RECOMMENDED ROSA SP . L . SPECIES IN THE GREEN SPACES OF NITRA CITY ON THE BASIS OF THEIR AESTHETIC VALUE AND ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS

Roses (Rosa sp. L.) belong to the oldest grown ornamental plants. The oldest mention of rose growing is reported in the South-East Asia from where roses gradually expanded through the Middle East to the Mediterranean area and Europe (Večeřa et al., 1967; Karahan, 2005; Çinar, 2005). Large development of cultivation was recorded in ancient Rome. They did grow them not only for their beauty but also for the benefit (Joublan et al., 1996; Ježovič and Lukáčik, 2011). The application of roses in planting arrangements does not have a long tradition in Slovakia; even though natural conditions are quite favourable for their cultivation there is a lack of domestic producers of rose seedlings, including botanical species. Nonetheless, we found botanical species regarding the ecological requirement for suitable primarily on degraded soils (Feriancová, Števulová 1997). Roses are especially popular with the beauty of flowers, their shape, richness of flowering and colour range. They are variable in shape, too (Večeřa et al., 1967; Karahan, 2005). The area of roses extends solely to the northern hemisphere. Their spread in individual continents is almost equal, but the most original species still grow in Asia, in China (Větvička, Krejčová, 2001). Some roses have an endemic appearance, like section Carolinae in North America, or on the other side, the vast area is occupied by Rosa canina L., some have only a point occurrence, for example Rosa glauca and Rosa × reversa. The Zobor Hills are one of the five separate groups of the Tribeč mountain range. From the floral point of view, they are the richest territories. They represent valuable natural values important from a scientific, conservation and aesthetic points of view. The hill Zobor (587 m above sea level), is almost in the middle of the Tribeč mountain range. Varied geological conditions have given room for the expansion of diverse habitat types with many rare species of plants and animals. From this point of view, the Zobor Hills are the most valuable part in the Protected Landscape Area of Ponitrie (Svobodová, 1980). The previous floristic surveys of the Zobor Hills were carried out by Knapp in 1863, Klášterský in 1934–1935, Klášterská in 1969, Deyl in 1947, Větvička and Višňovská in 1977, Řehořek et al. (2007), Kerényi-Nagy and Baranec (2008) and Kerényi-Nagy, Eliáš and Baranec (2008). We focused on surveys made by Řehořek et al. (2007), Kerényi-Nagy and Baranec (2008) and KerényiNagy, Eliáš and Baranec (2008). Roses do not belong to long-lasting woody plants, but they have undoubtedly very high importance in landscaping. Botanical species, which we focused on at evaluated localities, have a great landscape and horticultural potential. RECOMMENDED ROSA SP. L. SPECIES IN THE GREEN SPACES OF NITRA CITY ON THE BASIS OF THEIR AESTHETIC VALUE AND ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS


Introduction
Roses (Rosa sp.L.) belong to the oldest grown ornamental plants.The oldest mention of rose growing is reported in the South-East Asia from where roses gradually expanded through the Middle East to the Mediterranean area and Europe (Večeřa et al., 1967;Karahan, 2005;Çinar, 2005).Large development of cultivation was recorded in ancient Rome.They did grow them not only for their beauty but also for the benefit (Joublan et al., 1996;Ježovič and Lukáčik, 2011).The application of roses in planting arrangements does not have a long tradition in Slovakia; even though natural conditions are quite favourable for their cultivation there is a lack of domestic producers of rose seedlings, including botanical species.Nonetheless, we found botanical species regarding the ecological requirement for suitable primarily on degraded soils (Feriancová, Števulová 1997).Roses are especially popular with the beauty of flowers, their shape, richness of flowering and colour range.They are variable in shape, too (Večeřa et al., 1967;Karahan, 2005).
The area of roses extends solely to the northern hemisphere.Their spread in individual continents is almost equal, but the most original species still grow in Asia, in China (Větvička, Krejčová, 2001).Some roses have an endemic appearance, like section Carolinae in North America, or on the other side, the vast area is occupied by Rosa canina L., some have only a point occurrence, for example Rosa glauca and Rosa × reversa.
The Zobor Hills are one of the five separate groups of the Tribeč mountain range.From the floral point of view, they are the richest territories.They represent valuable natural values important from a scientific, conservation and aesthetic points of view.The hill Zobor (587 m above sea level), is almost in the middle of the Tribeč mountain range.Varied geological conditions have given room for the expansion of diverse habitat types with many rare species of plants and animals.From this point of view, the Zobor Hills are the most valuable part in the Protected Landscape Area of Ponitrie (Svobodová, 1980).
Roses do not belong to long-lasting woody plants, but they have undoubtedly very high importance in landscaping.Botanical species, which we focused on at evaluated localities, have a great landscape and horticultural potential.

