above the benches and along the roads, where trees cannot be planted, it is necessary to supplement the area with other forms of greenery for shading, such as climbing plants on frames, in terms of tree species selected for planting, species of deciduous trees that are growing in cemetery such as Acer pseudoplatanus L., Aesculus hippocastanum L. and Tilia cordata Mill. were selected.
When revitalizing older cemeteries with a high burial density, the most substantial problem is finding a place for planting trees, whether in grave fields or in alleyways. Especially in places where tree planting is not possible, shielding of resting areas is particularly important. Shade is important both for regulars and occasional visitors, but especially for visitors who experience a period of mourning shortly after losing a loved one when their cemetery visits are very intense. In Slovakia, wearing a black suit as a sign of a mourning period is fairly common, thus increasing the need for shade in cemeteries, The design of the green space in front of the ceremonial hall is based on: creating a meeting area with plenty of rest areas and benches, supplying hedges, perennial beds and roses, or climbing roses, the selection of perennials is focused on the year-round effect of flowering, but especially on the time of the highest cemetery visitation in the fall, when different grass species will act on the beds, but also Aster ericoides 'Pink cloud' and Anemone hupehensis, covering up negative elements such as waste containers or the ceremonial hall operating premises by greenery.
In particular, the space around the ceremonial hall fulfils the role of a meeting and rest area, so its design should be representative and quiet.
The design of the entrance area of the cemetery, in this case in the area of a busy street is based on:

Park furniture and the information system
The cemetery, such as any other public space, is completed by elements of park furniture and elements of orientation and information systems. These elements must also be understood as design elements that improve the aesthetic quality of the space. In the cemetery in Hlohovec, these elements are missing or they are in unfavourable technical conditions or very diverse in design. That is why we have focused on uniting the design of these elements. Various elements were designed for the cemetery, namely a bench, a waste bin, an information board, as well as containers with trellises for climbing plants or water sampling points. These elements are located at the burial field so that they are accessible in as small in Urban areas and Landscape as possible walking distance. The elements of the information system, providing information about the historical, artistic and architectural value of cemetery are important.

Conclusion
The main problems we identified in the cemetery complex in Hlohovec are e.g. high density of graves in grave fields, decline in the number of trees, the lack of elements of park furniture and orientation boards, and the lack of an information system, etc. In the case study of the cemetery complex in Hlohovec, we proposed measures to improve these conditions, especially in terms of greenery and small architecture elements such as planting of deciduous trees, designing the entrance and resting areas, and addition of park furniture and equipment elements. In case it is not possible to replace the original trees in the burial ground for spatial reasons, other forms of greenery can be added, e.g. mobile containers and trellis with climbing plants.
The design elements used in the case study design can be applied generally to the revitalization of historic cemeteries in order to make them more attractive to visitors and preserve their historical value.