PLANTS IN URBAN AREAS AND LANDSCAPE 2 Material and Methods
The climate of the research area Zobor Hills -Lyžiarska lúka is warm and dry.It is the driest area of the northern part of the Danube Lowland.These conditions suit the wild rose and for this reason the site was selected for the floristic research.The average temperature is 7.5-9° C and the average rainfall is 550-750 mm (Hreško et al., 2006).Phytogeographically, the group of the Zobor Hills belongs to the area of the Slovak pre-Carpathian flora (Řehořek et al., 2007).
Based on the previous floristic surveys Řehořek et al. (2007), Kerényi-Nagy and Baranec (2008) and Kerényi-Nagy, Eliáš and Baranec (2008), we focused on the occurrence of autochthonous and allochthonous species of Rosa sp.L. in the studied locality.
In addition to the ecological requirements, the following criteria have been set as the additional criteria for the selection of suitable species for the urban environment: attractiveness of the shape, richness of flowering, colour and fragrance of flowers, shape, and colour of fruits.
For evaluation of the attractiveness of the shape and richness of flowering, the method by Větvička (2001) was used, colour of flowers and fruits were evaluated by Wilson (1941) and variability of fruit shape was evaluated by Bauer (2005).The sensorial method was used to evaluate fragrance of flowers.
The determination of the individual Rosa sp.L. taxa has been carried out using the key given in Flora Slovakia IV / 3 (Větvička and Bertová, 1992) and the key for determination of roses by Kerényi-Nagy (2010).The previous surveys confirmed 17 species.In Figure 1 there are displayed species whose occurrence was confirmed in our research during 2010-2013.Occurrence of 8 species which were observed in the previous surveys held on Lyžiarska lúka was confirmed and 5 different species which were not mentioned by Řehořek et al. (2007), Kerényi-Nagy and Baranec (2008) and Kerényi-Nagy, Eliáš and Baranec (2008) were determined.In our survey we did not confirm the occurrence of 9 species which were mentioned in the previous survey.This result may be due to the fact that our survey was carried out in Lyžiarska lúka only.

Results and Discussion
The selected and evaluated roses have an importance for cultivation and landscape purposes in Central Europe.
The most widespread species in the Zobor Hills, which was confirmed not only by Řehořek et al. (2007), Kerényi-Nagy and Baranec (2008) and Kerényi-Nagy, Eliáš and Baranec (2008) but also by others is Rosa canina L. This rose belongs to the subgenus Eurosa and the section Caninae.Flowers are usually composed in corymbs.Leaves are composed of 5 to 7 leaflets and branches are covered by thick hooked prickles.This rose flowers on annual shoots, and does not remount.It is the most frequent and the most variable rose of the Slovak nature.According to outer morphological signs we can tell it has contributed to the formation of the oldest European cultural roses, such as R. damascena, R. alba and R. centifolia (Ježovič and Lukáčik, 2011).In modern history, Rosa canina is often used in breeding because of its resilience.Rudolf Geschwind has obtained many roses through its hybridization.For urban area it is suitable for parks due to its size.It grows up to 3 m and it can be used as a climber.
Rosa tomentosa SMITH belongs to the subgenus Eurosa and the section Caninae.This shrub is up to 2 m high.Flowers are light pint to white.Leaves are composed of 5-7 leaflets.It is a shrub with arching or climbing stems, which prefers calcareous to mildly acidic soils.R. pimpinellifolia L. is a shrub usually 0.5-1.0m high.It spreads by basal shoots and can cover large areas.Flowers are cream white, rarely pink.A well-known group of hybrids, as mentioned in Ježovič and Lukáčik (2011) are the so-called spring varieties from R. Kordes.R. foetida HERRM.was imported to Europe in 13 th century and then in 16 th century.The shrub is 3 m high.Flowers are yellow.It is a very hardy rose.

Rosa dumalis
Section Gallicanae is typical with flowers which appear on short annual shoots which grow out of last year's wood, just like the section Pimpinellifoliae.Flowers are usually composed in corymbs or appear separately.The colour is usually pink, rarely red or white.Leaves are composed of 3 to 7 leaflets.In Slovak climatic conditions they are hardy.To this section belong R. gallica L. R. × alba L. and R. jundzillii Besser (Večeřa et al., 1967;Ercisli et al., 2005).R. gallica L. grows on warm limestone slopes.Its shrub is 1 m high.It spreads by basal shoots but not like R. pimpinellifolia L. Leaves have only 5 leaflets.Flowers are pink or red.Galician rose is the most important European rose and also the most commonly used in the creation of ancient cultural roses.It is the main starting species in the breeding of European cultural roses (Větvička and Krejčová, 2001;Ježovič and Lukáčik 2011).R. × alba L. is probably a hybrid between the sections Caninae and Gallicanae.It is a shrub to 2 m high.Prickles are variable, hooked.Flowers are white, sometimes light pink, fragrant, most have many petals.Section Synstylae species grow as strong shrubs.Because of their origin they are not very hardy.This section is represented by R. arvensis (Huds.).R. arvensis (Huds.) is a fast-growing shrub, with arching stems, sometimes 6 m long.It has pure white flowers which are born in July.The flowers are followed by dark red, rounded to oval fleshy hips which enclose the seeds.It can be used in hedges, woodlands.Many insects, including bees, moths and butterflies are attracted to the R. arvensis (Huds.)

Conclusion
Botanical roses belong to an irreplaceable group of ornamental plants that are perfectly adapted to the climatic conditions of Slovakia.The positive features of the botanical species include resistance to pests and diseases, winter hardness, and low maintenance.Their flowers have long been used for oil production.Fruits are used in a wide variety of food and nutrition products due the content of vitamin C.
They create unusual shapes that excel in some species with rich bloom and intense scent.Applying them, in view of the size of the species, is mainly in larger areas of greenery, in parks, in the countryside, around cycling routes, in recreational areas, in farm facilities or in industrial complexes.
Slovakia has a rich gene pool of botanical roses in different climatic regions.There should be a need for conserving a multiplication of these species.
Bechst.It is a shrub that grows 1-2 m high.It has long, bent thorns.It bears dark or light pink flowers in June and July.The hips are oval and quite soft.Section Pimpinellifoliae is represented by R. pimpinellifolia L. and R. foetida HERRM.These roses flower separately on short annual shoots which grow out of last year's wood.They flower very early and flowers are white or yellow.Number of leaflets is higher, Rovná, K. -Černá, J. | Recommended Rosa sp.L. Species in the Green Spaces of Nitra City... Plants in Urban areas and landscaPe | 2018 | pp.55-58 IN URBAN AREAS AND LANDSCAPE usually 7 to 13. Prickles are straight acicular.They need low maintenance and are very hardy.